Dzidziso yeko: tafura. Mutsa uye demerits pakati dzidziso yeko. wakasununguka munharaunda Dzidziso yeko. Pfungwa younyambiri yeko

Various dzidziso yeko - chine mazano uye mafungiro, iro rakatsanangura hunhu uye sangano matunhu neminisiparati hurumende. anoranga ava yakabuda sechipiriso ongororo kunobva ruzivo emakore chenhau ruzivo rwevanhu. Kune akawanda zvakadaro dzidziso. Vakasiyana mumwe - vamwe zvishoma, vamwe zvinoshamisa.

Nhoroondo panowanikwa kuzvitonga

Modern mugadziriro matunhu neminisiparati hurumende munyika dzakawanda muEurope, US uye Japan dzakatangwa mushure kuchinja XIX remakore. Zvisinei, kwezvapupu zvavo - munharaunda uye polis gutsaruzhinji - yakabuda munzvimbo kare.

Shoko rokuti "Municipality" akazviratidza muRoma yekare, kana pane aripo mumwe Republican hurongwa. Saka akadana mumadhorobha munharaunda zvakanaka, vakatora pamusoro roga musengwa kugadzirisa matambudziko emari (kusanganisira yavaive mari mitero). Ari kuitika munyika dzakawanda tsika Municipality asvikire nemaruwa yawo.

Wokutanga Dzidziso yeko dzakatangira yeRoma Republic. Chokutanga, rimwe guta duku riri Tiber akararama maererano sarudzo musoro wehurumende zvakananga. Zvisinei, matambudziko uye kukura Rome akakura. Yuliy Tsezar muna 45 BC. e. Ndakasarudza kupawo vamwe masimba aro zviremera zvemo. Kazhinji, vanopedza mwedzi hondo mumaruwa kure, pakanga pasina nguva kugadzirisa zvinetso guru zvoupfumi.

Local kuzvitonga yakasununguka vemunharaunda

Pane zvimwe zvinodiwa kuti zvakasiyana dzidziso yeko. Unogona kusarudza anokosha uye dzinokosha izvi: sei rokusika masangano, mari uye hunhu wenharaunda yaitongwa nyaya, uyewo ukama chemhando mamiriro simba.

chikoro German dzesayenzi, kwakavakirwa Kuongororwa hwounhu izvi, akagadzira dzidziso vakasununguka munharaunda. The havaoni kuti dzidziso iyi - vaongorori Ahrens, Gerber, Meyer, Ressler uye Laband. Huru musimboti, zvavakanga akabata, ndechokuti vomunharaunda anekodzero vakazvimirira kubata mabasa avo pachavo. Ichi chikwata duku nzanga zvikuru kupfuura mamiriro yose. Naizvozvo, chehurumende anofanira kuremekedza zvinodiwa Municipality.

Free munharaunda Dzidziso yeko yakabuda sezvo mhinduro upfumi paanochinja, waiva mugumisiro asina hanya utariri wehurumende vakuru. Naizvozvo, gadziriro itsva kuti yakabuda muGermany XIX remakore, aiva pasi zvikuru musoro, nokuda chenhando, kuti pfungwa.

makanzuru kushanda misimboti

Zvisinei, vateveri dzidziso itsva zvaaifanira kuratidza kodzero, uye kubva yokungotaura pfungwa maonero. Sezvo masayendisiti German vakasvika pakugumisa kuti vomunharaunda akauya pamberi mamiriro, uye naizvozvo, ndiro dzinde. Kureva kodzero kuzvitonga zvauya kubva chaiye nzanga yevanhu.

Muzana XIX remakore Germany akanga asiri rakabatana mamiriro. Rakanga rakakamurwa zhinji ukuru umambo, feudal Middle Ages kunotangira mugadziriro. wakasununguka munharaunda Dzidziso yeko akavhomora kare muenzaniso kubva chinoda guta German. Vanonakidzwa rusununguko kuburikidza kunobatsira penhumbi dzavo nevavakidzani. Nemagariro nevagari mumaguta iwayo kwakanga dzakakwirira zvikuru kupfuura National avhareji. Vanotsigira dzidziso yeko akataura muenzaniso muenzaniso Ages.

