Chii chinonzi asymmetric mubatanidzwa? Russia - asymmetric mubatanidzwa

Chimwe chinokosha zvechadenga chero yeUnited ezvinhu munyika zviri zvakafanana, ichibata kana asymmetrical. Wakaenzana kodzero pakati munhu vanotongwa Federation ane simba guru kukura nyika rose uye munhu kumatunhu zvikuru. Mashoko kusimuka pazasi, isu funga mashoko aya marudzi maviri nemisanganiswa. Kurukurai kuti vakasiyana, chii kusaruramisira, uye nei Russia - asymmetric Federation.

Federation zviratidzo

Federation - yesangano anoverengeka paruzhinji masangano, akadana nevamiririri. Havana mamiriro uchangamire, asi vane zvikuru mukuru simba rokusika pachavo zvaakatema nemirairo yavo. The nomumwe maruwa uye kumatunhu vari pasi bumbiro yacho apo iri. Zvisinei, vanogona kuva masangano chizvarwa, guru, mureza uye zvimwe zvinhu zviri pamutemo wenyika nehurumende yavo. Zvakakosha kunzwisisa kuti kuroorwa haagoni kuva nhengo dzakawanda ukama, kwete kusiya Federation. Mumwe nomumwe wavo inomirira ezvinhu, dunhu, mamiriro, kana pasi (nenzira Germany kana Austria).

Saka, Federation ane zvinotevera mamirire zvinhu:

• Federation Ndima iri rakakamurwa vakaparadzana munzvimbo (nyaya);
• zvemitemo nezvakatongwa simba hunopiwa vehurumende;
• munyika idzi pane makamuri maviri yeparamende.

Kune zvakafanana, ichibata uye asymmetrical Federation.

zvakafanana, ichibata Federation

Chokutanga, ngatimbotaura pamusoro wokutanga mhando. Zvakafanana, ichibata Federation - iri mubatanidzwa, chikuru aizoonekawo wakaenzana mumatunhu ose mundima yayo. Vamwe kumatunhu reRepublic uye yunifomu zvakasikwa uye vane wakaenzana mamiriro kune mumwe. Kazhinji, vanhu vanotongwa munyika ane fanana zita, zvakadai ruwa kana dunhu. Vanoshandisa chete simba hurongwa, pasina emunharaunda kusiyana. Padanho kukura nyaya iri anenge panguva imwe pamwero sezvo munhu mabhora zvoupenyu. Dzidzo vari kushanda munyika mundima Federation nenzira yakafanana. Yakawanda ano inoti zvinofamba akananga pakatanga asymmetrical okunze, sezvo kunyange zvikuru zvakafanana, ichibata mubatanidzwa haagoni refu zviripo fomu ichi.

asymmetric Federation

Pane pakatarisana mhando munyika. Asymmetric Federation - mufananidzo hurumende umo mune chinoda siyana, maruwa kana kodzero nyika dzisakarurama. vatambi munhu munyika idzi zvisingapindirani mashoko avo hweHIV. Somuenzaniso, Republic sechikamu Federation anogona kupa kodzero vanhu nemamwe. Vane ipapo bumbiro pachake, zvakasiyana vakagamuchirwa munyika. Panguva iyoyowo, vamwe vatambi, duku, anogona kusika charters dzavo chete. Vamwe zvokuvhoterwa akaita paridzirai pachavo Changamire inoti, pachena zvichiratidza yacho apamutemo. nyika yose uye mari enzvimbo vagari kurarama mukati memiganhu yawo. Hazvisi zvose zvinhu zvinofanira kufungwa. Asymmetry rinoonekawo mutero muripo hurongwa. nevadzorwi Federation zadzai yeUnited bhajeti uye kuwana mumwe mugove royalties. Kunyange zvakadaro, vamwe mumaruwa vangava nomupi inoti uye kupa zvakawanda kupfuura kugamuchira, uye vamwe - kuti zvechigarire dzinopiwa uye chete kurarama nokuda kwavo. Vamwe nyaya uye anoita taurirana kuderedza kubhadhara uye dura chikamu chemari pachake.

