Bukhara Emirate: photo, zviratidzo zvenyika, magariro mamiriro, zvokurima munharaunda, zvokushongedza, mari. Kubatana Emirate kuRussia

Bukhara Emirate - ndiko administrative sangano kuti aripo kubva mushakabvu rechi18 kusvikira pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 mune Asia. Ndima yayo inogarwa Uzbekistan ano uye chikamu Turkmenistan. Munguva Russian kurwisa Emirate rokupedzisira aibvuma muranda hwacho, uye akagamuchira mamiriro protectorate. Funga zvakare pane aiva nemukurumbira munharaunda iyi.

The nhoroondo Emirate

Akatanga administrative Dzidzo Mohammed Rahimby. Pashure porufu rwake, simba ndokupfuura sekuru vake Daniyalbiyu. Asi iye akanga ari mutongi simba, izvo zvakakonzera Kusagutsikana vemunyika. Muna 1784 kumukirawo rakatanga. Somugumisiro, simba akapfuura mwanakomana wake Daniyalbiya Shakhmuradov. gavhuna mutsva dzakatanga kubviswa zviviri simba uye nouori - Nizamuddin-kazikalona uye Davlat-kushbegi. Vakaurayiwa pamberi poruvanze. Zvadaro Shahmurad akapa vagari mugwaro racho naro vakanga asingachaiti zvimwe nemitero. Asi, kuunganidza yakatangwa kuramba hondo kana muhondo. Muna 1785 pakutanga mari kuchinja, kufukidza yose Emirate pakati Bukhara. The tumari vaiva mhando mbiri: sirivha mukuru-mugiredhi uye goridhe yunifomu. Shahmurad akava pachake achatungamirira pamutemo dhipatimendi. Panguva yokutonga kwake, akadzokera rworuboshwe kumahombekombe Amu DARYA pamwe Merv uye Balkh. The 1786th Shahmurad woutsinye kufara Kermine District, akaita kubudirira rutsigiro mu Khujand uye Shahrisabz. Mukuwedzera, kubudirira yaiva hondo pamwe Vaeriy Shah (mutongi Afghan). Shakhmuradov akakwanisa kuramba kumaodzanyemba Turkestan, uko Tajiks akararama.

feudal hondo

Pashure pokugamuchira chigaro ishe Haidar (mwanakomana Shakhmuradov) akatanga vakawanda kumukira uye kukakavadzana. Muna 1800, mhirizhonga akatanga pakati Turkmens pamusoro Merv. Nokukurumidza pashure pehondo pamwe Kokand, iro Haidar vakakwanisa kuchengeta Uratyube. The hurongwa enyika munyika panguva hwake wakatangwa muna muchimiro centralized umambo kusvika absolutism. Haidar muboka revatungamiriri kwaisanganisira 4 zviuru. People. uwandu mauto kwakawedzera substantially. It inoshandisa 12 zviuru. People.

Nasrallah Board

Mwanakomana Haidar akauya simba zvachose vakurirwe - vakaurayiwa Mir Umar uye Mir Hussein, vakoma vake. Rinotsigirwa nevafundisi uye nehondo, Nasrallah akatanga kurwa yakaoma kuti kusabatana kuedza kudzora uzivewo. Mumwedzi kugara pachigaro choushe vokutanga akaurayiwa vanhu 50-100. daily. mutongi The mutsva akatsvaka wokubatanidza kunzvimbo iyo dzinonzi Kunoumbwa Bukhara Emirate. In basa rokutarisira viloyats vavo rootless vanhu vaiita basa, vakanga zvachose chikwereti naye. A inokanganisa mudzimba zvematongerwo enyika uye upenyu Vagari kukunda Nyika Kokand Khanate Emirate pamusoro Bukhara, Khiva Khanate. War peridium Nasrallah ushe yaive chichiitwa. Khanate pamusoro Khiva uye Bukhara Emirate akarwa wandei muganhu nzvimbo.

