Australia (nyika). Kuwanikwa kweAustralia. Mepu yeAustralia. Chiratidzo cheAustralia

Australia ndiyo nyika yatinoverenga nekubvutwa semucheche, uye apo patinokura, tinoedza kuwana chero nzira dzinogona kuitika, zvose zvingafungidzirwa uye zvachose zvisingabviri, kushanyira nzvimbo ino kamwechete kamwe muhupenyu hwose. Ikoko chete iwe unogona kusangana nemhuka dzisati dzamboitika, imire nemiti inonakidza, kushambira mugungwa, kutarisa mhepo yehove yekoral iripo.

Uye chii chatinoziva pamusoro pekondinendi ino, mamiriro ayo ezvinhu, nhoroondo, zviratidzo, tsika netsika? Kana iwe uchinzwisisa, zvinosvika kuti hazvisi zvakawanda. Zvidzidzo zvekuchikoro pane geography zvinotanga kutaura kuti Australiya inyika inogona kuwanikwa pasina matambudziko mune zasi-kumabvazuva kwemepu. Izvo zvakakura kwazvo zvokuti hapangambovi nematambudziko nekuonekwa. Asi izvozvo, kubvumirana, zvakanyanya kuduku kunyika yakakura.

Ichi chinyorwa hachizivikanwi chete nevadzidzisi nemashoko anokosha kupfuura ose, zvichaita kuti iwe ude nyika ino zvakakwana kutanga kutanga kuchengetedza mari yerwendo.

Chikamu 1. Zvose zvinotsanangurwa

Tora nyika mumaoko ako uye tarisa zvakanaka. Sezvaunoziva, Australiya ndiyo nyika, iri pasi pekuseka-kwenyika yacho, rinenge riri kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweguta guru reRussia Federation. Kubva kumativi ose inoshambidzwa nemvura inodziya, iyo inobatsira pane zvose zvezvematongerwe enyika uye zvezvakatipoteredza zvenyika. Nenzira, munhu haagoni asi kungoona kuti Austraria haingodziviri nyika yaro yakapoteredza, inoedza kuiwedzera nenzira dzose, ichigadzira mamiriro ega ega evanhu vamiririri vemunharaunda nemhuka.

Kwemazana mashomanana emakore ehupenyu hwake hwekuzvimiririra, nyika, sezvavanotaura, yakadzoka mumweya, uye ikozvino ine basa rinokosha munyika. Muenzaniso wekugara munharaunda inoonekwa seimwe yepamusoro-soro panyika, uye nekuda kwekunatsa mhepo uye nzizi, vanhu pano havawanzobudiswa zvirwere zvinouraya.

Chikamu 2. Kuziva Australia

Kusvika iye zvino, zvichibva pane zvakaitika kare, tinogona kutaura nechivimbo kuti vanhu vekutanga vakaonekwa muakondinendi 40-60 zvemakore akapfuura, kureva, panguva apo Tasmania neNew Guinea vakanga vachiri chikamu chenyika.

Kuvhurwa kweAustralia kwakasviba muna 1606, apo Wilam Jansson mugungwa ainzi akakurumbira akazosvika kumhenderekedzo dzayo pachikepe chake chinonzi "Dayfken". Panguva imwechete Australia yakagamuchira zita reNew Holland uye kwenguva yakati yapfuura pasi pekutungamirirwa kweNetherlands. Kutaura zvazviri, vaDutch havana kumbobvira vaziva nzvimbo idzi.

Gare gare boka rose revanotsvakurudza rakamhanyira ku continent. Pakati pavo, inonyanya kuzivikanwa ndiLouis Vaes de Torres (1606), Derk Hartog (1616), Frederic de Hautman (1619), Abel Tasman (1644) naJames Cook (1770) Nemhaka yezviitiko izvi, mapepa akazara enyika akaumbwa uye zvimwe zviwi zvakawanikwa Australia.

Kubvira muna 1788 kusvikira muna 1901, kondinendi yakange yakanyatsove yakazara neBritish Kingdom. Vanhu veEurope vakaumba makoroni, vakavaka zvivakwa, vakaedza kutanga kugadzirwa, vakavaka kuvaka kwechitima chinotenderera munyika yose. Sezvo kana pane maitiro akanaka, kurarama uye kufara, uye vagari vomunharaunda vakaramba vachifa kunze, zvakanyanya kuderera nenhamba. Pakanga pane zvikonzero zvakawanda. Chokutanga pane zvose, chokwadi, izvi zvaive zvichibva pamarudzi akasiyana-siyana ezvirwere izvo zvakangoerekana zvabuda pamusoro pekondinendi yose nekuda kwezvirwere zvakatangwa nevaEurope, iyo vagari vemo vakanga vasina chirwere chekuzvidzivirira, maererano.

