Taxable kuchamuka muRussia: pfungwa pamutemo. Ndevapi mapoka aiva chikamu kirasi kubhadhara mutero-?

Taxable Estates - matunhu vari mutero (mutero) mamiriro. In nyika yedu, zviri pamutemo kusaruramisira kusvikira pakuguma XIX remakore. Vamwe mitero uye vamwe vakanga asingachaiti kwavari. About kuti chii chaizvo boka revanhu raisanganisira vari taxable kuchamuka kuchaita munyaya ino.

pfungwa

Kirasi - boka revanhu vane nhengo zvisingapindirani pamutemo. Kazhinji, rinenge yakatarwa mutemo. Estates vanowanikwa chete pre-capitalist inoti. Kusiyana mumakirasi mumakirasi ari pamutemo kuti iri nhaka. Munhu anogona kupinda kubva mumwe. State zvakajeka uchiona ichi kuburikidza nomutemo dzemunharaunda, sapamazuva pakuchengetedza pamutemo nzvimbo, zvinoita anonzwa akachengeteka. Ndokusaka kirasi hurongwa akawana chete wemunda-mumiririri umambo mu feudal inoti, nokuparurwa pamwe nechitarisiko capitalism.

Key (mambo, mambo, Sultan, uye zvichingodaro. D.) Yava musoro wehurumende chete nokuti anobva mumhuri anokudzwa. Kubva ake pachake unhu uye unyanzvi Hazvirevi. Naizvozvo, kuchinja kubva kirasi imwe nguva dzose vachinzwisisa isakarurama: ichi zvose aona kutyisidzira nyika yaivapo. Elite akaedza kuramba maonero ayo kwose kwose uye nguva dzose. Kuchinja kubva pfuma wemuTesitamende kirasi anogara achiperekedzwa evanhu kuputika, hondo yevagari vemo, chimurenga.

Mhando Estates muRussia

Kuvimbika Russian ehurumende uye simba umambo kwaibva ndichengetedze vanhu vakaderera hurongwa. Kazhinji, vanokwanisa kukamurwa kuva mapoka maviri guru: asi taxable pfuma uye ropafadzo. Chokutanga anonzi "dema", wechipiri - ari "chena". Somuenzaniso, "kugarwa chena" - mumusha, wasunungurwa mitero; "Chernososhennye vanhuwo zvavo" - varimi, kubhadhara mitero, uye zvichingodaro ..

Conversion Petra Velikogo

Pfungwa yokuti 'taxable wenhaka "rinowanika chete pasi Peter Mukuru. Izvi zvisati zvaitika, vose vaya vaifanira kubhadhara mitero, inonzi "mutero". Peter yakatanga kushandiswa mutero hurongwa kuRussia, iyo kuchiripo nhasi: vaakadzidzisa yokuvhota. Pamberi pake, hapana kutevedzerwa vanhu. Kunyange vepamusoro haana pfungwa sei vanhu vakawanda vari mudunhu. The mutero wakaiswa pa musha guru, musha, musha, uye zvichingodaro. D. Hurongwa Uyu neeffekivna chaizvo uye ichidzvinyirira. Peter yakaenzana kodzero mukati makirasi dzavo. Zvino munhu wose anofanira kubhadhara chete mutero, iyo mamiriro chichakusunungurai.

Pamberi pakutanga odhita yave ichiitwa kuchinja - vaverengwe. vane mazita magwaro vanonzi "Revision mazita." Shoko rokuti "rungano" ndiyo yakanakisisa unoenderana gwaro iri, sei kuona rakarurama mashoko zvakanga zvisingaiti. Panzira, munguva yedu, pashure okuverengwa akawana siyana "Pokemon", "Teletubbies", "Jedi" uye mamwe marudzi kuti havapo vari classifications.

