Bashkir chimurenga. Bashkir kumukira 1705-1711: zvinokonzera, zvabuda

Bashkir kumukira makore 1705-1711 ave avasakadza munhoroondo Russia. Nguva iyi haina zvakare nevakawanda akafukidzwa. Muchirwisa colour of Great Northern Hondo uye kuchinja Petro nemhirizhonga kazhinji akapa dzakaitika sezvo zviduku mudzimba matambudziko.

pachinzvimbo Sumo

Gone ndivo vaikurudzira, akamutsa Bashkir kupandukira. Vechikamu zviitiko izvi hazvina kutaurwa mabasa uri Asi Somuenzaniso, murimi mudiki yemuna pamusoro Pugachev. Zvichakadai, nhoroondo vanhu vanobatanidzwa yokuRussia Empire, uye akava nhoroondo yacho. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti kugarwa miganhu, mutauro uye tsika Bashkirs kare zvakasiyana nhasi. Asati kutsanangura Bashkir yokumukira chepakuvamba namasere remakore, zvishoma kutarisa nhoroondo rudzi urwu.

kwavanogara mashoko

Possible Madzitateguru Bashkirs anotaura muzvinyorwa ake Herodotus uye Ptolemy. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mundima yavo dzinza - payo inowanzorimwa of Southern Urals. Arab manyuko remakore rechipfumbamwe zvakananga kupupurira ichi. Maererano Ibn Fadlan, Bashkirs - vokuTurkey vaigara kumaodzanyemba nemitenusirwa pakati Urals, nenzvimbo guru nzvimbo kuna Volga, vavakidzani vavo zasi-mabvazuva ndivo Pechenegs kumadokero - the Bulgars, kumaodzanyemba - Oguz.

Sharif Idrisi, geographer pamusoro wegumi remakore, rakashuma kuti Bashkirs vagara panguva kwakatangira mashoko Kama uye Urals. Akataura pamusoro kugarwa guru rinonzi Nemzhan iri yepamusoro inosvika rwizi Lika (pamwewo Yaik kana Ural). Bashkirs vaiita mhangura simbi, migodhi gava uye Beaver furs, mabwe anokosha. The guta gurkhan, kuchamhembe chikamu rwizi Agidel, Bashkirs vakaitwa zvishongo, joko uye nezvombo.

Rakatanga vanhu

Sources dzinoratidza kuti Bashkirs kare vaigara Yuzhnyy Ural. Kwenguva refu vaiva zvikuru vanhu vazhinji mudunhu. Kuti mashoko pamusoro apo vakaenda Bashkir Yuzhnyy Ural sei mutauro wavo nevakawanda rakaumbwa, haina kuzivikanwa. Chokwadi kuti vari yakadaro yakaderera pamwero kuti takasiya yakajeka zvisaririra okukura. Panguva iyoyo nyika yaigarwa vakawanda Ugric namarudzi avo muridzi wemaoresa kubudiswa simbi uye nezvimwe ounyanzvi. Uchapupu hwavo kugara pazvikomo uye zvimwe zvakawanikwa pakuchera matongo.

More zvichidzika zvakajeka pfungwa iri Bashkir vanhu yakaonekwa chete 16-17 emakore. Pakutanga, vakapararira madzinza. Naizvozvo, mapoka aya akaumba misiyano mutsika. Maererano neimwe shanduro, iyo Bashkirs akauya Yuzhnyy Ural kubva Ural mwoyo, kune rumwe - iri boka Finno-Ugric madzinza, kwave kuchiita yakawanda Turkization. Wechitatu uye yakarurama zvikuru shanduro ndechokuti Bashkirs - ndivo vakasara vamarudzi anongofamba uyo kuitwa munhu aivapo mararamiro. Chimbichimbi mararamiro shanduko vakabatsira kunyangarika dzimwe tsika nemagariro todzitsiva nevamwe. Pakazosvika nguva yekupindurwa runochengeta pastoralism mu Semi-anongofamba kwakaitika munguva kubva 17 fung kusvika 19 remakore fung. Panguva iyoyowo, nokushingaira Yekudzidza Yuzhnyy Ural Russian. Saka, tsika tsika Bashkirs vakanga yakatsiviwa Russian uye Finno-Ugric. Bashkirs vakanga vachivhima uye kurima. Chikamu Pachivanhu yave akarasika. Colonisation vanhu yaiva nekaupenyu nyoro, sezvo vakawanda aine runochengeta mararamiro. Chete nerunyerekupe kumanikidzwa zvechiKristu Bashkirs kufadza.

