Basic physiology nzira. Subject uye physiology dambudziko

Ziva zviri kushanda kwemuviri, chikamu ose payo, chidziro, kuti kukwanisa kuongorora uye kufanotaura kuchinja uye chirwere - dambudziko guru kuti utano nenyanzvi. Pane sayenzi kuti anobata nokudzidza mibvunzo chete yakadaro. Inonzi physiology. Zviri Sayenzi kwemasayendisiti pematanho zvinoitika nokushanda kwenhengo dzomuviri. Nyaya iri refu nguva, Hippocrates pakutanga akaratidza kufarira kushanda zvipenyu enyika. Nhasi, kune nzira dzakasiyana-siyana kuti kudzidza physiology kuti vabatsire zvakakwana izvi kana zvimwe zvigadziriswe uye zvechadenga muviri.

The vakawanda yokuti physiology

Tinofanira kutanga zvavo pfungwa. Physiology - sayenzi inokosha basa munhu mupenyu, ayo ukama ezvinhu zvokunze zvakatipoteredza, kukanganisa kwavo mamiriro utano uye chakaipa nokushanda kwenhengo nhengo uye hurongwa. Kazhinji, chikuru pfungwa sayenzi iyi - kuziva dambudziko zvigadziriswe ane anorarama, kunzwisisa sei kuzvidzora, uye nemamwe maitiro zvose.

Physiology ndiyo nyaya mupenyu muviri, nokuti ndizvo zvinoita kuti tizive zvose vanhu vanofarira mitemo yayo maumbirwo uye inoshanda. kurangwa nezvinangwa zvinogona kurondwa ari tsananguro zvakajeka.

Saka, nyaya, zvinangwa uye nzira physiology - zvitatu zvinoumba nheyo nesayenzi yokungotaura. Masayendisiti akawanda vane nguva dzose vakaedza kunzwisisa musimboti mumuviri, kusanganisira munhu, kuchinja. Zvisinei, zviri zvachose zvichiita kuti akanga chete nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa ano mano uye midziyo, kureva kukura izere zvesayenzi akanga chete kutanga XX remakore.

Izvi hazvina kutadzisa naye kubva kuva kuva mumwe vatungamiriri pakati sayenzi zvipenyu. Physiology, anatomi uye mushonga - matatu kunyatsotevera interconnected anoranga inova hwaro mumwe. Naizvozvo, nzira yakaitwa uye physiology mune zvimwe zviitiko zvakafanana.

physiology Forums

By pacharo, sayenzi iyi vemumapato anoranga dzakawanda. Saka, govera physiology:

• uchitikurudzira;
• okufananidza;
• zvakavanzika.

Total rave vachidzidza upenyu pezvakaitwa zvavo. Ndiko, tichifunga regularities ari siyana ndiyo kuratidzwa muupenyu. Somuenzaniso, zvokudya, afemeruke, excretion, mitemo, kuchinja hope uye takamuka, uye vamwe. Kunosanganisirawo chikamu, sero physiology, iyo zvinopindura hwakadzama kudzidza kuonekwa zvose zvinokosha.

Okufananidza physiology rinofananidza dzinotsanagura chete kana siyana kwemarudzi ezvinhu zvipenyu upenyu nedanho ontogenesis. Somugumisiro, uyewo anoumba munhu wose bazi - shanduka physiology.

Private inotaura rakamanikana chaicho tsvakurudzo. Saka, pane nzira dzinoverengeka anoranga zvaisanganisira muboka iri.

1. physiology kwevanhu, izvo inodzidza nzira yatichakurukura gare gare.
2. Physiology nomunhu mapoka zvipenyu (tumbuyu, shiri, mhuka, nezvinokambaira, uye zvichingodaro).
3. Individual nhengo uye munyama.
4. Systems muviri (physiology kuti kugaya, kuparadzirwa, afemeruke, etc.).

Kunyanya nyanya budiriro mumakore achangodarika akagamuchira kudzidza nevanhu panyaya sayenzi. Pashure pezvose, muviri wake kwazvo chacho. Nzira physiology kwevanhu vane siyana chaizvo uye inoshanda, kuziva zvose zvakakodzera kunzwisisa musimboti zvinhu. anokudzwa:

• Age physiology;
• simba;
• basa;
• mitambo;
• nzvimbo;
• pathological;
• zvekuchipatara.

Uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. Data pamusoro anoranga aya anobatsira kuti kugamuchira dzakadururwa kwemasayendisiti zvose kuitika mukati munhu uye kuwana kuwana utariri.

Research Nzira mu Physiology

Iye pane dzakawanda. Pane nhoroondo dzave kushandiswa kare. Today akaumba uye itsva, inobva achangobuda kubudirira kwesayenzi mumunda zvemagetsi, pakudzidza remagetsi mwaranzi.

Pane zvinotevera nzira physiology.

1. Extirpation - imwe nzira dzekare kudzidza. Kunosanganisira kubviswa imwe nhengo iri chipenyu nokuva mberi Kuongorora maitiro muviri uye Kuda kutamba zvabuda.
2. Fistula nzira. Its hwaro - munhanganyaya kupinda mitumbi ane mhango sepombi nesimbi kana mupurasitiki uye nokudaro kutara zvoutachiona zvinwiwa. Vakawana mashoko pamusoro makemikari hunhu kureva shanduko zvinhu, kuongorora secretory kushanda muviri.
3. Catheterization nzira - kutanga nhete chubhu kupinda mapazi uye nemidziyo zvinodhaka anokosha kuti kukonzera kuchinja mukushanda. Saka isu kudzidza basa mwoyo, tsinga, mumasero yomunyika uye zvokunze secretion (kwete zvose).
4. Denervation nzira. Rinoshandiswa kuongorora ukama pakati tsinga uye kushanda miviri. Nokuti chinangwa ichi, nzira dzishande pamwe unozotevera Kuda kutamba zvabuda.
5. Nzira kudzidza physiology, kwakavakirwa kushandisa maturusi uye michina. Izvi zvinosanganisira muchibereko ari nhengo uye nyama yose macro- uye micronutrients, kunyoresa tsinga nomunhu, nemwaranzi dzokupisa, kuverengwa mwoyo uye pfungwa, uye zvichingodaro.

Vamwe nzira kutsvakurudza physiology, isu kunyatsotarisisa mberi. Ndivo inonyanyoshandiswa kushandiswa uye inokosha.

akataririra

vasiri nzira idzi dzaishandiswa muIjipiti yekare, Rome, China, iri Ancient East. Kunyange ipapo, paiva vatsvakurudzi vari vanofarira kuchinja zvichiitika zvipenyu. Somuenzaniso, muIjipiti panguva pakuomesa zvitunha vanafarao uye dzavo akanga akaita autopsies akamisa kuchinja zvemukati zvakatipoteredza. Kuongororwa zvinhu zvakadai se:

• Color yepamusoro uye utachiona zvinwiwa uye vakawanda;
• makara miviri;
• ruvara ziso sclera;
• unhu uye ruvara sputum;
• kuzvimba ganda, ayo mamiriro uye turgor.

maitiro aya zvichienzaniswa avo vanhu utano uye vafunga. Zvimwe akanga kunyange kuisa, mune zvimwe zviitiko mhaka kufa munhu.

Nhasi, akataura haina akarasika kushanda kwayo, kunyanya kana totaura psychophysiology. Human maitiro, manzwiro ake, nevakwegura, unhu kuratidzwa kwokunze tremor, vangadikitira - zvose zvinhu izvi dzakananga kuti kudzidza zvitare. Ivo kuti kubvisa ukama mamiriro uye zvimwewo kuratidzwa zviratidzi siyana vasiri mashandiro, kurongedza mumuviri.

Dzidziso nevakwegura, unhu hwehama rakavambwa musayendisiti Pavlov chakavakirwa kudzidza chinovhiringidza uye excitation, izvo kunooneka kunze pacharo akasiyana mupfungwa nechimiro chokureva ari maitiro nezviito kuti zvimwe zviitiko, mashoko, nezviito. Akaratidza kuti nemhaka choleric, sangvistichnogo, melancholic uye phlegmatic kuratidzwa zviri chaizvo Neural pezvakaitwa chokuita nepfungwa nezvebasa uropi, ayo zvavaifunga.

