Alkali simbi yeimwe uye kushandiswa kwawo

Kubva zvose periodic ezvinhu okunze ndiko guru boka simbi. Alkali, alkaline pasi, amphoteric, zvinopfuura, radioactive - vakawanda. nesimbi All basa rinokosha kwete chete zvakasikwa uye zvipenyu upenyu hwevanhu, asiwo maindasitiri akasiyana-siyana. Pasina kuti XX remakore wakanzi "simbi".

Simbi: mukuru unhu

nesimbi All ikashandiswa ne zvakafanana zvemakemikari uye mumuviri zvivako, naro vanogona kuva nyore anosiyaniswa nevasiri esimbi zvinhu. Somuenzaniso, ari sekristaro yekamuri mamiriro kunoita kuti:

• Magetsi conductors;
• zvakanaka kupisa conductors;
• nyore kufurirwa uye ductile;
• Zvinokosha zvakaisvonaka uye kupenyerera.

Chokwadi, pane misiyano pakati pavo. Vamwe nesimbi zvivhenekere sirivha ruvara, vamwe - zvakawanda matte chena, uye vamwe - zvose tsvuku uye tsvuku. Uyewo, pane misiyano maererano chafariz uye magetsi conductivity. Asi zvakadaro, parameters izvi - ndezvemamiriro nesimbi zvose, apo vakanga vasiri nesimbi zvakawanda akasiyana pane kufanana.

Maererano makemikari hunhu nesimbi zvose - yokuderedza nevamiririri. Zvichienderana zvakaitwa ezvinhu uye zvimwe zvinhu kunogonawo kuita sezvo oxidizing vamiririri, asi kashoma. Zvakawanda zvinokuvadza inokwanisa rokuumba. The makemikari ose nesimbi kuitika nomuzvarirwo guru kwazvo riri Zvinoumba pesimbi kana zvicherwa, zvicherwa uye dzimwe mhuka. The mwero oxidation chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi anogara akanaka, zvingava achitsungirira (aruminiyamu, yavaibvisa, karusiyamu) kana shanduka (chromium, simbi, mhangura, manganese).

Vakawanda vavo vari kushandiswa nevakawanda sezvo zvokuvakisa zvinoshandiswa minda zvesainzi siyana.

Chemical simbi yeimwe

Pakati izvi zvinogona kutaurwa makirasi wandei makuru zvinhu izvo zvibereko nesungano pakati nesimbi nevamwe zvinhu uye yeimwe.

1. Oxides, hydrides, nitrides, silicides, phosphides, ozonides, carbides, sulphides nevamwe - binary yeimwe nevasiri nesimbi, kazhinji ndezvaJehovha kirasi munyu (kunze oxides).
2. Hydroxides - talk payakavakirwa Me ^{+ X} (OH) _x.
3. Salt. Metal yeimwe pamwe acidic residues. Anogona kuva akasiyana:

• svikiro;
• anovava;
• miviri;
• zvinhu;
• kunzwisisa.

4. simbi yeimwe vane makemikari zvinhu - organometallic marongerwo.

5. The simbi yeimwe mumwe - alloys zviri kuwanikwa munyika dzakasiyana.

Embodiments simbi yeimwe

Zvinhu izvo zvakasiyana simbi mbiri angava zvose zvakawanda, dziya sezvinotevera:

• alloys;
• munyu miviri;
• dzakaoma yeimwe;
• intermetallic yeimwe.

Nzira simbi kungatowedzera pamwe siyana. Somuenzaniso, kushandisa alloys kubvunda nzira kusanganiswa uye solidifying kunoguma chigadzirwa.

Intermetallics kuumbwa nokuda zvakananga nemakemikari pakati nesimbi, kazhinji yokuvamba pamwe kuputika (akadai zingi uye nickel). For azvaiitwa vanoda Mamiriro ezvinhu: tembiricha yakakwirira zvikuru, kumanikidzwa, Vacuum, kushaya okisijeni uye nevamwe.

Double munyu uye kunzwisisa yeimwe zvinogona kuumbwa kana zvikasabudiswa zvinogadzirisa ari kutanga zvinhu, uyewo avo Fusion.

Manufacturing nesimbi kunorevawo kubatana pakati pavo. Kuti aite izvi, kushandisa nzira dzakadai:

• nomoto (gasi, yemagetsi, uye zvichingodaro);
• brazing Mhando akasiyana solders;
• shinda;
• riveting.

The chikuru ezvinhu - ndiko kuti pave chigadzirwa kuti anogona kuva nemishonga ngura uye ruchazova vazvo uye netsvina, makatsemuka.