mitauro chavanopinda

mutauro Bashkirsky ndezvevanhu Kypchak Volga-subgroup re Qypchaq boka bazi Zimbabwe Turk Altaic mitauro. Kune tumitauro matatu southern, kumabvazuva, kumusoro-kumadokero. Munguva dzekare, Bashkirs vaishandisa Turkic Runic kunyora, panguva inotungamirwa Islam - nearufabheti Arabic. An kuedza yakaitwa kushandura mutauro nearufabheti, panguva iri Bashkir arufabheti makumi matatu namatatu tsamba Russian, uye mapfumbamwe mamwe rinoratidza chaicho ruzha.

chitendero

Maererano navaArabhu vekare, Bashkirs vaiva dzidziso pakutanga vechihedheni. madzinza Ancient vakanamata vamwari gumi, masoja kuzvibatanidza pachavo pamwe nemhuka dzesango. Zviri pachena chitendero yekare dzakafanana pechishamani. Period tsanangura marudzi Urals Arab kare rinobatana kutanga kuitwa Islam Bashkirs. Bashkirs kutsigira kodzero yokuita Islam kwakaguma ropa, kuparadza kupandukira.

Ndakabatana Russia

Muna 13-14 emakore vakasuwa kuti Bashkirs zvaiva chikamu Golden Horde. Pashure pokuwa rudzi yayo yakakamurwa munharaunda yakakura. Western uye kuchamhembe-vokumadokero Bashkirs vaiva pasi pesimba of Kazan Khanate. The Vagari nechepakati, kumaodzanyemba uye kumaodzanyemba-nechokumabvazuva Bashkiria rakanga pasi pokutonga ari Nogay Horde. Zauralskaya kazhinji anonzi kuSiberia Khanate. Panguva yaitonga Ivana Groznogo Bashkirs khanate zvose zvinozoita akatora Moscow citizenship.

kugamuchirwa zvinhu akatara Bashkir kupandukira. Zvino pashure ari kubatwa pamusoro Kazan. Hwemukova hwakaita chokuzvidira, akwanise nokuda kurapwa yeRussian chamber kusvika Bashkirs. Ivan Grozny akaita kusingaenzaniswi tobvuma kuti Bashkirs, achivapa patrimonial kodzero pasi, unochengetera Islam uye yeko.

Nhoroondo kumukira

Kuedza zvakare kukanganisa Manifesto kwakaita kwakapararira Kusagutsikana kudivi vanhu Bashkiria. Mushure accession kuti choushe Romanovs Bashkir nyika vakatanga kushingaira kuparadzira Varidzi, nokudaro anotyora patrimonial rworudyi vanhu kunyika. Wokutanga bongozozo kwakaitika muna 1645. Next Bashkir kumukira rakauya kubva 1662 kusvika 1664, na1681 kusvika 1684, kubva 1704 pa 1711 (1725) gore. The chakarebesa nguva waivako Rinobatanidzwa kuedza yokudzura Islam. Bashkir All mukumukira vakauya dambudziko kune Russian ehurumende uye chakaoma kunzwisisa kukura munyika itsva. Umambo kamwe zvakare akasimbisa patrimonial kodzero Bashkir uye akapa neropafadzo itsva kuyanana.

Bashkir kumukira makore 1705-1711

Maererano neimwe shanduro, kumukirawo chamuita kuti nerunyerekupe kurambidzwa Chitendero wechiMuzirimu, pasi dzimwe - kupambwa patrimonial nyika uye kukwidza mitero. Muna August 1704 muna Bashkiria paakasvika Dohov vateresi kwemitero, uye Zhiharev Sergeev. Vakaparidza mutemo wehurumende itsva. Pakaziviswa pakatanga mitero iri chechi, mullahs uye neimba ungano pakunamata. Mosques vaifanira kuvaka pamusoro muenzaniso weimwe chechi yeOrthodox, kumakuva rakatevera kuchechi kuronga, kuchengetedza zvinyorwa vomuchechi uye kunyoresa michato rufu, kuomerera navo pamberi vapristi Orthodox. zvakagadzirwa zvose izvi zvaionekwa sevanhu pakugadzirira Kurambidzwa chitendero vaMuslim.