Zvisinei, mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzenyika zvaive zvichikwanisika kuchengeta zviitiko zvino zvingangowira nyore nyore pasi peboka rekuparadzwa kwevanhu vemo. Ichokwadi ndechokuti vatsvene vauya kuAustralia kakawanda nechisimba nevana vakasarudzwa kubva kuvaborigines. Zvinangwa izvi zvakaitwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana: mumwe munhu akaedza, maererano nemafambiro epanguva yacho, kutora kana kutora mwana mucheche, ndokumutora kuenda naye kunyika yavo. Vamwe vavo vakangodzidzisa vana huchenjeri hwose hwekutarisira mhuri dzavo kubva paucheche, vachiita sevari kuvashandura kuva vashumiri nekudzivisa upenyu hwakakwana.

Rusununguko rwokupedzisira kubva kuGreat Britain, Australia rwakanowanikwa muzana remakore rechi20 chete.

Chikamu 3. Australia mazuva ano

Kusvika iye zvino, hurumende iri kuve ichivandudza gore negore, inotsigira nekusimbisa hukama hwezvematongerwe enyika uye hwezvehupfumi nenyika dzose dzepasi, asi zvichipa ruzivo kune dzimwe nyika dzePacific.

Mutauro unonyanya kutaurwa weAustralia ndiChirungu, zviri pachena, saka, matambudziko ekukurukurirana pamwero wenharaunda yenyika haasimuki nevagari vemo. Zvisungo zvebhizimisi zviri pedyo zvakachengetedzwa neU.S., New Zealand uye Southeast Asia. Mukuwedzera, Australia inobatsira nyika dziri kusimukira.

Chikamu 4. Ratidza Zviratidzo zveNyika

Ichokwadi kuti hazvibviri kusarudza chimwe chezviratidzo zveAustralia. Sezvo munyika yedu, pane vatatu vavo: mureza, jasi remaoko uye rwiyo rwenyika. Tichaedza kutaura pamusoro peumwe neumwe wavo zvakadzama.

Mureza ndiwo machira emakona. Iyo inowanzo ruvara rwebhuruu. Havasi vose vanoziva kuti, kazhinji, chiratidzo ichi cheAustralia chine zvinhu zvitatu zvinokosha zvakagamuchirwa pamatongerwo enyika - mureza we Great Britain, nyeredzi dze Commonwealth nemakwikwi eSouth Cross.

Nhamba yenyeredzi inotaurira pamusoro pehuwandu hwehurumende dzinoita hurumende. Kune zvitanhatu zvacho: Victoria, Western Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, Tasmania neSouth Australia.

Nguwo yehondo yenyika iyo rudzi rwehovo, apo zviratidzo zvehurumende imwe neimwe zvinoratidzirwa. Kwapera nguva pfupi, nyanzvi ye Commonwealth yakaiswa. Nhoo inotsigirwa nemhuka mbiri dzinofanirwa nekondinendi, emu emu uye kangaroo.

Rwiyo rwenyika rune zita rakakosha - Advance Australia Fair, zvinoreva, mumutauro wedu wekuRussia, "Kubudirira, maAustralia angu akanaka". Muna 1878, rwiyo urwu rwakarongedzerwa nemunyori anozivikanwa ainzi Peter McCormick. Yakagamuchirwa pamushumo wehurumende yenyika, isati iyo iyo rwiyo "Mwari Save the Queen" rwaifungidzirwa rwiyo rukuru rweAustralia.

Chikamu 5. Mamiriro ekunze uye nzvimbo

Australiya inharaunda, iyo inonyanya kurumbidzwa nemamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana zvachose. Pano, sezvaunoziva, kune mapfumbamwe mapfumbamwe. Imwe yenzvimbo dzakaoma uye dzakakura kupfuura dzose dzepasi - Victoria - zvakare ndeye chikamu ichi chenyika. Zviri nani kuti urarame pano-zvichida kwete mumwe nomumwe wedu akazviwana pachedu munzvimbo iyo mvura inonaya mumvura inobva kune simba 10-15 kamwe pagore, uye hakuna chando zvachose. Vanhu vemazuva ano zvirokwazvo havangapukunyuki, asi madzinza evanhu vemuAfrica avo, kunyanya kugara uye mirning, funga Victoria imba yavo.