Zvakawanikwa izvi vave kakawanda akadzokorora nemasayendisiti siyana uye vanachiremba, vatsvakurudzi. Naizvozvo, izvi physiology dzevanhu nzira akafanana pakuongorora uye kuedza, izvo huchakurukurwa, uye paiva akakodzera, inokosha uye inobudirira.

ekisiperimendi

Experimental nzira nokuti kudzidza physiology chinokosha uye munhoroondo kupfuura kare uye akakurumbira. Zvechokwadi, kuti zvimwe kudzidza, kana musingadi kuona? Saka, pamwe chete nezvakataurwa inoitwa uye dzakasiyana-siyana nemiedzo, kunyanya mhuka. Vakanga vapiwa mugumisiro rakada akakwana muzvidzidzo kuwana chakavimbika kupfuura mashoko.

Pane experimental nzira yokudzidza anatomi uye physiology, kuderedzwa mapoka makuru maviri.

1. Chenjera kuedza. Nzira yakadaro kutsvakurudza waishandiswa kusvikira pakuguma XIX remakore, kana musayendisiti wokuRussia Ivan Petrovich Pavlov haana kuwana imwe nzira. Chii chaiva musimboti kukanganiswa kwakadaro pamuviri? Kuedza akanga akatakurwa achiburitswa kunze ari mupenyu muviri mhuka, iyo yakasungirirwa chaicho muchina. Ipapo vakaperekedza vivisection kuti aida nhengo zvidzidzo uye nokudaro akanyora akaona migumisiro basa rake. Zvisinei, vakawanda zvaikosha kutadza kuita nzira iyi va neudhadha. Kunze chokwadi kuti chikamu tsika iri utsinye uye utsinye, nokuti mhuka pasi inotyisa kurwadziswa, uye kutambudzwa kunorwadza chaizvo pokuvhiyiwa, havana kubatsira kunyange yokutindivadza, saka zvakawanda uye kutambura mupfungwa, marwadzo mumuviri nezvakaitika waitirwa kuedza, yekudyidzana akavhiringika migumisiro. It chikara denderedzwa. Kusvika muviri wako, chinoburusira kutambura. Ivowo, kukanganisa chakaipa mararamiro vasiri urongwa, uye mugumisiro haana chaizvo.
2. Chisingaperi chiedzwa. Hazvina nzira iyi uye akataura Pavlov. akanga pamusoro chakasimba kuedza pamusana utsinye hwakanyanyisa, zvichida izvi zvakamutungamirira nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa kupfuura humán chisarudzo. Pakati bvunzo zvinenge waivawo mhuka. Zvisinei, nzira kwakaitika zvakasiyana. Pamberi oparesheni, asi kuvhiya nehunhu Qualitative yokutindivadza. Zvadaro, muna achida nhengo rusvingo implantable fistula - kumicheto kuti mapurasitiki kana simbi riri sutured kuti ganda kubva kunze. Pashure paizvozvo, mhuka vakapiwa nguva kuti ndipore vomurapa ronda uye kuumbwa kuti zvakazara normalize kwemasayendisiti zvoupenyu. Saka yakawanikwa kuburikidza fistula ruzivo pamusoro kosi pezvakaitwa siyana ari kuongororwa chikamu chomuviri, apo zvakanga zvikuru zvakarurama, sezvo nemuviri zvakanaka. Studies rwaiitwa kwenguva refu, pasina rusaruro kune utano mhuka uye maererano ose mitemo rwokuzvarwa kuvapo.

Saka chikuru physiology yokushanda nzira, apera dzimwe nguva, uye kusvikira nhasi. Kunyange zvazvo, Chokwadi, ano hwokugadzira zvakagadzirwa zvishoma nezvishoma chose bvikinyidza ari kukanganiswa zvakananga kupinda muviri kubva munhu. Iye zvino zvichiita kuti mashoko aunoda akasiyana chaizvo, zvishoma kunorwadza, rakanyatsorurama uye akakodzera kwekodzero nzira.

kwakajeka kunyoresa

Nzira physiology kwevanhu inobva chaiyo pakushandisa zvimwe zvokushandisa. Pakati vakadaro mano kugara chinokosha nzvimbo sezvinotevera.