Mienzaniso zvakafanana, ichibata Federation

Mienzaniso evasingatombonamati zvakafanana, ichibata nemisanganiswa huripo nhasi, kwete zvokuti. Mumwe akadaro Ethiopia. The nyika akataura pacharo zvakafanana, ichibata mubatanidzwa muna 1994, asunga naro rakanyorwawo yazvo remitemo. Vagumirwe chete kwekanguva kunogona kuvapo, sezvo ose munzvimbo imwechete Federation haagoni kuva munhu akamira yakaenzana nevamwe. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, munyika hurumende akasuma zvimwe kuchinja, achipa nyika zviratidzo asymmetry. Nokudaro takasvika muAustria uye Germany.

Austria

In Austria, magetsi administrative weboka nyika iri 9 feudal nyika, kusanganisira guta Vienna, inova guta guru Federation. Earth, akavapindurawo, akaumbwa nomumwe maruwa, maguta bumbiro uye munharaunda. The legislatures kunyika dzose vanosarudzwa nevanhu dzakakurumbira vhoti. Land magavhuna kusarudzwa Assembly wenyika. Panguva iyoyowo, iyo administrative masimba ose Board vanogadzwa hurumende pamusoro. mitemo iyi inoshanda munyika, asi dunhu rimwe nerimwe rine yoga rokutonga gadziriro, iyo, kunyange chokuita ane yeUnited, asi achiri misiyano ayo. Zvimwe zvinhu muupenyu, zvakadai mushonga Somuenzaniso, ndivo nokudenga nokuti yose nyika uye nyika enzvimbo European Union. Zvisinei, kunyange pano pane vamwe decentralization (sezvo iri US). dunhu rimwe nerimwe muAustria ane rayo nomumwe mabasa ari utano mugadziriro, uyewo dzinoverengeka zvausingakwanisi. Similar kupesana kuduku inogona kuchengetwa muminda dzidzo, simba kana mugodhi.

Germany

MuGermany, izvozvo inoshanda zvakafanana hurongwa. The Federation ane 16 inoti. 13 vacho Bhaibheri, uye 3 matatu - maguta. Nhamba zvinosanganisira guta guru kuHamburg, Berlin uye Valenza. Kuparadzana chikamu zita muGermany Federal nyika, asi hazvisi chaizvo kwakarurama, sezvo maererano zvitupa, vari vose vakabatana rimwe ehurumende uye kwete sechinhu akazvimirira administrative dzakabatana. Paramende - lagdat - dunhu rimwe nerimwe kusarudzwa nevanhu, ipapo varikutonga miviri, ari Prime Minister nemamwe nemaruwa dzinodomwa neMutungamiriri Landtag. Chinhu bedzi unobereka muGermany asymmetry zvinhu - dzisakarurama kumiririrwa munyika muimba yepazasi, asi pamutemo vachiri zvakaenzana hweHIV.

Mienzaniso asymmetric mubatanidzwa

Typical mienzaniso ane asymmetric mubatanidzwa muri kunyika dzakadai India, Tanzania, Brazil uye Canada. Vamwe nyika uye mumaruwa munyika idzi kunyanya vakasiyana mumwe maererano chinzvimbo chavo uye kodzero. Kuwanda Munyika dzakadaro dzinosanganisira United States uye Russia. Kutaura zvazviri, zvose nyika vari nemisanganiswa pamwe multilevel symmetry batana hurongwa. Kanenge ndizvo zvakanyorwa muna emitemo.