Saka zvakanga zvaitwa nemutoo vazhinji nhungamiro pamusoro izvo vagari Municipality nevapenyu. Chekutanga, ndicho nesananguro nhengo nehurumende dzematunhu. Kodzero kuvhota pasi kudaro hurongwa ane nhengo dzose munharaunda. Chechipiri, vose nyaya, iyo Rinotarisira Municipality, vanokamurwa mapoka makuru maviri. Izvi yakapiwa nehurumende, uye matambudziko avo kuti kugadziriswa nehurumende dzematunhu.

Chechitatu, hurumende haina kodzero vachipindira nezvisarudzo rakatorwa Municipality. It chete anofanira nechokwadi kuti vomunharaunda haaratidzi kudarika kugona kwaro.

Pokushandisa dzidziso rusununguko vemunharaunda

The pamusoro zvakanakira nekuipira kuti nedzidziso hurumende dzematunhu vachishingaira kunokurukurwa European nzanga yokutanga yezana XIX remakore. Mugore 1830-1840-ies. Vamwe Mazano aya vakagamuchirwa muBelgian mutemo. Bumbiro renyika ino nokuda kokutanga matunhu neminisiparati zviremera vanoziva "wechina" simba pamusoro ndima pamwe varikutonga, zvemitemo uye zvaakatonga. chiitiko ichi chaiva budiriro yose dzematongerwe kwehurumende nemakanzuru. Kunyange evanhu vemazuva ano, kuti chinyorwa pamusoro "simba chechina" haasi pamutemo enshrined munyika dzakawanda. Naizvozvo, kwakadaro zvinhu zvinoshamisa chaizvo mune yokutanga yezana XIX remakore.

Zvisinei, pakupera kwezana remakore iroro, imwe isina munharaunda dzidziso akanga untenable. Nei izvi zvichiitika? Large miganhu dzakabatana dzaiva of zvakasikwa, kureva ivo novimba pakati. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro zvakanga zvakaoma kuratidza kuzvimirira vomunharaunda.

mumagariro dzidziso

Kana vakasununguka munharaunda yokuti akaramba kare, panzvimbo yayo vakasvika mutsva, rwakazokura social kana socio-zvemari. Musiyano uri pakati pfungwa mbiri idzi? Kare zvaifungwa kuti Municipality kodzero vaiva dzinongoitika uye inalienable. Vatsigiri evanhu dzidziso akatarisa ichi chinhu zvakasiyana. Maererano kwavo dzidziso, kodzero kunobva zvoupfumi mabasa Municipality. Uye kuti iye aizova chokutanga.

The upfumi Dzidziso yeko vakaziva munharaunda nezvemutemo, vasingatungamirirwi hurumende. Kiyi raiva basa matunhu neminisiparati hunhu wake. Hurumende aifanira kusarudza chete mabasa ehurumende. Vazhinji dzidziso yeko, uyewo voruzhinji, inobva chokwadi kuti vomunharaunda akaiswa pasinei zvose simba nechepakati muchina. Vatsigiri pfungwa rusununguko makanzuru zvakajeka delineates masimba pakati maviri hurongwa.

Zvakakosha kunzwisisa kuti ruzhinji dzidziso yeko ine zvainovhiringidzawo ayo. Vanovata pakuti makanzuru vari hwakakanyiwa private madziva, izvo vari kuita upfumi mabasa. Kana vanhu pamwe yacho pachangu Somuenzaniso, kuti ivhu, vangasarudza kusiya boka iri. Miganhu zvidzidzo (kureva makanzuru) kuti paradzana pachavo asingagoni. Vari zvachose zvakawanda nomutemo. miganhu dzavo uye munyika chivako, pasinei nezvose, kunoenderana hurumende.

In Russia

Muenzaniso pokushandisa ruzhinji dzidziso yeko inogona kuwanikwa munyika munhau. Muna 1860 Mambo Alexander II vakabata kuchinja ake yakakurumbira. Kutanga akasunungura serfs. Izvi zvinoshamisa akapidigura maumbirwo dzematunhu munzanga, kunyanya kumaruwa munharaunda.

