Mavambo mumakondinendi uye makungwa (Grade 7). Mavambo makondinendi uye nyanza: pfungwa, tsananguro uye nhoroondo

Earth - the yepasi pose muviri, chikamu zuva nenyika dzinotenderera pariri. Kufunga kwakabva mumakondinendi uye nyanza, zvakakodzera kureva chidzoke panyika.

Sezvo redu rakaumbwa

Mabviro makondinendi uye makungwa - mubvunzo wechipiri. Rokutanga kutsanangura zvikonzero uye nzira inotungamirwa Nyika. Ake zvamakasarudza yaita nyanzvi kare. It anongotenda mberi zhinji hypotheses kutsanangura rakatanga Earth. Dzavo kunzwisisa - the anozviita yezvenyeredzi. Mumwe inonyanya ndeyokuti O. Schmidt, iyo inoti kuti pasi redu vaibva chando gore negasi uye guruva. Nezvimedu muchipinda ayo mamiriro, apo kutenderera zuva uchikurukura nomumwe. Akanamatirana pamwe chete uye zvichizoita mukanyiwa kuwedzera kukura, ayo arambe achirema rwuchiwanzwa, maumbirwo achinja.

Pane dzimwe hypotheses kutsanangura chidzoke Mapuraneti. Vamwe vavo vanoti yepasi pose miviri, kusanganisira Earth - mugumisiro kuputika muna muchadenga mukuru simba, zvakazoita pokuwa akatisiyira nyaya. Tsvaka chokwadi pamusoro Nezvekwakabva nyika unongoramba masayendisiti akawanda.

Sechivako goko paNyika pasi makondinendi uye nyanza

Inodzidza matangiro makondinendi uye nyanza, Grade 7 High School. Kunyange vadzidzi vanoziva kuti pamusoro rukoko pamusoro lithosphere anonzi goko. Chinhu vorudzii "jasi" kufukidza hasha mudumbu nyika. Kana tikaenzanisa pamwe nevamwe akaturikidzana Pasi, zvinoita nhete firimu. Its avhareji ukobvu akaenzana 0,6 chete% yepasi kuti nharaunda.

Mabviro mumakondinendi ocean nembiya, nokududza kwokunze pakuonekwa Earth, richava kwakajeka kana isu tanga kuongorora nemamiriro lithosphere. goko The nyika inoumbwa Continental uye Oceanic mahwendefa. Wokutanga ine akaturikidzana matatu (kubva pasi kusvikira kumusoro): basalt, girenayiti uye emadhaka. Oceanic mahwendefa kunyimwa rokupedzisira maviri, saka pakukora yatovapo zvikuru madiki.

Kusiyana maumbirwo kwamahwendefa

Mubvunzo ndewokuti, uyo ari kudzidza jogirafi (Grade 7) - kwakabva mumakondinendi uye nyanza, uyewo nevamwe zviri maumbirwo yavo. Ruzhinji rwakapindura masayendisiti munyika raiwanika chete Oceanic mahwendefa. Achifuridzirwa kwemasayendisiti kuitika muura dzenyika, pose vakava akapeta, pakanga makomo. The kuhukura yakaitwa mukobvu, zvakatanga kuonekwa maberere, vakabva tinoshandurirwa yakaoma.

Humwe kutendeutsa makondinendi uye gungwa nembiya hazvisi pachena kudaro. pfungwa Masayendisiti 'panyaya iyi ikatsemuka. Maererano neimwe pfungwa, makondinendi haifambi, pane dzimwe - tichingotarisira uchifamba.

Recently paiva wakarurama rimwezve pfungwa dzenyika nechepasi mamiriro. Panobva zvakanzi dzidziso kubvongodzwa mumakondinendi, uyo munyori akanga Wegener mukuvamba XX remakore. Nokufamba kwenguva yake kugona kupindura zviri pamutemo mibvunzo pamusoro masimba kuti makondinendi kukukurwa.

lithospheric mahwendefa

The chapamusoro pamusoro jasi pamwechete goko - a lithosphere. Mabviro makondinendi uye makungwa zvakabatana nedzidziso yokuti mahwendefa, vanokwanisa kufamba, kwete simbi akakandwa. The goko ine zvakawanda makatsemuka, richisvika jasi. Vachigoverana lithosphere kune hombe munda ane Ukobvu 60-100? Km.