The Red Army

Somugumisiro remapazi mauto akabatanidzwa pamwechete Emirate kuRussia. 1868 aiva pakachinja kuvapo mundima. Panguva iyoyo, gavhuna aiva Muzaffar. Muna March, akazivisa hondo pamusoro Russia. Zvisinei, hondo yake yakakundwa musi May 2, Boka General Kaufman. Gare gare eRussia akapinda Samarkand. Asi zvakanga zvisiri pamutemo accession of Emirate kurutivi Russia asi. 1873 pakataurwa awarding of Red Army kudzorwa ndima protectorate mamiriro. Nedoro yakawedzera substantially paitonga Abdulahad. The yokupedzisira, uyo aiva nesimba, vakava Mohammed Alim Khan. Aiva mubati kusvikira vasvike Bolsheviks muna 1920, sepakutanga akabatanidzwa pamwe Emirate kuRussia pamusana kushanda Red Army.

administrative midziyo

Sezvo musoro wehurumende ishe akataura. Aiva nesimba rakapotsa risingaperi. Aiva mutariri achiunganidza mitero kushbegi. Aiva mukuru vizier uye akakwanisa nyaya yacho, akatungamirira kukurukura vemo madzishe, uye akatungamirira administrative midziyo. Daily kushbegi pachake vakaudza mubati pamusoro mamiriro ezvinhu munyika. vizier Chief akagadza machinda ose kunze soro.

Social mamiriro Emirate

Kirasi Mutongo yakakamurwa kupinda pamutemo vafundisi vanhu - ulama uye enyika chinzvimbo - amaldarov. Boka rokutanga rinosanganisira masayendisiti - magweta, vafundisi, vadzidzisi nevamwe madrassas. Vanyori mapato Rank adzorera ishe, uye vamiririri veboka zvokunamata dzakavakwa dzimwe chiremera kana rokuremekedza. Chokutanga chaiva 15, wechipiri - 4. BECAM omurume divanbeki, kurbashi, yasaulbashi uye rais. Vazhinji vacho Aimiririrwa ari mutero wemunda. Rainzi fuqara. Kirasi Mutongo yaiva nyika uye feudal kwamachinda. Rainzi sarkarda kana navkar nevatongi vemo. Panguva yake ushe Bukhara akadana amaldar kana Sipahi. Kunze maviri makirasi makuru, uye chetatu waivapo. Akatanga kuti vanhu vakanga vasingachafaniri mabasa nemitero. Ichi Social stratum iri zvakakwana guru. Raisanganisira imams, mullahs, Mirza, mudarris nevamwe. In rokumusoro Panj vakawanda yakakamurwa matunhu maviri: neboka mutongo uye taxable. chikamu Lower rokutanga vaiva navkar (Chakar). Vakasarudzwa kana yakatarwa Shah kana nyika yevanhu vakambova muchiuto kana administrative unyanzvi. Mutongi akatonga munyika maererano nemitemo Sharia uye mutemo netsika. Vakanga vanaye vaiva machinda akawanda mutariri chimwe nechimwe chine chaizvo utariri indasitiri.

Mitero uye mari

Beki gore negore pave papfuma imwe mari uye akatuma akatarirwa uwandu zvipo. Pakati pavo paiva pamakapeti, nguo, namabhiza. Pashure paizvozvo, Bey nomumwe vakava yakazvimirira mutongi mudunhu rake. On yakadereresa Samanai ari kutarisira vaiva vakuru. Vakaita mapurisa mabasa. Becky haana kugamuchira chero mari kubva ishe uye aifanira muchengete Kutarisirwa wake mari vasara kubva mutero vokuparidzira pashure kuripwa mari muhomwe. Nokuti vagari vemo akasimbisa dzakatevedzana mitero. Zvikurukuru, ivo vanobhadharwa mhando heradzh, 1/10 Kukohwa mari TANAP pamwe minda neminda yemiti, uyewo zyaket vanoumba 2.5% kubva mutengo kwenhumbi. The muArabhu vaibvumirwa kubhadhara zvapedzisira mhando. mutero pakukura kwavo 1/40 zvipfuwo (asi mombe namabhiza).

Administrative division

Bukhara Emirate, ane guta inomiririrwa pikicha munyaya, akakamurwa bekstva. Ivo vaiva vakuru vedzimba dzekushumira kana nehama mutongi nyika, kana munhu aifarira chivimbo chake chinokosha. Bekstva vakanga rakakamurwa amlyakdarstva, nezvimwewo tumens. Bukhara emirate muzana remakore rechi19 uye chaiva zvionera umambo maviri. Izvi zvinosanganisira Somuenzaniso, akaitira Darwaz, Karategin vaiva akazvimirira uye kutongwa nevatongi vemo. On Hwange. Pamir ipapo 4 pakati umambo maviri. Mumwe nomumwe wavo rakakamurwa administrative munzvimbo - munda kana Panja. Kumusoro neimwe akanga mukuru. In Arbab (mukuru) aishanda rezasi administrative chinzvimbo. Kazhinji, aiva mumwe musha.

