Brick: saizi. Size silicate chena chidhinha

Over nhoroondo yacho, kukura chidhinha chakachinja kakawanda. Asi kusvikira zvino, ichi chidimbu chakagadzirwa zvinhu kunoramba inonyanya kushandiswa ibwe pamusoro yakaderera-vosimba kuvakwa.

Zera racho Zvidhinha, kana Zvine nguva kurega?

Vazhinji zvokuvakisa zvidhina yemakwikwi pakushandisa kare anogona kuita chete matanda kana ibwe. The kutaurwa kushandiswa kwayo yokutanga anowanikwa zhinji akanyorwa zvipupuriro Asia. Found zvidhinha uye Zvakafukunurwa kuMesopotamia yekare uye China. Budiriro Egipita, Greece, Rome, Byzantium uye gare gare zvinowanzoshandiswa zvinhu izvi rokuvaka. Saka kuti chinonyanya kuchinja nokufungidzira zera ivhu zvidhina kanenge zviuru 5-10 makore.

History hukuru ivhu usina kukonekita, uye zvidhinha plinths

Chokwadi, zvibereko nguva akabereka shoma kufanana ano. Pamberi nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa ivhu vachiridzira michina zvakanga kure kure, uye Linear kukura zvedongo chidhinha yakasiyana chaizvo kubva chipo. Asi rekare rechiGiriki zvehari mabwe, izvo zvaishandiswa pakuvaka, yaoma mumoto. Yezvidhinha kuti shongwe pedyo chinhu, vakanga zvinopfuura uye namambo mumwe chete dzakaparara mushure kugadzirira zvigadzirwa. Pamwe chete machena, zvidhina, ane kukura vakanga dzaisiyana apo kubva 600 × 300 600 × 30 × 300 × 90 neMM, mumwe guru zvokuvakisa muGreece. Mugore Byzantine nounyanzvi kuti masonry akagashira kurudziro itsva kuti kukura. Masters of nguva vakashandisa nzira tichibatanidza nevamwe zvokuvakisa uye usina kukonekita unobvumira kuzomisa yakanaka zvedongo hurongwa.

Nguva yokukanganwa uye rumuko

KuMiddle Ages vazhinji vekare Michina vakanyura muzhizha, sezvo erection kwezvivako mu Europe vanoshandisa yakanakisisa iripo mbishi zvinhu - dzinongoitika ibwe, matanda uye kupiswa dzimwe nguva. Asi muna Eastern hweRoma, izvo nguva refu yakaramba kupfuura simba mamiriro mudunhu, kuisa unyanzvi zvedongo kutigumbura kuchengetedza uye kukudziridza. Byzantine Zvinopiwa zvidhinha vane kukura zvakasiyana (kubvira 290 X 115 X 31 mm 350 X 350 X 51 mm) refu akaramba inonyanya kufarirwa chivakwa zvinhu mangwanani Ages. Muzana XV remakore Constantinople akawira, asi unyanzvi mhizha dzayo harina akarasika. Anotiza vaigara muumambo hwacho, kuti vakadirana kuna Europe, zvikuru pave kukura guta-in Italy uye simba zvikuru inoti munharaunda ano France, Germany uye nevamwe.

Evolution Brick unhu: uremu, saizi, mbishi zvinhu

Naizvozvo Michina Brick kugadzirwa nguva vakashanduka. Kuziva zvinoitwa acho uye kuti tirambe kuomesa nzira kwayo kugadzirwa zvinhu Stamp. Hwakapararira yagadzirwa muNetherlands yaro subspecies - clinker. Nevamwe zviri zvayo kugadzirwa raiva kugara vachiridzira tembiricha ichiwedzerwa kuti 1100-1500 ^{° C,} uye kushandisa sezvo mbishi zvinhu tonkoizmelchonnyh That fusible. Kwakajairika zvedongo zvidhinha Dutch hukuru ranged kubva 150 X 70 X 35 mm (anonzi midget) uye kusvika 280 X 130 X 80 mm (chechechi saizi). Paivawo guru-youduku kuzviona - 280 X 130 X 70 neMM, ainzi rokukudza St. Martin. Raishandiswa kuvaka zvivako zvechitendero uye neshongwe. The zita clinker yakabuda kunokwana nevamwe inzwi Klink. It akasimuka kana akarova pasi Qualitative chokupika chigadzirwa. In matauriro uye distinctness "achirira" zvidhinha ruzivo vatenzi akasarudza kuenda mashoko. Stones vane vakabuditsa inzwi uye chitarisiko zvaishandiswa kuvaka mutoro inobereka zvivako kana cladding. The zvinhu asara, iro rikawira pasi culling, kushandiswa pakuvaka fenzi, tichigadzira migwagwa imwe, zvishoma dzinonetsa nzvimbo. Somugumisiro, clinker, inova husingakwanisi zvokuimba kushushikana uye unopikiana vanopfuura 300 Zvinonzi "Ndinoda-nyungudika" akava pamusoro renguva kuvatungamirira zviumbwa. At chawo vakaumba chikoro okuvaka zvivako kumadokero Europe chisingazivi mumaoko nzvimbo yavo kusvikira ikozvino.