1. ECG. The midziyo inoshandiswa kugadzira ari cardiac chiito potentials. Somugumisiro pakati goho riri mudziyo kumbokweva unonzi, electrocardiograph bepa, achiziva kuti ane chiremba decrypts uye rinoguma pamusoro utano mwoyo uye kweropa hurongwa. To musi, mudziyo uyu akaponesa upenyu hwemamiriyoni evanhu. Pashure pezvose, vachinyatsoziva Detective matambudziko - kiyi akabudirira kurapwa.
2. Microelectrodes. Zviduku mamiriro inogona akaisa zvakananga kupinda muchitokisi Kamudzira uye kugadzirisa chiito mukana. Nhasi ndiyo imwe mberi zvikuru zvemagetsi runotaura vasiri zveBhaibheri womunhu muviri. electrodes izvi zvinogona kusumwa kunyange uropi kuti anotibvumira kuchengeta uye rekodhi kuchinja psychosomatic ezvinhu utano uye upenyu.
3. Radionuclide physiology nzira - kushandiswa kuwana quantitative zvechadenga vasiri kwendangariro.
4. Various sensors kuti emit remagetsi masaisai. Reverse mhinduro iri muchimiro magetsi pulses iri yakatarwa zano rinokosha - oscilloscope - uye ipapo chakasvitswa kombiyuta kuti kugadzira. Pane zviri kare kuitika hwakadzama kubudiswa mashoko uye chimiro mhedziso. Saka zvinobvira kuisa makemikari wevasungwa pamusoro ions siyana, uwandu kufurirwa, tembiricha, inofamba nezvimwe parameters).

Saka, mazuva sayenzi physiology nzira inobva kushandisa mano, ndivo yakarurama kwazvo, nyarara, zvesayenzi uye idzidzise zvose dzatakurukura pamusoro.

Chemical uye nokukanganisika nzira

anatomi uye physiology nzira havasi chete yakafanana mumwe. Vanewo chokuita nedzimwe sayenzi. Saka, pane zvipenyu physiology, nemakemikari omuviri, physiology uye mumuviri. Izvi sainzi kudzidza pezvakaitwa mukati mumuviri wake nemaonero, i.e. pamwe makemikari, mumuviri zvoutachiona.

Saka, achishandisa nzira iyi inosimbiswa mugumisiro mumwe pfuma (neurotransmitter, kemikari, enzayemu) pamusoro pezvakaitwa kuitika mumuviri. Chemistry inobatsira mu wakateya ehupfumi ose mukomboni ichi, wefizikisi inoratidza thermodynamic parameters aro kuti kuva nezvahunoita mumuviri. Physiology zvinoda kudzidza matambudziko kwete chete pane chaizvo muitiro, asiwo zvavo pamusoro muviri, muviri uye boka nechitarisiko ezvinhu. Pamwe chete, anoranga aya ikashandiswa pasi unoti Biological Chemistry.

Nzira Pathological Physiology

Nyaya nzira uye physiology zvine chokuita uye pasina pane mumwe pfungwa. Zvisinei, zvakajairika nesayenzi kuti vanodzidza utano chipenyu muviri - hazvisi zvose. Panewo pathophysiology, kana pathological, izvo wakaipa kutyora urongwa hunokosha, nzira yavo, kuti zvainoita seboka uye mumwe nomumwe simba raro, uye zvichingodaro. Naizvozvo, chirango ichi kunobva pachake yakatarwa yaro nzira iyo zvinokwanisika kudzidza kuzvibatanidza nyaya.

Ndezvipi Nzira idzi physiology?

