Autecology - ndiye nesayenzi?

Kubva panguva apo muna 1866 ari zvipenyu German naErnst Haeckel , inodzidza ukama pakati Muviri zvakatipoteredza, nokuziva munda iyi kuwedzera zvikuru (1834-1919) vakasuma pfungwa yesayenzi mazwi ose ikoroji sechinhu sainzi. Yakabuda sezvo yakazvimirira bazi ruzivo XX remakore, zvishoma nezvishoma vakasvika pave specializations siyana uye hurumende ichiisa chaiwo zvezvakatipoteredza mirayiridzo.

Pakadaro, pfungwa dzekare ikoroji, ayo chikuru chinoumba - zvipenyu kwezvakatipoteredza - ndarasika siyana mazita uye mashoko, kukonzera kuvhiringidzika. Kuti systematize zivo zvakakurumbira kuedza kutanga chikamu kudzidza kudyidzana mumwe muviri pamwe kwezvakatipoteredza (autecology). Zvakanaka panyaya yavaive matatu mikuru nezvemaitiro zvesayenzi: kudzidzwa biosphere rose, mumwe nomumwe vanhu uye, pakupedzisira, chaiyo mhando.

Muchidimbu pfungwa

Ecology somunhu sayenzi pamusoro kukurukurirana pamusoro Muviri zvakatipoteredza yagara rakakamurwa akazvimirira mapazi mazhinji. Vamwe akaumbwa ari mhesano nevamwe ruzivo. Zvinonzi oga masumbu akadai: hunoshanda uye munzanga ikoroji, akarongeka, uye vamwe Geo-ikoroji. A zvetsika chikamu zita kwakakurumbira uye bazi zvipenyu.

Uyewo, chaiwoiwo ezvinhu ari nyaya yake sepokutangira achitora rakasiyana-siyana kupatsanura:

• panheyo yacho private kusakarongeka pakati zvoutachiona masangano (autecology, synecology, vagari ikoroji, eydekologiya);
• Systematics musimboti taxonomic zviumbu (ikoroji zvinomera, mhuka, notumwe zvichingodaro);
• pahwaro dzinogarisana (pano ikoroji, Ocean).

Nyaya nyaya ino - ndiye zvakatipoteredza zvikamu: autecology, synecology, population ikoroji uye eydekologiya.

Hwaro zvezvakatipoteredza mitemo

Autecology - nesumbu kwezvakatipoteredza anoranga, izvo inodzidza kudyidzana pamwe hwaiitwa mamwe mumiririri zvipenyu. Of shoko aumba kubva muchiGiriki Motokari - ". Pachangu" Izwi kwakamboitwa 1896 by nyanzvi kubva Switzerland K. Schroeter.

Somuenzaniso, ciliates shangu vanogara imwe ezvinhu. Chii chinoitika kana anoshandura uye zvichakanganisa sei vapenyu muviri? Nzira huru wedzidzo, iyo inoshandisa autecology - iri rabhoritari chiedzwa. Somuenzaniso, kushanda zvakatipoteredza infusorian oxidation? Uye ndedzipi muganhu netsika acidity usakanganisa anokosha ari muviri?

Autecology kuongorora muganhu tsika zvezvakatipoteredza zvinhu zviri tinyatsonzwisisa kukanganisa kwavo chakaipa nokushanda kwenhengo imwe anorarama. On date izvi inobva negadziriro yose kunonyanyisa bvumidzwa kuwanda zvinhu kuziva kuenderera zvokudya. Saka, autecology - ndiyo hwaro huripo zvinodiwa zvezvakatipoteredza kushandiswa Kunyora ano.

Pane yakachengeteka nhamba

Population ikoroji (kubva muchiGiriki Demos - "vanhu") - dzakanga padanho kurongwa sumbu kwezvakatipoteredza anoranga. The chinhu kudzidza muchikamu chino vari nevanhu kuti zvinenge somunhu homogeneous boka, aivapo rakapihwa ezvinhu. Zvinozivikanwa kuti zvipenyu regai kugara ega. Vari chokuita mumwe, mune dzimwe zvinenge uye zvakatipoteredza.

It mashoko dzidzo, kuti hukama mukati boka uye uwandu nevanhu mumwe rudzi kuchinja kunobatanidzwa hwevanhu ikoroji. Naizvozvo, dzidziso kunonyanyisa bvumidzwa mitemo uye zvakatipoteredza mitemo dzinofanira kuzokurukurwa pachiimbwa "autecology - kwevanhu ikoroji". Information sainzi mukwanisi imwe nedzimwe Database, ndiEzekieri.

View - STRUCTURAL chikwata yemhindumupindu

Nhasi, zivo yedu sei kuti vaumbe imwe gadziriro upenyu panyika kuwedzera zivo genetics, nemakemikari omuviri, biophysics sayenzi wekupedzisira emakore vamwe. The ruzivo patinokura, ndipo Blurred zvinova zvikuru pfungwa rudzi seboka zvipenyu zviri zvakafanana anoverengeka zviratidzo (kubva morphological kuti majini) kugona kubereka pachavo mhando dzavo, uye vanhu vanogara imwe nzvimbo. Naizvozvo, pakanga chaizvo sesumbu wechiduku Sciences - eydekologiya (kubva muchiGiriki eidos - "mufananidzo" kana "maonero"). Anoramba kuumba uye kuunganidza tsvakurudzo chawo.

vemunharaunda Ecology

Synecology (kubva muchiGiriki chivi - "pamwe chete") - nesumbu Sciences, izvo anofunga kuti raora ose nevanhu akasiyana kwemarudzi uye zvakasiyana enderana taxa. In kudyidzana kwavo nemumwe uye dzezvakatipoteredza zvinhu. Synecology pedyo chaizvo Geo-ikoroji uye ikoroji biocenoses. Ndicho sumbu kuti ane kupfuura kuwanda panosangana pamwe pedyo nevanhu. Ndizvo chikamu ikoroji hwesimba sechinhu STRUCTURAL chimwe.

Uchifunga chinyakare sayenzi kazhinji chinorondedzerwa maererano zvoutachiona zvipenyu uye zviwanikwa mapoka kuti vanoumba zvakasikwa, tinosvika kunzwisisa interrelationships zvose zvipenyu zvose uye nzira inogona kuparadza sei ukama izvi uye nokuzvichengeta. Environmental Kuziva ari Mupfungwa yakazara, inculcated kubva pauduku, inowedzera mikana kupona vanhu uye pakuchengetedza biosphere iri nyika iri ano zvachose mhando.