Optimizing kukura zvedongo rusvingo zvinhu muRussia uye Europe

Yokutanga kuedza fananidza kukura chidhinha midzi vhudzi kare. MuRussia, matanho aya zvakawanda Peter I. Kana zvidhinha ane saizi yakanga 280 × 140 × 70 neMM, chainyanya randaifarira. Control akabva abudisa uchibatsirwa anokosha yardsticks aiva mumwe tenzi. Zvasvikira imwe kubatana. It Rusaruro kana vakasungwa mugadziri vaziva bungler kuchenesa mvura. Pashure kuedza zvose kuti fananidza nguva akasangana nokushorwa Breeders kuti kutengesa zvigadzirwa nomumwe uye vakatsvaka kuderedza saizi kwavo kuchengetedza zvinhu. Muitiro vakananga Optimization pamusoro zvedongo ibwe hukuru dzinogona kurondwa kusvikira XVII-XX emakore, kwete chete kuRussia, asi munyika dzokuEurope. Izvi zvakanga nokuda zvivanakire uchishanda kwakajairika zvinogadzirwa kuti murege omesa kuisira miniaturization yavo kana kufuta. Panguva iyoyowo kuwedzera kukurumbira kushandisa dzakasiyana kukura zvedongo ibwe muEurope, achipa chivako chinondidzivirira uye mavambo. Uye ichi imhaka akasiyana-siyana zvinhu, iyo chinopiwa pazasi.

The mhando uye hukuru pamusoro zvedongo zvigadzirwa siyana inoti

Kupfuura mukurumbira kare uye zvino zvidhina, kukura ayo rairatidzwa millimeters maererano dzakawanda ezvinhu zviyero.

Dutch:

• midget (150 X 70 X 35);
• chechechi (280 X 130 X 80);
• kutaurirana. Martin (280 X 130 X 70 mm);
• chechechi diki (285 X 135 X 85);
• chechechi guru (285 X 135 X 85).

zveBelgium:

• "Arrows" (180 X 85 X 50);
• "KweBrussels" (200 X 95 X 60);
• "VA" (210 X 100 X 70);
• "Roman" (220 X 105 X 40);
• "Module 50" (190 X 90 X 50);
• Roman akakura (240 X 105 X 40).

German:

• 8-padiki "Goldstein" (190 X 90 X 40);
• 8-padiki (195 X 92 X 50);
• OF (220 X 105 X 52);
• WF (210 X 100 X 50);
• WF thickened (210 X 100 X 65);
• Roman (240 X 115 X 40);
• chechechi (330 X 250 X 69).

Danish:

• mureza Manyorerwo (DNF) (228 X 108 X 55);
• chechechi (290 X 140 X 90).

European:

• Gododd (240 X 100 X 71);
• dzakaonda chidhinha (DF) (240 X 115 X 52);
• 2 DF (240 X 115 X 113);
• 3 DF (240 X 175 X 113);
• 4 DF (240 X 115 X 238);
• 8 DF (240 X 240 X 238);
• 10 DF (240 X 300 X 238).

Breakfast:

• mureza (250 X 120 X 62).

Russian:

• sesquihydrate (250 X 120 X 88);
• zvidhinha Single - saizi 250h120h65 mm;
• Dual (250 X 120 X 138).

Norwegian:

• mureza (230 X 110 X 65).

yeAustria:

• mureza (250 X 120 X 62).

Prussia:

• chechechi "neguta reMarienburg" (320 X 150 X 90).

Bhabhironi (310 X 180 X 70).

Stone Byzantine (290 X 115 X 31).

Russian chidhinha chacho kukura nhasi

Its ano chimiro Russian chidimbu nevhu nezvinhu kuwanwa chete muna 1927. Zvishoma gare gare normative zvinyorwa kuonekwa kukura rimwe zvedongo chidhinha uye tsika nehafu uye kaviri chimiro. Pakupedzisira, mashoko aya anofanira mvumo pakusuma kushandiswa kwakajairika chairema nokuyerwa STRUCTURAL zvinhu zvivako uye zvinhu, izvo maererano ichangobva shanduro GOST 28984-91 ainzi "module". Chii kunakidza, izwi rimwe nehafu chidhinha haina yasimbiswa mathematically, kubva kukwirira kwayo kana tichienzanisa chete ndiko 88: 65 ≈ 1,35. dudziro kwakadaro nayo iri jargon yacho chivakwa mitemo. Most kazhinji izwi rinoreva chisarudzo silicate chena chidhinha chiri 250 × 120 × 88 mm. Gadzira mishonga kubva jecha uye madota yakanga kuwanika chete XX remakore, pashure Qualitative achikwakuka iri maindasitiri kugadzirwa nemakemikari zvokuvakisa. Nokushandisa yakaoma zvenzara unyanzvi uye kwetunhu autoclaved karusiyamu silicate nezvidhinha, kukura, mutengo uye simba unhu havasi dzinogutsa, akatorwa niche STRUCTURAL zvinhu kuti ushande kunze unyoro uye yakakwirira tembiricha. Pashure pezvose, mari 1 mamita ³ mishonga yakadaro rinotanga $ 180, saka vari kudiwa.

Pakupedzisira, muna nyaya zvidhina kana zvinhu zvose ichangotanga ...

Nhoroondo pave zvedongo zvinogumbura uye avo hukuru kamwe zvakare anosimbisa kuti zvimwe zvachinja kushandisa chigamba nenhumbi haasi kure. Mushure shanduka okuvaka indasitiri haisi akamira.