upfumi

The vaiva mombe maberekero uye kurima sezvo huru basa vemo. Vazhinji vanhu kwaisanganisira ndakagara vanhu. Of pavo akaumba zvokurima munharaunda. In Bukhara Emirate aiva mugove runochengeta uye Semi-anongofamba mapoka. Ivowo zvakaipa kwokurangana pedo chando misasa yavo. In zhinji ivhu rakanga yakaorera. Paiva varipo loamy dondo uye loess nevhu. With kudiridzwa ivhu rakanaka anopa kukohwa yakadaro kukuru. Zhizha rinenge riri rose ndima nyika inopisa uye akaoma. Panyaya iyi, pane aitofanira varonge kubata achidiridzira hurongwa. Izviwo, kunosanganisira kugadzwa guru uye kunzwisisa hurongwa. Dai mwando yakanga yakakwana okurima munharaunda iri Emirate pakati Bukhara aigona kuva yakakodzera yose ndima. Kutaura zvazviri, zvinoita kupatsanurwa dzinenge 10%. Panguva iyoyowo, sezvinoita mutemo, nzvimbo idzi dzaiva riri pedyo nemvura inonyuka. All pemvura asi tarisai, Surkhan, kuti Amu DARYA uye Kafirnigan, kushandiswa kudiridzwa zvakazara. On nzizi idzi zvinoda kugadzwa kudiridzwa zvivako zvakanga zvisina iripo, uye vanhu, uye kunyange misha yose. Saka, mvura yavo zvokurima zvaishandiswa zvishoma.

tsika nemagariro

On unodiridzwa minda anorimwa:

• Lucerne.
• Cotton.
• Fodya.
• Muonde.
• Gorosi.
• Bhinzi.
• Millet.
• Bhari.
• Len.
• Sesame.
• Madder.
• Mak.
• Hemp uye zvichingodaro.

The donje akaita somumwe anokosha zvokurima zvigadzirwa. Kugadzirwa waro uchibata pondo mamiriyoni 1,5. Of mari iyi, vanopfuura hafu vakanga aivigirwa kuRussia. Sezvo zvimwe zvirimwa ripen nokukurumidza nokuda dzakakwirira tembiricha muchirimo uye chirimo nemwaka, minda vari dzimwe nguva apiwa seeded bhinzi uye zvimwe zvinomera. Rice akanga kukudziridzwa chete munzvimbo kuti akapfuma unyoro.

Minda neminda yemiti

Vaiva kubatsirwa zvikuru vomunzvimbo. Muriwo minda neminda yemiti kukudziridzwa zvamazambiringa zvakasiyana mhando, Quince, walnuts, apirikoti, visi, plums, manwiwa, maapuro uye Pears dzimwe nguva. Kurimwa uye muonde uye womuonde. Ekupedzisira anowanikwa munzvimbo gomo chisingakoshi, uye mune zvimwe zviitiko zvokudya aakatipa muchimiro pasi michero akaomeswa. Mukuwedzera, muminda akura makabheji, makarotsi, hanyanisi, magaka, pepper, radishes, beets nezvimwe miriwo.

mombe rutoto

Rakanga dzakabudirira zvakarurama zvakanaka, asi zvakasiyana munzvimbo dzakasiyana. Mumapani uye oases, apo pane vakawanda ndakagara vakawanda, mombe havana zvakajairika. Animals akura zvikurukuru Uzbeks, Turkmens, Kyrgyz - anongofamba dzavanhu. Vakagara pasi kumadokero steppes. Pano isu akatunhidzwa karakul makwai nengamera. It yakazokudziridzwa zvakanaka mombe kumabvazuva munzvimbo gomo. Kunyanya, mafuro vaiva mipata Mumbai uye Alay anoda kubatsira mune Darwaz uye nedzimwe nzvimbo. Vagari pano rapera makwai, nemabhiza, mbudzi uye zvimwe zvipfuwo. Zviri kuburikidza munzvimbo idzi Bukhara Emirate akapa pamwe rongedza nemhuka vakaurayiwa. Sezvo musika chikuru ndiro guta Karshi uye Guzar. Vatengesi ava vakadirana kubani kundima. Kare kuti Bukhara emirate thoroughbred mabhiza uye akanaka (karabairami, nechireyi, etc ..).