Kunyange zvakadaro, maitiro eAustralia anoratidza kuti haagari ipapo. Masayendisiti anotaura kuti chando pano, muAustralia Alps, inowira zvakanyanya kudarika muzvinyorwa zvepasi pose zvakakurumbira zveSwitzerland. Ndokusaka munzvimbo dzakadaro seQueensland, South Wales neVictoria, mitambo yechando yakambotorwa seimwe yevakakurumbira kwemakore mazhinji.

Mhenderekedzo dzegungwa dzinoshambadza Australia dzinobatsirawo pakuumbwa kwemamiriro okunze emunharaunda, gore negore richiunza kumhenderekedzo yakawanda mhepo uye mhepo yekutengeserana.

Chikamu 6. Rubatsiro uye zviwanikwa zvepanyika

Nenzira yakawanda, inofanira kuonekwa kuti zhinji yenyika inotambirwa nerenje uye nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana. Uye kunze kwekumabvazuva kwenyika kune makomo, ayo, maererano nehutano, anokwanisa kutaridzirwa kwete chete akaderera, asiwo akaparara. Uyu hutambo hweHercynian hunonzi "Great Watershed Range". Iyo inosvika pakakwirira kwayo kumaodzanyemba, iyo yakakwirira pamusoro pezvikomo zvepamusoro seKosciuszko uye Thousand, iyo yakakwirira isingapfuuri mamita 2 200.

Nzvimbo yakadzika pasi pekondinendi inoonekwa seLake Eyre, mazana emakore apfuura apfuura, yakaonekwa pakadzika--15 mamita maererano nehupamhi hwegungwa.

Hazvigoneki kuti ani nani acharamba chokwadi chokuti pfuma huru yenyika inogona kufungidzirwa kuti iri mineral resources. Mukutaura, mukuenzanisa nenyika inowanikwa, nyika inowanikwa ka20 zvakare. Inoshandisa nzvimbo inotungamirira pasi pano maererano nenhamba yezviitiko. Somuenzaniso, Australia inzvimbo yechipiri pakubviswa kwebhauxite uye zirconium, yekutanga-muzviroro zveuranium. Pari zvino, manganese, madhayamondi negoridhe vari kushanda nesimba.

Nyika ine zvigadziro zvayo zvegesi nemafuta. Zvechokwadi, hazvina kukwana kuti dzigadzire zvinhu zvekutengeserana kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzenyika, asi nyikawo haifaniri kuitenga.

Chikamu 7. Mhuka Zenyika Yepasi

Chimiro chakasiyana zvachose ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero zvekushanyira nyika. Pakutanga, zvakaoma kufungidzira kuti muAustralia nhasi kune mhuka dzinosvika 380 dzakasiyana-siyana dzemhuka dzinokamhina, zvinokwana 830 marudzi ehove, zvinopfuura 4,000 marudzi ehove, uye masayendisiti anoimba mhando 140 dze nyoka uye zvinenge mazana emarudzi emadzinza. Nenzira, kune zvakawanda zvezvikara zvegungwa - zvinenge makumi mashanu.

Zvichida Gungwa guru reReef raifanira kunzwika nemunhu wose. Uye izvi hazvishamisi, nokuti kubva bhenchi yechikoro tinoyeuka kuti ndiyo yakakosha kuvaka kwechirongwa chakadai chezvose zvakavakwa nekusika pasi pano. Kureba kwehupenyu huri makiromita 2000, uye iri pedyo negungwa reQueensland muGungwa reCoral.

Mumwe haakwanisi asi kungoona kuti 80% yevamiririri vemhuka haungasangana chero kupi zvako kune imwe nyika. Kunyange zvazvo kutarisa koalas, dingoes, kangaroos, nyoka, platypus, wombats and wallabies musango hazvigone kubudirira. Vanhu vose vanofarira vanorayirwa kuti vaende kune imwe yenzvimbo dzakawanda dzekuchengetedza, iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa iyo ndiyo nzvimbo inotonhorera (Port Douglas), Hillsville Nature Reserve (Victoria) uye Wildlife Park "Clland" (South South Australia).

Chikamu 8. Mainland Mhuka uye Matambudziko Munyika Yose

Zvechokwadi, kufarira kwakanyanya kune vashanyi kunokonzerwa nemafunguro eAustralia. Sei? Chinhu ichi ndechekuti vamiririri vezvisikwa zvipenyu zvinowanikwa chete muchendinende ino, uye naizvozvo umwe neumwe wavo anogona kutaridzika seumwe chete.