Nokuti murimi mudiki kuchinja vakatevera zemskaja. Zvakanga sezvinoita nokuchinja yeko. The Mirayiro muzvikoro zemstvo muna 1864 nemaune akasimbisa chokwadi kuti upfumi basa zemstvos dzaiwanika kubva administrative sarudzo simba yoga.

On matunhu neminisiparati kuchinja mune zvakanyorwa Slavophile nevanhu. Somuenzaniso, Basil Leshkov aidavira kuti munharaunda rusununguko kubva wehurumende akauya kubva Russian tsika emakore-kare aivapo munguva dzoumambo nguva.

Upenyu uye kusanduka kuzvitonga aipikisa va neudhadha uye anononoka muboka revatungamiriri. Zvisarudzo "Top" mamiriro nguva dzose akaita. Official chete kutevedza hurongwa rakapiwa kwaari musoro. kusafarira Maonero kwakadaro uye kusava nebasa kwevashumiri vehurumende yakasiyana chaizvo basa Zemstvos. The Municipality vakapa veko chombo ezvidzidzo abatsire dzavo. District Council - nzira huru vakiridza upfumi uye kuti tibudirire.

The zvokuchinja ashandiswe naAlexander II mumweya paruzhinji hurumende dzidziso, ndiye zvibereko makore mashomanana. Based upfumi itsva uye mabhizimisi. Mudunhu mari ruchiyerera napakati kutengeserana. Zemstva kuva mbiriso, iyo yakawedzera Russian capitalism, akaita Russian Empire rimwe upfumi kupfuura munyika.

mamiriro dzidziso

Panguva iyoyowo (muna XIX remakore) vakawanda dzidziso kwave vakatsoropodza, uye spacing. Vashori Its havadi chokwadi chokuti Municipality akasiyana hurumende nechepakati. Pakati nevafungi izvi yakabuda mamiriro dzidziso yeko. Its chikuru mbuva yakagadzirwa ne vaongorori German Lorenz of Stein uye Rudolf Rudolf of Gneist. "Statists" uye akagara Russia, apo maonero akadaro akanga akakurumbira sezvo chikamu kumwe chirongwa, kwete vadiwa nomutorwa liberalism. Dzidziso iyi yakanga mune pre-echimurenga nguva magweta Nikolai Lazarev, Alexander uye Vladimir Gradovsky kunyadziswa.

Ivo nevatsigiri vavo vaidavira kuti hurumende dzematunhu ane zvakajairika midzi pamwe hurumende hurongwa, ndokusaka zvakanga zvakakodzera kuchengeta makanzuru ari mamiriro nemapazi wegadziriro. Panguva iyoyowo, machinda vasingagoni kushanda muna zemstvos uye zvakafanana masangano. Pane vaifanira kuti zvinobva yomunharaunda munharaunda vanofarira nzvimbo-waivako matunhu neminisiparati misangano chete. Hurumende muchina iri guru uye kunzwisisa kutarisira zvinobudirira, somuenzaniso, nemhuri mabasa. Saka iye achava kugovera vamwe masimba aro zemstvos.

Political uye zviri pamutemo dzidziso

The havaoni mamiriro dzidziso Lorenz of Stein uye Rudolf Gneyst chakasiyana zvichemo zvikuru zvinoverengeka. Naizvozvo, sezvo chikamu kunopindirana dzidziso dzavo akazviratidza zviviri zvakaparadzana mirayiridzo. Rudolf Von Gneist akava musiki enyika dzidziso uye Stein yakatanga pamutemo. Sei zvakasiyana? Rudolf Von Gneist akataura kuti nesananguro dzomunzvimbo kuzvitonga hakuvimbisi kwavo rusununguko. Izvi imhaka yokuti kana munhu anoenda muhurumende, anova novimba zviremera nokuda muhoro. Izvozvo pamutemo, kusarudzwa vamiririri iri Municipality, haisi yakazvimirira nhamba. Zvaaisarudza kunogona chehurumende. By kupesana uku inotungamirira peculiarities zvematongerwo enyika.