indasitiri

Bukhara Emirate - imwe agrarian nyika. Pakanga pasina mafekitari makuru. zvigadzirwa zvose zviri kugadzirwa nyore muchina kana noruoko. Nzvimbo rokutanga indasitiri akatora donje indasitiri. Local donje akanga kupatsanurwa muna Calico, kubiridzira kana zvimwe nyaya. Ivo anenge ose madhirezi, kuwedzera vamiririri vakuru vanogara. vakanga Popular zvinhu nesirika uye Semi-sirika micheka. Shinda rinoshandiswa kunyanya muArabhu. Other dzakabudirira maindasitiri kugadzira indasitiri zvinosanganisira saddles, dehwe, shangu, zvedongo kana simbi midziyo, pombi dzemvura uye simbi zvigadzirwa, nenhumbi dzokurwa nadzo, miriwo mafuta uye värjäys.

tengeserana

Bukhara Emirate anotora yakanaka nzvimbo. Izvi kunobatsirawo dzimwe kutengeserana. On the European chikamu vatengesi Russian vakanga vakabatana muchidimbu pamusoro yekare karavhani nzira kuburikidza Orenburg uye Kazalinsk. The chikuru nzira yokukurukurirana rinoitwa nomukombiyuta njanji Astrakhan uye Uzun Ada. In Russia aivigirwa zvinhu zvaikosha miriyoni 12 p, uye vakaunzwa -. 10. mhosva zyaket (2,5% unonyatsoratidza) kuti kupinza zvigadzirwa. Pamwe aivigirwa zvinhu vakabhadharwa 5%, kana muzvinashawo - Bukhara mugari wenyika, uye 2,5% kana Russian.

mureza

It wairatidza mamiriro zviratidzo zviri Emirate pakati Bukhara. The mureza raiva rectangular jira rakajeka mitema. Pamwe yendarama tsamba zvayo nomubato mune echiArabic anoratidza zita ishe, uye pamusoro vakasununguka pamupendero - the shahadah (uchapupu kuva Allah). Between Zvinyorwa izvi akaisa kirisendi uye nyeredzi (shanu-pfungwa). Vaiva pamusoro "ruoko Fatima" - rwokudzivirira sedumwa. Karoi mureza orenji nezvishongo dema. Nomubato iri kupendwa mutema, aivapo panguva pamusoro yendarama kirisendi.

Insignia

Nokuti kokutanga Order of Emirate vakanga hwakatangwa pashure risiti yacho protectorate mamiriro. Ichi chiitiko chinokosha chagumbura inoverengeka zvinokosha kuchinja dzomunyika upenyu nyika. Kunyanya, gadziriro mibayiro mabasa wakatangwa. Yokutanga mutsauko aiva "Revashumiri Noble Bukhara". It kwairatidzwa Muzaffar al-Din muna 1881. By 1882 ndipo Order aiva mamwe vatariri vehondo yenyika. By 1893 vakasuwa zvakanzi muzvikamu 8 inegumi. Mugore iroro rave yoku-. Maererano shoma kuitira tepi uye chiratidzo vakanga hwakatangwa. mumwe pataienda pamberi ishe chakaitwa kuchengeterwa vana mirairo. Parwendo rwake, akapa nyeredzi dzinopfuura 150. Panguva iyoyowo, sezvinoratidzwa zvinyorwa, avo varidzi aigona kuva akasiyana chaizvo munhu - kubva nhau yemhuri youmambo nevatori venhau. Kwapera nguva yakati, gavhuna akatanga kuparadzira Order pachake zvizvarwa. Pakazosvika zana remakore rechi20, zvakanga zvakaoma kuwana pamutemo, bai, mukuru mukuru Bukhara, iyo yaizova kusava nyeredzi kupfeka gown. Mukuwedzera, award zvinowanzooneka kupiwa Russian. Order wakagamuchira uye vatengesi vakanga nhumbi Bukhara. Zvakanga zvakakwana kuita chipiriso duku imwe mukuru. Zvinonzi haana kunzi ishe pamusoro Order of nyeredzi. Kunyange zvazvo tsanangudzo iyi aizivikanwa kwaari. Award yechipiri yakatangwa Abdalahadom pakupera 1890. Akatarisa sezvinoita nyeredzi, aiva rwonzi uye chiratidzo. Akanzi "The Chiratidzo Crown Bukhara nehurumende." Muna 1898 zvakanzi akamisa mumwe mubairo - mumwe mutero kuna Alexander III. Rainzi "Iskander Salis" ( "The Sun Alexander"). murayiro uyu paakavapa kuti chete vakuru vakuru Russian. Rakaitwa egoridhe muchimiro nyeredzi pamwe nemwaranzi masere chishongo. Pakati yaiva denderedzwa, mukati riri 4 nedhaimani, riri netriangle chimiro, iro raireva kuti tsamba "A". Duku denderedzwa pasi raiva mufananidzo III. Akanga wo vakapoteredzwa mangoda. Order of Bukhara Emirate yomusi Hijri (Islamic karenda). Production akanga akatakurwa achiburitswa kunze panguva dzinokosha templates. Kudzingana paaivatambudza Mint.