Panguva Great Northern War, raida zviwanikwa, uye Bashkirs vakakumbira mamwe 200 000 mabhiza uye varwi 4,000. chirevo Total nevaye vateresi, rine mitero itsva 72. Kunyanya, mutero wakatangwa neziso ruvara. Bashkir vanoziva kumushora uye akatsvaka vazviparadzanise kupinda hweOttoman Empire. The nemhirizhonga wokutanga akatora nzvimbo achitungamirirwa Aldara uye Kuzyuk.

By 1708 Bashkirs Samara, Saratov, Astrakhan, Vyatka, Tobolsk, Kazan rakanga ratorwa. Kumukira akanga chete zvishoma, asi chete kudzvinyirira 1711 wokupedzisira. State "pribytchiki" - Vateresi Dohov, Sergeev uye Zhiharev - vave mhosva uye kurangwa kwacho kwemitero pamutemo uye nezvinoitika chirevo. Saka zvikonzero zvabviswa Bashkir kumukira 1705-1711 gg. Pasinei runyararo akasimbisa chete muna 1725 Bashkirs zvakare pledging muteveri kune Russian Emperor. Results of Bashkir rokumukira vaiva mwoyo. Kuuraya vakawanda Russian uye Bashkir, Kusagutsikana ari akaramba.

Chishuvo vanhu kuzvitonga hakurevi kuserera mushure tsarist hurumende zvichemo, asi mumwe kupandukira akasimuka kwete nokukurumidza. Pasina chaakasiya asi bongozozo dzisabudiswe uye vaikurudzira vairangwa zvakaomarara.

nzendo chimurenga

Ngatione kuti akakurukura Bashkir kupandukira. Tafura pazasi inoratidza matanho uye zviitiko.

kukundwa

Zvikonzero pokukundwa kumukirawo Bashkir dzakawanda. Kusabatana madzinza avo Semi-anongofamba mararamiro akanga akaita vabatsirwe varwi vamambo, uye pamusoro pavo. Kubata uye achaparadza duku mupanduki vamabhiza mauto, kuvadzivirira kubva misha Russian zvakanga zvakaoma. Uyewo, vapanduki, pasina kudzika centralization, akaita yoga. The zvebasa nomumwe mapoka - kubva banal akapakatira kusika yakazvimirira mamiriro. Bashkirs vakanga havaratidzi zvombo, akanga asina masvingo havana kukwanisa kuitisa wakakombwa. Kuvakunda zvinotsanangurwa kushandisa vomunzvimbo, hunoshamisa ukuru kwenhamba zvinhu zvaanga. Zvikonzero pokukundwa kumukirawo Bashkir uyewo vavete kutadza kutaurirana, chinoenderera internecine kurwisa uye enyika miscalculations vaikurudzira.

Last Bashkir chimurenga

wekuedza Next kumutsa Bashkir kupandukira akatonyanya ropa. Zvikonzero Bashkir kumukira zvakafanana yapfuura vaya. Kupiwa patrimonial nyika kushumira vanhu akatungamirira kumukira runodiwa. Panguva yemuna Bashkirs iye akasarudzwa mutongi wayo - Sultan Giray. Nemhaka "wechokwadi" Russian Bashkir kumukira akarwadziwa. Bashkir kumukira makore 1735-1740 kwakauraya upenyu mumwe mana Bashkir.

Muna 1755 -1756 makore kushandisa zvibereko kukunda, wokuRussia Empire anosarudza kubhadhara Bashkirs kuchiKristu. Anoparadza itsva sefungu yokupanduka. Vapanduki havana kubatana, pasi kumanikidzwa revarwi Russian, vazhinji vavo vasara Kazakh steppes. Elizabeth II yakapera divi kwavo Volga Tatars, uye vapanduki vakakundwa zvakare.

Mumakore 1835-1840 nezvichaitika norunyerekupe pamusoro yezwi Bashkir vanhuwo zvavo murimi mudiki kumukira rakamuka pasi serfdom landlords. It vaiitawo dzinokwana vanhu vanenge 3,000. Vanhuwo zvavo vasingagoni kurambwa mauto vakakundwa. Kana uri ndapedza Bashkir kupandukira. Serfdom mu Russia iri kuderera, uye patrimonial nenyika hatichamuzivi kubata. Kukudziridza kugadzira zvekuvaka dzokubudisa, izvo zvakanaka kuchinja upfumi nharaunda.