Ammonium senitrogen mumvura uye pasi

Biogenic chaikosha iro zvikuru mumabasa biogidrotsenoza pezvakaitwa - Ammonium senitrogen.

The zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza mamiriro ezvinhu

The reservoirs vanogona kuchengeta zvachinja zviri chinhu; zvinova zvishoma pane muchirimo, asi muzhizha, nokuda wakakodzera tembiricha mamiriro, ayo wevasungwa ari yekudyidzana kwakawedzera nekuti massively anoora Organic zvinhu.

Zvino kunokanganisa kuti utsanana mamiriro miviri mvura, iyo Hunoita kuwedzera kudzora chinhanho kubva mararamiro. Kufadza bvumidzwa wevasungwa mumvura mitumbi apo hove ichaongororwa rimwe apo Ammonium senitrogen idukusa 0.39 milligrams por fő.

In mvura

Sumbu mapuroteni senitrogen ammonification pachena, uye izvi uchiora kuti amoniya mapurotini hurumende. Waste mvura anatswa achishandisa senitrogen bhuku, kana vane kunobva kabhoni zvinovaka muviri kuti masero. Ndichibvunza kushandiswa kunoitika munguva yavo kukura danho, uye kana oxidation kunotanga, amoniya senitrogen kusunungurwa muchimiro amoniya. Uyezve, zviri oxidized kuti nitrites uye ipapo nitrates ehurumende kana Re kare kuita kwetunhu itsva.

Kuti abvise Ammonium senitrogen kubva dura, clinoptilolite rinoshandiswa, ipapo mvura rinodzorera unhu yaro. Isai shongwe inodziya mwaka, uye muchando ivo inotsiviwa Ion Exchange chirimwa, kuburikidza izvo zvinokuvadza vanobviswa kubva wastewater. Nguva wakaitwa assays, ivhu anotorwa pamusoro amoniya senitrogen mumvura, riri kwakadonhera kubva mharidzo achatorwa, uye ipapo vakawana distillate vagara vandifungira nhamba yacho.

How kuchenesa mudhamu

Pane vari yezvakaita Ion Exchange zvinhu, unonzi clinoptilolite (zeolite kirasi). Uchibatsirwa yake, zvinokurudzirwa kudzosa kuchena mumvura. Amoniya senitrogen mumvura isina ichiputswa zvachose, saka pakutanga vanofanira kusunungura kubva zvose yakaturikwa nezvishoma uye kupomba mvura kuti klinoptilolitovye filters. Ichi kurapa ravakwa zvinodhura, asi inonyatsobudirira - kusvikira makumi mapfumbamwe nemanomwe kubva muzana.

Patsva zvinoda pakatanga yavaibvisa chloride - ane mashanu kana gumi kubva muzana. Mutoro ipapo unofanira kuzvishambidza nemvura. It achamira kubva mhinduro amoniya, izvo zvinogona rwezvinhu sulfuric asidhi yokuumba Ammonium sulphate, izvo chaizvo akanaka somunhu fetiraiza. Ammonium senitrogen murenje mvura, uye senitrogen tubhokisi Organic yeimwe vanobviswa ne-siyana DISTILLATION, dzokubudisa, adsorption.

Nzira hwokubereka mupfudze

Nzira iyi zvakanaka kana uchida kutsanangura Ammonium senitrogen. Nezvimwe izvo zvinowanika chete fetiraiza, - amide, nitrate - kuti nzira iyi hazvigoni kutsunga. Chokutanga zvakafanira kubvisa Ammonium senitrogen murenje mvura, semuenzaniso, kuti zviwande. Nzira iyi zvinorondedzerwa pamusoro. Next, nzwisa yemberi fetiraiza chinofanira kuiswa chinu uye akadeura hydrochloric asidhi (matadza pfungwa kunofanira - 0,05 mol, paminiti dm they ^3). Chinu yakazununguka chaiyo midziyo inodikanwa kanenge hafu yeawa, ipapo zvinokwanisika kusunda kuti maawa gumi.