USA

Kana zvikuru kuziva US maitiro ehurumende, mhinduro yomubvunzo wokuti nei uyu anonzi ane asymmetric mubatanidzwa, zvinova kupfuura pachena. Saka, United States rakakamurwa 55 inotaura. Mumwe nomumwe wavo ane zvakaenzana kodzero, vagari inoti izvi vagari American pasina anosiyiwa. Vanhu vanogara munharaunda yacho, vane kodzero uye mitoro. The hove ndechokuti Kuwedzera dzinokosha States of America yakabatana navo zvimwe nyaya shoma. DC, somuenzaniso. nharaunda iri zvisiri chero tsvimbo uye vanhu vanogara mundima yayo, vane kodzero vashoma. Muchiitiko chino, Colombia hapana ari weSeneti, uye imwe nhume Mumba Congress asingadi kunyange kodzero kuvhota. chikamu ichi ingasanganisira chitsuwa ndima enzvimbo kuUnited States. This Virgin Islands, American Samoa uye Guam. Vamwe zvivako izvi zviri pasi zvizere kudzora mamiriro, senzira imwe rusununguko tichitarisa kuzvitonga. Uyezve, vagere pazvitsuwa zviri kunyange vagari US, ivo vavanotonga, naizvozvo, haagoni kunyange kutora chikamu mune musarudzo.

Canada

Canada rakakamurwa 10 mumatunhu uye 3 nenharaunda. Mhando idzi nyaya vanosiyana zvinhu zvinoverengeka. Mapurovhinzi dzine masimba kuti vave zvoga kwavari Constitution shure muna 1867. kodzero dzavo haachinji. Vanogona kuchinja chete nokuchinja mubumbiro pachayo. Province yakazvimirira kubva yeUnited hurumende uye kubva mumwe. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kunyange kana yepamutemo mutemo pane kuchinja, havangavi kuita pamusoro woruwa, iyo akaratidza kusawirirana dzaro vagamuchirwa yakabvumira kugadziriswa kwemutemo wekuita. Saka amachinda remitemo vanogona kuchinja chero nguva. Independent of Canada kunogonawo ngaateme mitemo chokuita kwavo nzvimbo yebasa, ingava mushonga, dzidzo kana kutengeserana, asi yeUnited hurumende kuti ayo chikamu, anogona kuronga purogiramu siyanei dunhu vachiongorora nenhanho kugona mune imwe nzvimbo. Control dunhu zviremera iyi kunogona kusiya chirongwa.

Russia somunhu asymmetric mubatanidzwa

Russia iri asymmetric mubatanidzwa, pasinei nokuti Constitution iroro zvinopikisana mamiriro. Pachishandiswa mashoko raanotaura Article 5 reMitemo, zvose mamiriro vatambi (zvionera nharaunda, nenharaunda uye chinoda) ndiwo emavambo vakaenzana. Pasinei miganhu zvatariswa. Zvisinei, kuratidza kuti Russia iri asymmetric mubatanidzwa, zvakatikwanira kufunga kushandisa sei vamwe vatambi, kunyanya munyika. Vamwe vavo vane remitemo zvavo yakasarudzwa purezidhendi (somuenzaniso, Chechen Republic ari of facto yoga state). Peoples vaigara munzvimbo idzi vane nyika dzavo, pasinei vachiri kurarama mukati Russia. Of masangano ropafadzo dzakadaro havatakuri. Dzimwe nzvimbo zvionera vose chikamu wacho micheto kuti chinokurwadzai ari pasi mumwe pasi mumwe. nyika Vamiririri vane zvibvumirano nomunhu wacho maruwa, chinoda uye neyenyika. Kazhinji, zvibvumirano izvi regai kwakasiyana nepedyo, asi dzimwe nyaya yakapiwa mamwe masimba.

Kurwisana pakati Russia uye asymmetry

The Russian Federation iri asymmetrical, asi oedza kuzoparadza nyika ino, hurumende hurongwa vakasikwa rokupedzisira remakore. Sachigaro RSFSR Supreme Soviet Boris Yeltsin muna 1990, zvinganaka nokubatanidza zvose pasi dunhu uye pamucheto Czech Republic, asi chirongwa ichi hachina akagamuchira pakuzadzisa. Gare gare, muna 1995, vamwe kuchinja zvakaitika. Misoro mumatunhu nekodzero dzakafanana President of Republic. Kare, magavhuna vakagadzwa nehurumende nezviremera, uye munguva kubva 1995, uye vari kusarudzwa nevanhu nhasi.