Taxable wemunda Russia

Zvokubhadhara mutero-Estates zvaiva mukanyiwa yose vokumaruwa vagari, vatengesi, vashandi chitoro. Vakanga anonzi vaya achisuwa odhita uye havana kwaisanganisira mu "Revision mazita" uyewo vapoteri. Panewo mutero anobhadhara kwaenzaniswa:

• foundlings;
• vanhu vasingatendi kurangarira ukama hwavo;
• mubvandiripo vana, pasinei pamutemo amai.

Imwe neimwe nemakirasi rakakamurwa muzvikamu uye mapoka. Somuenzaniso, apo Petro vatengesi akatanga kugovera kupinda chikwata. Wokutanga chaiva "chinozikamwa vatengesi vane zvokutengeserana guru", uyewo vemishonga, vanachiremba, chiremba. Havagoni kusiyaniswa somunhu yoga kirasi zvomutengesi, sezvo pamutemo vakatsunga akaberekwa pane basa. Chechipiri chikwata vatengesi kubata zviduku vanatenzi, zviduku vatengesi, uyewo "vose zvakaipa vanhu kuwana mubayiro, basa dema uye zvakafanana." Vashambadzi regai kuripa mutero. Hurumende akatora navo vachibhadharisa pakuchinja "wedzera" kupinda chikwata. Izvi zvakafanana magetsi kutyora: imi kubhadhara mari - iwe kuwana kodzero wokuita zvimwe zvinhu.

Manyuko pasina anonzi vamwe vatengesi "zvakaipa vanhu." Vakaumba loophole pamurayiro, vamwe vavo havasi kuita zvokutengeserana, uye kuti achiita hurumende. Navo zvakanga zvisingaiti kuti wakaraira yokuvhota kana uchatamisa mitemo feudal vanhu vakaderera wemuTesitamende imwe kirasi.

Collective basa

Society vigilantly kuongororwa kuitira kuti vanhu havagoni kubiridzira mamiriro nenguva vakanyorwa vanhurume dzechembere. Yokuvhota haana kureva kuti ose mugari vanosungirwa kusvika fiscal zviremera uye kubhadhara pacharo. Kuvaka hurongwa yakadaro inoda mari yakawanda uye nenguva yakawanda. The State akaita nyore: rwakapinda munyika pamazita vanhu "vakanyorwa vechirume dzechembere" vari paakavapa inokosha mutero pamusoro nemakirasi kubhadhara mutero-, zvichienderana neuwandu yokubhadhara mutero-vemo uye bhiri rose muvanhu. Izvi zvinonzi yakawiriranwa zvinovimbisa. Kana munhu anosarudza kubiridzira hurumende - kuchibhadhara mamwe venguva. ino chakafanana ano utilities zvinowanzoitwa zvikamu zvezvivako furati: chikwereti zvachose yakakamurwa vagari vose.

Taxable yavatezvara remakore rechi19, dambudziko pakuzvarwa kurongeka

Kirasi gadziriro pacharwo kuri zvisingachashandi munguva capitalist kukura. Muenzaniso unoshamisa dambudziko rakarondedzerwa A. P. Chehov mu "Cherry Orchard." Vaimbove varimi uye vatengesi vaiva huru dzemari, asi vakanga zvakawanda kodzero dzavo, uku Semi-murombo avakuru vaiva neropafadzo yepamutemo kwavari. MuRussia, dambudziko chinonyanya chakasimba kubva pakati paNovember XIX kusvika mangwanani XX emakore. Zvisinei, kusvikira 1918, nyika ine bumbiro remitemo yeRussian Empire, izvo anoramba boka hurongwa.

May 15, 1883 Emperor Alexander III anobva audza kuti Manifesto ane yokuvhota. Russia - chete nyika yokuEurope iyo akasunungurwa vemo mitero pachake. Saka hazvisizvo kutaura kuti "youmambo kurapwa" kusvinwa kubva anotambudzika nyaya "zvose muto" pamberi nokumukirana ari XX remakore.