Sei zvakanga zvichiita kuti kusarudzwa vamiririri pachavo? Rudolf Von Gneist aida reformat nzvimbo yavo bezvozmednye. Izvi zvaizoita kupa nhengo Municipality rusununguko kubva simba, nekuti mitumbi izvi aizouya vanhu chete kuti vakaenda ikoko havo uye zvavanotenda. Rudolf Von Gneist aidavira kuti zvinzvimbo izvi aifanira kuisa vanokudzwa vamiririri veko vomunharaunda. Zvisinei, maonero ake haana kuwana rutsigiro zvikuru.

Lorenz Von Stein akagadzira mumwe pfungwa, riri pamutemo dzidziso yeko. Rakasiyana sei kubva zvekungofungira uye Rudolf of Gneist vatsigiri ake mashoma? Stein akafunga kuti makanzuru anofanira kuvapo aparadzane chehurumende. The mamiriro vamiririri chikamu masimba aro kwavari. Naizvozvo, hurumende yeko kugadzirisa zvimwe administrative mabasa pasina kuva chikamu bureaucratic muchina. Ndivo mamiriro dzidziso yeko. Tafura rinoratidza zvinoitwa navo.

hunyambiri

Sezvineiwo, mazuva dzidziso yeko zvinosanganisira zvinhu dzidziso kuti yakabuda muna XIX remakore. Masayendisiti kuona kuitika makanzuru sezvo decentralized mitumbi mukati hurumende hurongwa. Pane dzimwe tsanangudzo. Somuenzaniso, muDenmark, hurumende yeko anonzi "mamiriro mukati ezvinhu."

gadziriro yakadaro ukama pakati zviremera uye makanzuru kunoratidza hunyambiri musimboti zvinhu zvakadaro. Chinhu kutituma vachidavira ezvinhu rinonzi "Pfungwa hunyambiri vomunharaunda hurumende."

The chikuru Pfungwa ndiro kubvuma inotevera. Kana kusarudzwa vamiririri mabasa ehurumende mashandiro, ivo pachavo vave chikamu ehurumende muchina. Muchiitiko chino, hurumende dzematunhu regai kukanganisa yaiona matambudziko, hadzibatsiri uye maturo. Somuenzaniso, kuti vagadzirise zvoupfumi nyaya, pasina kukanganisa guta, zviri zvakaoma kuti bhajeti. Naizvozvo, makanzuru vari sezvingatarisirwa revatema kupinda mamiriro, kuti kuva nezvahunoita mamiriro zvinoitwa nharaunda dzavanofanira basa.

Modern mumhuri kuzvitonga

Mazuva ano Russian hurongwa matunhu neminisiparati hurumende yakanga vanonyatsogona basa rinongova Pfungwa younyambiri yeko. ukama Izvi zvinoratidzwa yokuti vakasanangurwa miviri basa zvose pachena uye nokuda hurumende hwakada zvakanyatsobatana mumwe.

Kana nyaya yacho iri nyaya vomunharaunda kukosha, zvipfuwo makanzuru vanogona kuvimba yayo rusununguko kubva pakati. Sarudzo yavo hwuchavapano zvikurukuru pamusoro maonero "vapasi", nokuti nenzira iyi chengetedza madhorobha upenyu zvinobudirira zvikuru. Zvisinei, kana zviremera zvomunzvimbo funga zvirongwa chokuita pachena mutemo, ivo batanidza nehurumende nechepakati uye anobvumirana nechinzvimbo kwayo. Hurongwa kwakadaro kwaiva pamusana yakawiriranwa nekuyanana pakati akasiyana neruzhinji masangano. It kunooneka yose kana hunyambiri dualistic dzidziso yeko.

Kana kudana makanzuru chete pasocial chakajairika, zvakadai mashoko chinhu kupfuura guru kuzivisa. Yanhasi miviri panguva amachinda pamwero nenzira imwe kana mumwe akasarudzwa kuti kushamwaridzana hurumende kuti zvinobudirira kubatsira vanhu kuti vararame nani. Uye izvi hazvisi chete Russia.