1. Simulation. Mapoka mapoka maviri: pamusoro mupenyu chinhu kudzidza in vitro, kureva kubata chaiko hurongwa. Kuti pave muenzaniso pathogenic muitiro vachishandisa kombiyuta kana masvomhu papepa. Zvinonzi zvakare inowanzoshandiswa nokuda pfungwa iyi kwakajairika zvakawanikwa uye mhedziso. The muenzaniso Kazhinji kuvakwa pahwaro yokungotaura Data neipi nyaya.
2. Yokungotaura ongororo. Pachishandiswa mashoko vakawana muna murabhoritari zvidzidzo zvinhu (chipenyu), kuvakwa dzidziso. Anosanganisira kudzidzira kufamba mhinduro dzemibvunzo: "Chii chakaipa murwere sei muitiro chirwere chii chacho chinzvimbo uye kwakaita simba Chii kuzvidzora matanho akakodzera iri nyaya kumisa ???"
3. Clinical zveBhaibheri. Unosungira nzira, iyo kunokosha kuti kuvapo vamwe vose. Handiti, pane yokungotaura ruzivo pachishandiswa murwere kiriniki. Nokuti nzira iyi inoshandisa dzinoverengeka kufanana unyanzvi:

• nemakemikari;
• mushonga;
• panyama;
• histochemical;
• morphological;
• Statistical uye nezvimwe.

Chete pahwaro zvinhu vakawana nokushandisa ose nzira, chiremba anogona kuita chirwere uye taurira kurapwa.

muriwo physiology

Ndicho sayenzi upenyu basa (kushanda) kuti chirimwa zvipenyu. Tiri kutaura pamusoro marudzi ose upenyu kubva unicellular kusvika soro, kusanganisira algae. The zvebasa Plant Physiologists ndeinotevera:

• funga uye kuziva nzira zvirimwa oparesheni;
• kumisa nheyo yokungotaura pamusoro mukana photosynthesis mu chakagadzirwa ezvinhu;
• kuvaka muenzaniso unoratidza musimboti nzira yokuwana yakakwirira goho zvirimwa zvinokosha.

Chokwadi, basa hakusi nyore. Pashure pezvose, zvinomera - izvi zvinhu zvipenyu, umo ose wechipiri, uyewo munhu, mazana nokukanganisika siyana kuitike. Physiologist vanofanira kuongorora nomumwe wavo. Plants kufema, inosimbisa, vaite chirongwa photosynthesis, muwande, kukura uye ichishanduka - hwemazuva marudzi upenyu zvose zvipenyu. Kudzidza azvaiitwa zvose - basa physiologists.

Kupedza dambudziko photosynthesis mu chakagadzirwa ezvinhu - zvinoreva kupa vanhu kuwana hombe zvinogona tsime simba. Pashure pezvose, kana nzara munyika zvichapfuura, mararamiro kuchawedzera chaizvo. Asi saka kure vakakundikana zvachose kugadzirisa dambudziko iri, kunyange vazhinji nyaya zvakagadziriswa mumunda photochemical zvinobatanidzwa kwacho.

Nzira sainzi ichi

Plant physiology hwakada bordered nemashoko anotevera nesayenzi yemazuva ano:

• hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu;
• ezvinhu zvipenyu;
• nemagene ouinjiniya;
• biophysics;
• Cell Engineering.

Sezvingatarisirwa, izvi zvinoratidzwa nenzira iyo inoitwa kudzidza chirimwa zvipenyu. Nokudaro, nzira physiology zvinomera izvi.

1. Kurimwa.
2. Nzira chiedza uye Erekitironi Spectroscopy.
3. Electrochemical.
4. Opto-acoustic.
5. Chromatographic.
6. Spectrophotometric.

Zviri pachena kuti vose vari nechinangwa kuyera kusanganiswa zviratidzi: negoho, uremu, kukura, budiriro, migumisiro epurasitiki uye simba muviri. Izvozvo zvinogona kugadzirisa nzira dzakadaro? Zvikuru zvokurima akadai se:

• chirimwa rutoto;
• Vawana heterosis siyana;
• sumo;
• acclimation;
• zoning mhando;
• chakagadzirwa kudiridza;
• Plant kurimwa nzvimbo.

Saka, chirimwa physiology - mumwe chinokosha zvoutachiona sainzi, iyo inoita basa rinokosha muupenyu hwevanhu.