Zvisinei, pasinei nezvose zvakaitwa nehurumende nemasangano akakodzera, nhamba yavo inoramba ichiderera zvakashata gore negore. Chokutanga pane zvose, chikonzero chechi ndicho chinhu chevanhu. Somugumisiro wekudemwa kwemvura, nzvimbo yemhuka yakarashika, mhuka dzakawanda dzinofa pasi pemakumbo engoro kana dzinorwiswa nembwa dzomumba.

Asi pane mamiriro ezvinhu apo nyanzvi haigoni kutsanangura chikonzero chekufa kwemhuka dzakasiyana. Somuenzaniso, koals inotapukira kune chirwere chisingawanzozivikanwa chechlamydia, uye panguva ino, masayendisiti haana chaanoita kunze kwekuti vachengetedze mhuka imwe neimwe. Nokuti izvi kaviri pagore mazana ezvipiri mabhandi anotumirwa kusango.

Australia inokura nhamba yakakura yemappies, iyo kukura kwayo iri kuwanikwa mumakore achangobva kupfuura, inoramba ichishanduka. Zvechokwadi, rudzi urwu rwebhizimisi runobatsira pane zvehupfumi, asi panguva imwechete, rinorwisa zvakanyanya kune mhuka. Ichokwadi ndechokuti vamwe vamiririri vemharaunda yepanyika vanofarira kudya nemazapu epoppy, uye, pakuguma, vanopinda mukuzara kwavo kuvimba, vachiva kunonzi zvinodhakwa zvinodhaka mumhando yemhuka. Kusvika iye zvino, munyika yose, yakasarudzwa kuchengetedza nzvimbo dzakadaro kubva pakupinda kweangaroos nezvimwe zvienzanidzo.

Kuvakwa kwezvipatara zvemhuka dzesango zviri kuwedzera. Zvino, kana zvichidikanwa, unogona kudana nhamba yakasununguka yefoni, zivisa vadzidzisi nezvechirwere chinorwara kana chakakuvara. Batsirai murombo akangwara achapiwa pakarepo. Makiriniki akadaro, ose anowanzogadzirwa uye anoshambadzira, anobhadharwa mari kubva kuhurumende yehurumende. Uye sezvo rurimi rwemitauro rweAustralia ruri chiChirungu, kune zvese hazvina kumbova nematambudziko ekuwana vatsigiri nevatengi vanobva kumativi ose enyika.

Chikamu 9. Nyika yemiriwo yenyika yekumaodzanyemba

Nyika ino pachayo, pamwe chete nezvitsuwa zveAustralia, ine ruvara rusinganzwisisiki. Kusvika iye zvino, kune mitsva inenge 27,000 yemaruva, kusanganisira mbeu dzakasiyana-siyana, iyo inofadza zvikuru iyo inogona kunzi inonzi sweet pea Sturta, telopeia, baksia uye kangaroo paw.

Vafambi vanowanzoshamiswa neAacacia, iyo inowanzonzi Australian mimosa, eucalyptus, cypress pine, muti weti uye mangrove.

Zvisinei, zvichida muti unoshamisa zvikuru unogona kunzi platypus orchid. Kune munhu, maruva ekumiririra uyu anoshamisa wekirasi yemasimoni akafanana nediki duku uye rinonakidza dha. Asi mukomana sawfly anoona musikana mavari, izvo zvinoreva kuti pakarepo inobhururuka kune chisinganzwisisiki mutorwa. Somugumisiro, inowanikwa mukati memiti, iyo inobata tsvina uye maruva. Kunyange zvazvo chirwere chinoshaya chiri kuedza kuzvisunungura pachako kubva kumabatanidzwa emadhishi-billed orchid, iyo, zvakare, inowedzera yakawanda nemapenene. Kana imwe nguva isunungurwa, inhurume inobhururukira kumiti inotevera, kuisvibisa, uye nokudaro inopa kuwedzera kupararira.

Chikamu 10. Guta reAustralia - rakanyanya kushamisa pasi

Vose chete, sezvavanotaura, vanhu vanoziva vanogona kupindura pakarepo kuti guta guru renyika haisi Sydney uye kwete Melbourne, sezvinowanzonzi kutenda, asi Canberra ine mwero. Nei zvakadaro?

Tsananguro inzwi iri nyore: VaAustralia vanoremekedzwa kwenguva yakareba havakwanisi kupa chikwande kune rimwe remaguta maviri makuru munyika, kuti pakupedzisira rakasarudzwa kuitumira kune rimwe rechitatu. Canberra yakasarudzwa chaiyo pangozi, ichienda kune imwe nzvimbo iri pakati nepakati pemagetsi.