Kugadzirisa akabva chakazunguzirwa zvakare uye yakasvinwa kuburikidza fluted firita yakaoma. Aibuda sezvo hydrochloric iine acid washing Sefa mukati kanenge katatu, ipapo filtrate vhoriyamu inofanira kuiswa pakutanga iine acid mhinduro zvakare. Saka, chokutanga, kuti akabata kutsunga amoniya senitrogen mumvura, uye chechipiri - kuziva uwandu yacho zvichiguma fetiraiza. Ekupedzisira neeSultan kubva mana zana namakumi mashanu milligrams por fő, uye caprolactam imwe mhinduro ine kubva masere kusvika makumi masere milligrams muzana fő. Kana zviri amoniya senitrogen - asingasviki makumi maviri milligrams, chiitiko hakuzovi zvichikwanisika, uye nzira ichi hachisi kushanda.

manyuko kusvibisa

Most maitiro zviratidzo nemaindasitiri mvura - isina makemikari anoumba, zvandinenge kumwedzi kuchinja nokuti pave microflora, nekumwisa makemikari yeimwe pakati senitrogen uye chicherwa mavambo. Usati chaivo yokunatswa mune tsvina kurapwa miti wastewater riri zvakavhenganiswa uye neimba uye nokudaro paavhareji. Amoniya senitrogen (payakavakirwa NH ₄₊₎ iri chinoumba kunodiwa wastewater.

manyuko kusvibisa kungava tsvina mvura akasiyana-siyana maindasitiri - kubva zvokudya uye utano kuti simbi, chemubhotoro-makemikari, microbiological, zvemakemikari uye petrochemical. Paro zvingasanganisira zvose imba tsvina, mupfudze, zvokurima - kubva kuminda. Somugumisiro inonyadzisa mapuroteni zvinhu uye urea, nitrates uye nitrites uye anaerobically rakadzorerwa.

Zvinoitika pamuviri

In womunhu yeimwe izvi sei chaizvo okusafarira. Amoniya denatures mapuroteni nokupinda navo zvakaitwa. Ipapo masero uye, naizvozvo, nhengo rinenge chemabhazi kufema, pane lesion ari nechepakati tsinga, chiropa, kufema, kwakakanganiswa midziyo. Kana uchishandisa mvura dzose rurefu zviri Ammonium anotambura asidhi-alkaline dzakagadzikana acidosis kunotanga.

Naizvozvo hatigoni kubvumira kushandiswa kupfuura dzose uye Organic fetiraiza munyika kushandiswa, tinofanira kugara kurwisa kunyanyisa zviri zvinokuvadza, semuenzaniso, Ammonium senitrogen muvhu ane mukuru solubility, uye naizvozvo zvokudya uye mvura dziri chaizvo chepfu kwavari, ayo wevasungwa kazhinji kusvika chepfu siyana. Zvikurukuru kukanganiswa vana ava. Kukudziridza methemoglobinemia, okisijeni hurumende mumuviri kwatanga pasi nokukurumidza, wokutanga anotanga kutambura nemudumbu.

dose Limits

Nguva dziri kure methaemoglobinaemia chirwere kutanga kare panguva zviri nitrates mumvura kusvika makumi mashanu milligrams muzana fő, uye kana wevasungwa rinosvika mapfumbamwe nemashanu milligrams por fő, hosha anotora hombe. MuUnited States, France, Netherlands, Germany akaita uwane kuongorora, iyo akaratidza kuti vanopfuura makumi mashanu milligrams ose nitrate paminiti fő unowanikwa makumi mashanu muzana Muzviitiko. Pasi Pevhu uye tsime remvura muri kakawanda kupfuura muganhu wenyika wevasungwa pakati nitrates - anosvika gumi zana milligrams por fő, ukuwo World Health Organization wakakugadzirirai panogumira mana nemashanu milligrams. Uye mvura iyi kuti vanhu vanwe!

Uye wastewater ari kurapwa wandei - uye zvipenyu filtration, uye oxidation pamusoro ozone, uye hypochlorites alkaline pasi nesimbi, uye aeration, uye sorption umo aishandisa zeolites ari yavaibvisa chimiro, uye Ion Exchange Inogadzirwa nemasiridzi anobuda mumiti, uye kubatwa simba alkalies, uye flotation uye kuderedzwa Ammonium simbi magnesium, uye kugadzirisa zviri trisodium phosphate pamwe magnesium chloride. Zvisinei, kucheneswa zvemichina anogara kure shure pakusvibiswa michina.

muviri

In dzinongoitika mvura soluble gasi (NH ₃₎ amoniya, kana paine nokukanganisika manyowa pane makemikari yeimwe, kusanganisira amoniya uye senitrogen. Ipapo akaumba uye vaunganidza dzimwe yeimwe - the Ammonium Ion uye amoniya senitrogen. Ichiputswa amoniya anopinda reservoirs ane pevhu kana pamusoro eko, pamwe effluent kubva kunayisa. Kana wevasungwa kuti Ammonium Ion (NH ₄₊₎ akapfuudza mamiriro mutengo, zvinoreva zvakafanana itsva kunobva zvinosvibisa uye pedyo. Zvinogona kuva zvipfuwo mapurazi kana anamasumbu mupfudze uye senitrogen fetiraiza vasina akavatarisa akasiya sezvo kugara bhizimisi uye tsvina utilities.