Alkali simbi yeimwe uye kushandiswa kwawo

Akadana alkali zvinhu zviri subgroup huru boka periodic hurongwa wokutanga. Kune 6 chete uye anosvinurira vakanga vanenge zvose panguva imwe chete duku nguva penguva. Muchimiro nyore zvinhu zvakasikwa zvinhu izvi regai kuitika.

Nokuda mukuru reactivity kushanda zvakaoma chaizvo uye ngozi kwavari. Saka taifanira kushanda zvakaoma kuti vamire kunze yakachena chimiro. Long vanhu vasati vatanga kushandisa siyana alkali simbi yeimwe. Vamwe vavo vave kuzivikanwa kubva dzekare uye havana kurasa kukosha uye kushanda nhasi. Ivo zvinoshandiswa engineering, kuvaka, mushonga, zvokudya maindasitiri, kemikari maindasitiri, simbi, zvokuimba engineering, zvokurima, uye dzimwe nhengo upfumi zhinji. The zvihombe vari kunyatsoongorora.

Mhando yeimwe ose alkali simbi pamwe nedzimwe simbi ndezvaJehovha mapoka:

• intermetallic yeimwe;
• dzakaoma yeimwe;
• kaviri munyu.

oxides

Vose alkali nesimbi panguva dzekudya combustion oxygen kupa oxide aigona lithium oga. The yasara ratidza kunyanya basa, saka kuumba peroxides Me ₂ O _2. Pakati peroxides pave husina chesimbi oxide kunogona kuwanikwa chimiro inowanzotorwa Me ₂ O. Kwezvokudya Nemiti yeimwe ose alkali nesimbi vane mavara akasiyana.

1. Oxide pamusoro lithium, potassium uye yavaibvisa - chena crystalline upfu.
2. Rubidium - tsvuku coloring oxide.
3. Necesium - orange.

The chikuru munda chikumbiro - makemikari indasitiri. Alkali simbi oxides vakaitei nemvura kuti aumbe kukosha remubatanidzwa - alkali. pfuma iyi uye nokuda zita boka iri zvinhu. Compounds pakati alkali - simbi oxides - chete chikamu zvachose uremu chinokosha uye zvinokosha zvinhu, ane zvinhu izvi.

Hydroxide (alkali)

The yeimwe pamusoro alkali nesimbi gidroksogrupp rinonzi alkali kana hydroxides. Vose - a caustic chaizvo nenhumbi kuti anogona kuparadza chero zvinhu nyore. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyanya nyama mhuka. Saka kushanda alkalis vanofanira kungwarira zvikuru, yakadzika makemikari kutsva kunogona kuitika panguva kunyorerana ganda.

Akanakisisa pakati alkali fuma iri caustic pasoda, kana yavaibvisa hydroxide. remubatanidzwa ichi rave richizivikanwa kubvira munguva dzekare, umo zvikaramba kubva madota zvinomera uye kushandiswa sipo rokuita uye mbatya. Chemical payakavakirwa - NaOH. Nhasi caustic mushaba unobereka pakaitwa neimwe nyika, sezvo pasina kwayo kupindura asingaiti zvinenge hapana bazi kugadzirwa. Rinoshandiswa:

• muna peturu indasitiri;
• ari zvizoro uye perfumery;
• makemikari kwetunhu;
• nokuti kugadzirwa detergents uye kuchenesa nevasori, abrasives;
• muna matehwe uye Whitehead Textile bhizimisi uye mamwewo.

Nedzimwe simbi kubva boka alkaline chimiro haasi zvichikosha uye zvakafanana alkali. More zvichidzika inokosha chete potassium hydroxide - Koh, iyo inozivikanwa se caustic potashi.

munyu

yeimwe akadaro alkali nesimbi, sezvo munyu, havasi chete zvachose vaizviti yeimwe, asiwo mumuviri zvipenyu, kuramba kwavo zvakajairika kugwinya.

Munyu chinonyanya kukosha, Chokwadi, yavaibvisa chloride. Izvi zvinowanzoitika tafura munyu, izvo aripo pamba ose uye chisingakomboreri batanidza zvikuru kukosha nokuda mukuru hwakapararira. Zvisinei, kana tiri kufungidzira kuti iye pakarepo anonyangarika, vanhu vashoma vaizova migumisiro kufara. Unsalted zvokudya vane zvakaoma, kunze rinoita irreparable kukuvadza, sezvo muviri haangagoni kupinda yavaibvisa ions zvaidikanwa mwoyo uye ropa midziyo.

Uyewo chinokosha alkali simbi yeimwe - ndiko carbonate. Kunyanya carbonate uye yavaibvisa bicarbonate, panodamwa zvakafanana pasoda. It rinoshandiswa kugadzirwa regirazi, nokuti mukugadzira detergents. Mushaba anogona zvakachengeteka kuchenesa ndiro. Chine chakanaka disinfecting, disinfecting, kuchenesa uye bleaching zvivako. Zvinowanzoshandiswa zvokudya maindasitiri, kunyanya confectionery zvebhizimisi uye bhekari. Narwo yakabikwa sipo kusika detergents.