Posts nzira

In Bukhara Emirate vhiri mumigwagwa havana zvakajairika chaizvo. Panguva iyoyowo, avo vakanga akawanda iri kuchamhembe-kumadokero nokumusoro mativi nyika. Handicap mashoko zvakarurama zvingoro. Vaiva zvingoro 2 yakakwirira mavhiri pamwe rakafara famba. Abha wakange zvakakwana dzakashandisa mumigwagwa yakaipa. The rwokufamba yokufambisa kwenhumbi kutakurwa karavhani yenzira achibatsirwa yengamera. Kufamba kuburikidza nomumakomo akashandisa rongedza mabhiza uye nembongoro. Khanate yakakamurwa Mountains Mumbai. Kuchamhembe-kumadokero uye kuchamhembe kwayo, zvokufambisa uye kutaurirana rwaiitwa kunonyanya pamusoro ngoro pamwe pamusoro rongedza ake, uye zasi - chete risingazodamburwi nzira. The yokupedzisira kunokonzerwa nemagariro kukura kunyanya pasi yacho kudivi uye migwagwa yakaipa - rumwe. Zvinenge zvose huru nzira rinotanga kubva Bukhara. Vakashumira kwete chete nokuda munyika pakukurukurirana, asiwo kukurukura nomunyika dzakapoteredza. Pfupi nzira Amu DARYA anoenda kuburikidza Kelif Jam. Message akatakurwa ari zvingoro. Near Kelif vane kuyambuka. Pano, chiteshi of Amu DARYA rakamanikana. Zvisinei, panguva ino yakawanda kudzika uye kumhanya kuerera. Message chiri kuitwa pamharadzano zvose Shire uye Chushka-Guzar. nzira izvi kukonzera Kabul, Mazar-i-Sharif uye Balkh. Mukuwedzera, yambuka rwizi nechikepe aigona flotilla. Chaiva ngarava maviri uye zvakafanana resimbi ngarava. Recent vachamutsirwa 10,000 nepondo nhumbi. Zvisinei, kutaurirana pakati Kerki Chardzhui uye Petro-Alexander, aiva murombo. It kunokonzera yakadzika gwaro zvikepe, unochinja Fairway of Amu-DARYA, ayo kutsanya dzenzvimbo uye zvimwewo. Akashandiswa zvekufambisa uye skiff. Izvi magwa chizvarwa akasimudza 300-1000 pondo. Down rwizi motokari yakanga iri zvikwasviso, uye kukwira - twine. Nezuva vakanga anenge 20 mamaira. Samarkand nyika kungova Trans-reCaspian / chitima zvinenge zvachose riri Bukhara Emirate, izvo zvakanaka chinobata ayo kutengeserana nomukadzi Persia uye Russia.

mauto

Army emirate zvaisanganisira kugara masoja uye nevarwi. Last kudanwa kuti kudiwa. Patinenge tichizivisa gazavat (hondo tsvene) pabasa vanobatanidzwa vaMuslim vose vanogona kutakura pfuti. The inifanduri aivapo 2 makambani ishe Guard uye 13 battalions. In yose, paiva 14 zviuru. People. The inifanduri vakanga vakabata kumeso-dzikapupurira uye dzichapambwa pfuti Zvingamutsa havi pamwe bayonets. Uyezve, vazhinji romusarasara uye tambo zvombo. The emauto riripo regiments galabatyrey 20 8 uye hasabardarov regiments. Vakanga vakabata falconets mumwe maviri uye akaita sebhiza uta. Pane vaiva zvachose uye vanenge 14 zviuru. People. Parizvino 20 atirari pfuti. Pashure asvika simba Soviet muna Bukhara, apo gunpowder uye kanoni-Kudzingwa chirimwa rakarongwa. Masoja akagadzirira mvumo mari zvishomanana, pamwe mu mhando muchimiro womumwe uwandu yegorosi.

dzinonakidza zvinhu

Zvizvarwa zvomunyika Bukhara Khanate yakava havaoni vanoverengeka nemisha iri munharaunda ano Omsk nharaunda. Zvadaro, vakaita unorema chavagari yacho. Somuenzaniso, zvizvarwa madzishe, vaparidzi Islam kubva Central Asia kuSiberia, akavamba Kazatovo.