A remubatanidzwa wenyika senitrogen, carbon, phosphorus zviri wastewater kupinda mumadziva, kukonzera zvinokosha kwezvakatipoteredza kuzotadzira zvinenge zvose kumatunhu Russia. Wastewater marapirwo zuva nezuva kungoramba akakodzera, sezvo wevasungwa pamusoro Zvinosvibisa, kusanganisira senitrogen yeimwe, kazhinji chete akakungurutsa pamusoro. Zvinokanganisawo kunwa mvura yacho kwete chete. Nokukurumidza kuunganidza nitrates anongoda zvose michero uye miriwo, ivo huri uswa uye zviyo, izvo kudyiwa ne zvipfuwo.

Content mvura NH3 uye NH4

Reservoirs nguva dzose zvakawanda Kuchinja siyana zvine senitrogen: Ammonium munyu uye amoniya, albuminoid senitrogen (Organic), nitrite (nitrous iine acid munyu) uye nitrate (nitric iine acid munyu). izvi zvose aumbwa pamwechete senitrogen mineralization muitiro, asi kuwedzera yaipiwa pamwe wastewater. Zvino unofanira kuchenesa madziva. Compounds senitrogen vanouya kurapwa zvivako muchimiro nitrate senitrogen, nitrite senitrogen, amoniya senitrogen uye senitrogen-chokuita Organic yeimwe. Wastewater mhuri urongwa kuva pasi pfungwa dzakadaro zvinhu, vakawanda reservoirs anotumira indasitiri.

Munguva yokuzvinatsa vanobudisa reshiyo ari kuwanda kwose senitrogen yeimwe ari dzichichinja. Zvinoumba wastewater anova mumwe kare panguva chokufambisa nokuti urea huri matunhu neminisiparati naveimba tsvina mvura, kuwadzana utachiona, rinotsemuka nokuumba ane Ammonium Ion. Kureba mapaipi network, zvikuru muitiro vachaenda. Dzimwe nguva zviri Ammonium ions pasuo rokutsvaira kusvika makumi mashanu milligrams muzana cubic decimeter, riri zvikurusa.

Organic senitrogen

Ko senitrogen, iro rinoumbwa Organic zvinhu - mapuroteni uye proteids, polipepsidov (macromolecular yeimwe), amino acids, ureas (pasi samolecular yeimwe), amines, amides. organics All, kusanganisira uye senitrogen, anopinda tsvina mvura, pashure izvo senitrogen yeimwe vari pasi ammoniation. Organic senitrogen ari wastewater zvakawanda, dzimwe nguva kusvika makumi manomwe kubva muzana zvose senitrogen yeimwe. Asi somugumisiro ammoniation munzira kuenda tsvina kurapwa chirimwa anouya makemikari senitrogen hapana zvinopfuura gumi muzana.

Uyezve pane ichitova zvipenyu mabatiro nevanhu. Danho rokutanga - nitrification, i.e. shandurudzo kuti senitrogen yeimwe nokuda mamwe tusingaoneki iyo Ammonium senitrogen iri oxidized kupinda nitrate Ion uye nitrite Ion. Nitrifying mabhakitiriya anogona Musatya - vanofanira zvimwewo zvinhu vanoziva chaizvo uye nyore misha. Asi nitrates kana kuwa muna dura, zvichitungamirira rufu rwake, nokuti wakanaka maberekero chikonzero dzakasiyana-siyana microflora. Ndokusaka mararamiro ose nitrates zvaanofanira ngavabude.

Nitrites uye nitrates

Kana tsvina mvura kupinda napakati ivhu, iyo Ammonium senitrogen pasi pokudzora zvimwe mabhakitiriya ari kutanga kutendeukira nitrite uye kuti nitrate. Kuwanda uye zviri-siyana zvinoenderana ezvinhu ayo akawedzera panguva okutambirwa iri senitrogen yeimwe chipo muvhu, uye ipapo muviri mvura.

Munguva mafashamo wevasungwa kuti makemikari siyana ayo dzinokwanisa yakawedzera nokuti Organic zvisaririra Ndashambidza kubva muvhu pamusoro, uye muzhizha uyewo wakaderedzwa chaizvo, nokuti muri "zvokudya" zvakasiyana-siyana hwemvura zvipenyu. Nitrites - ane zvenguva muchimiro Ammonium oxidation, vanoda kuva nitrates. Dzinongoitika mvura, nitrate kazhinji zhinji, kana zvikasaitika Flushing pamusoro fetiraiza kubva kuminda.