Pasoda, munyu uye caustic - zvose izvi alkali simbi yeimwe zvakasikwa. Ivo kuvapo nenzira yakachena chimiro, zvichiumba deposits kana chikamu combustion zvibereko chepfu zvakasiyana siyana. Dzimwe nguva kuwana rabhoritari nzira. Asi nguva dzose izvi zvinhu zvinokosha uye zvinokosha, sezvo zvinovakomberedza munhu uye kuumba hupenyu hwake.

Alkali simbi yeimwe uye kushandiswa kwawo hakugumiri yavaibvisa. Kazhinji uye yakakurumbira muminda upfumi, munyu akadai:

• potassium chloride;
• Potassium nitrate (potassium nitrate);
• potassium carbonate;
• Sulfate.

Vose zvinokosha chicherwa fetiraiza kushandiswa mune zvokurima.

pasi alkaline nesimbi - yeimwe uye kushandiswa kwawo

muchikwata ichi zvinosanganisira pezvokuvamba boka huru boka kwemakemikari zvinhu wechipiri. Dzavo kuramba oxidation mamiriro +2. Izvi vanoshingaira kuderedza nevasori, nyore nyore zvaanoita ane vazhinji nyore zvinhu uye yeimwe. Kuratidza zvivako runowanzoitika nesimbi: Gloss, malleability, chafariz uye zvemagetsi conductivity.

Anokosha uye zvakajairika yakatendeseka vari magnesium uye calcium yakawanda. Beryllium zvinoratidza amphoteric, barium uye Radium hadziwanzowaniki okunze. Vose vanokwanisa kuti vaunze zvinotevera marudzi kwokubatana:

• intermetallic;
• oxides;
• hydrides;
• binary munyu (yeimwe pamwe nonmetals);
• hydroxides;
• munyu (kaviri, kunzwisisa, acidic, zvinokosha, svikiro).

Funga anokosha yeimwe kubva inoshanda nemaonero uye chikumbiro chavo.

magnesium uye calcium yakawanda munyu

Izvi alkaline pasi simbi yeimwe, zvakadai munyu, zvinokosha kuti zvipenyu. Uyewo, karusiyamu munyu ndiwo anokonzera chinhu ichi pamuviri. Uye pasina hazvigoneki dzose paumbwe marangwanda, mazino, nyanga, mhuka, mahwanda, bvudzi uye nguo, uye zvichingodaro.

Saka, vakawanda munyu, imwe alkaline pasi simbi iri karusiyamu carbonate. Ake mamwe mazita:

• choko;
• machena;
• reraimu;
• dolomite.

Rinoshandiswa kwete chete kuva mutengesi calcium ions ari mupenyu muviri, asi somunhu chivakwa zvinhu, mbishi zvinhu makemikari maindasitiri, ari zvizoro indasitiri, girazi uye zvichingodaro.

yeimwe kwakadaro panyika alkaline simbi yakadai sulfates, uyewo dzinokosha. Somuenzaniso, barium sulfate (zvokurapa zita "barite Porridge") rinoshandiswa radiology. karusiyamu sulfate muchimiro crystalline - ndiko gypsum, izvo zvinowanikwa zvakasikwa. Rinoshandiswa mukurapa, kuvaka, vachinyatsogona anoumba.

Phosphors ose alkaline pasi simbi

Izvi zvinhu vanozivikanwa kubvira Middle Ages. Kare, vakadaidzwa phosphors. Zita iri rinowanikwa nhasi. By hunhu hwavo, yeimwe izvi - ndiko magnesium sulfide, strontium, barium, karusiyamu.

Pane imwe kurapwa, vanokwanisa kuratidza phosphorescent zvivako, uye richipenya yakanaka chaizvo kubva tsvuku kuti rakajeka pepuru. Rinoshandiswa nenzira zvaAtemisi mugwagwa zviratidzo, mayunifomu nezvimwe zvinhu.

dzakaoma yeimwe

Zvinhu izvo zvinosanganisira maviri kana kupfuura yakasiyana esimbi zvinhu zvakasikwa, - simbi dzakaoma yeimwe. Kakawanda, ivo emura, vane akanaka uye mavara echitema. Anoshandiswa Analytical kemisitiri nokuda Qualitative kuziva miedzo ions.

Kwakadaro zvinhu vanokwanisa rokuumba kwete chete alkali uye alkaline pasi nesimbi asiwo vose. Pane hydroxo, aqua zvivako uye nevamwe.