Chikamu 10. Maguta makuru enyika

Australia ... Kurondedzera muchidimbu nyika ino haigoni kushanda, uye nzvimbo dzayo uye kunyange zvakadaro. Mumwe anogona kutaura nechivimbo - chimwe nechimwe chazvo chinogona kuonekwa senzvimbo yakasiyana-siyana yepasi redu.

Sydney - nzvimbo iyo tsika iri pedyo uye ikozvino, zvichida, isinganzwisisiki yakabatana neunyanzvi uye zviyeuchidzo zvezvakasikwa. Kadhi rekushanyira reguta, sezvinodiwa uye nyika yose yakazara, iSydney quay, achifamba iyo, vose vagari vemo uye vatashanyi vazhinji vanogona kunakidza maonero eOpera House neHort Bridge.

Melbourne inozivikanwa nokuda kwezvakawanda zvezvitoro, mabhizimisi ezvokuyeuchidza, mahobeku anocheka uye mitsuwa. Uye uchiri pano iwe unogona kutora zvingwa zvinokonzerwa nevadzidzisi vezvokudya kubva kumativi ose epasi.

MuBrisbane, kutanga kwezvose, enda kune vose vanoda zvemhuka dzesango, kunyanya maoos. Zvinoratidzika kuti ndizvo zvinoita kuti kune vakawanda vanofamba nevana pano.

Adelaide iguta rekushanyirwa, kubva kumativi ose enyika rinokwezva vaenzi vezororo vanofarira mabhita machena, anoita gungwa pamusoro pezuva uye zvinyoro.

Chikamu 11. Chokwadi chisina kujairika pamusoro peAustralia

• Australia - nyika ine wakarebesa noruzhowa munyika. Rakanga rakavakwa kudzivirira yakaorera nyika zvinogona zvipukanana, nezvikara dingoes. Kureba sechivako mu wakakura uwandu 5614 makiromita. Munyika bhajeti iri noruzhowa mari yakadaro, Chokwadi, sezvo vachiti, mari yakawanda, asi chete nzira zvaigoneka kuchengeta mombe pazvikara kukura pano.
• Mauya kuyambuka wakafanana map Australia? Kana zvakadaro, iwe zvichida wakaona, rakakura kwazvo kondinendi iri. Kunyange zvakadaro, hurumende iri kuedza kuita zvose zvinobvira uye dzimwe nguva hazviiti kuti vanhu veko pano vakanga vakasununguka uye vakachengeteka. Ndizvo akaita chisarudzo pamusoro pakagadzwa vanonzi "Nendege Doctors". Zvino, kana zvichikodzera, vanachiremba angauya rubatsiro, kunyange kupfuura kure makona kondinendi.
• Vanhu Australia kwazvo kazhinji huru basa akasarudzwa kurima. Izvi hazvishamisi, nokuti ari kondinendi nhasi ndiro rakakura kupfuura mamwe ose nyika mafuro pairi kundofudza zuva makwai anenge mamiriyoni 100 uye 16,000 mombe.
• Makore akawanda akapfuura, Australia akava nzvimbo mujeri vanhu 160,000 kubva UK. Australian Open akatora nzvimbo, uye akapotsa pakarepo kudhonzwa pano ngarava vakaremedzwa angaratidza. Havasi vanhu vose vanogona kuenda yakaoma, vazhinji vakafa munzira, uye kwete kumirira nyika iri kuuya. Kutaura zvazviri, kuti zvevakomana, vanenge 25% vanhu vemo zvingatiyeuchidza tenda kuti madzitateguru avo akanga nemhosva.
• Australia - nyika kuti muridzi kupfuura chikamu Antarctic, akatamisira naye muUK anenge 100 apfuura, muna 1933. Nzvimbo iyi ndiyo mamiriyoni 5.6 km ^2.
• Zvakaratidza kuti kangaroos akakurumbira kurarama kwete chete muna Australia. Vanogona kuwanika dzomusango muScotland. Kupi vanouya ikoko? The ndechokuti madzitateguru avo kamwe vakauya kuna Europe sezvo zviitiko kuti private dzinochengetwa mhuka, nekudzivisa kuti, hurumende chinenge akandwe mhuka zvekumwe mumugwagwa. Bvumiranai, hazvingaiti munhu kuti vandokumbira kutakurirwa kudzoka imwe kangaruru munyika yaakaberekerwa. Zvakaratidza kuti vakawanda vavo vakanga nyore kubudiswa kupinda dzesango.