Majoini ndiro uwirirane Oceanic anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri, kupfuura pakati penyanza. Vanotarisika semiti yakakura. Muganhu kunogona kuva muchimiro gills, nomunyika pasi penyanza. Makatsemuka dziripo panguva nzvimbo makondinendi, ichipfuura neeSultan gomo (Himalayas Ural and said.). Tinogona kutaura kuti izvi kare mavanga muviri Pasi. Kune vashoma itsva mitswe, zvinosanganisira mumukaha kuEast Africa.

Found yakakura Zvidhinha 7 uye vemakumi rine nharaunda duku. The chikuru Huwandu kubata ndiro mumakungwa uye makondinendi.

The kwebasa lithosphere kwamahwendefa

Pasi rakanyorwa iri nguo zvakakwana nyoro uye ductile, iro rinoita kuti vakwanise kukukurwa. Pfungwa mavambo makondinendi uye makungwa rinoti kuti zvidhinha vari rinosundwa mauto anokonzerwa kufamba fuma iri repamusoro chikamu nejasi.

Strong dzenzvimbo rinotungamirirwa kubva pakati Pasi, iro lithosphere hwatsvuka chikonzero. Kuti uone kwakadai mhosva kunogona kuva pamusoro mumakondinendi, asi vakawanda vavo dziri munzvimbo mid-yomugungwa anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri pasi paiva nemvura yomugungwa. Panguva iyi, goko nyika ndiko wakawondereiko kudai mazuva ose zvikuru. The zvinhu zviri yakaumbwa nehurumende vanomutswa kubva pasi jasi uye elbowed ndiro, kuwedzera pakukora yacho lithosphere. A rakanyorwa kumucheto Vanoshandisa kusundwa wakatarisana nemirayiridzo.

Goko kufamba kubva anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri pamusoro penyanza pauriri kusvikira maiiswa. Kumhanya nemafambiro avo 1-6 masendimita / gore. Izvi nhamba avapo kuburikidza Satellite mifananidzo dzakatorwa mumakore akasiyana. Pamuganhu Mahwendefa kuenderera mberi pamwe kana diverge. sangano ravo chapamusoro pamusoro jasi afanane chando floes pamusoro mvura.

Kana Mahwendefa maviri vari kutamira kune imwe (Oceanic uye Continental), wokutanga nokuita Vanokotama, kusiya yechipiri. Zvinoguma igomba muchimwiro, archipelagos, makomo. Mienzaniso: muzvitsuwa Japan, eAndes, ari Kuril mugoronga.

Mune kudhumhana yacho Continental mahwendefa aumba somugumisiro plegamiento crease micheto ine sedimentary akaturikidzana. Saka paiva eHimalaya makomo ari mhesano yacho-Australian Indo uye Eurasian mahwendefa.

Kushanduka makondinendi

Nei jogirafi kwakabva mumakondinendi uye makungwa kudzidza? Nekuti kunzwisisa izvi pezvakaitwa kunodikanwa kuti maonero mamwe mashoko zvemaererano ichi nesayenzi. Dzidziso lithospheric kwamahwendefa anoratidza kuti nyika yokutanga akazviratidza imwe kondinendi, vamwe pepasi maigara munyanza. Akazviratidza zvikanganiso yakadzika cortex kwakatungamirira ayo weboka kupinda mumakondinendi maviri. Kuchamhembe hemisphere yaiva Laurasia, uye kumaodzanyemba - Gondwana.

All itsva makatsemuka azviise pasi goko, vakatungamirira kuti kupesana uye izvi mumakondinendi. Chero makondinendi kuripo nhasi, uye nyanza: Indian uye Atlantic. Hwaro makondinendi ano vari pachikuva - mudungwe, chaizvo yekare uye akatsiga kumatunhu ari cortex. Nemamwe mashoko, mahwendefa, dzakaumbwa kare Geological nemashoko.

Munzvimbo umo dzenyika nechepasi vakatarisana, akashandura gomo. On vakaparadzana makondinendi, pane kungoda wandei noruzhinji kwamahwendefa. Avo pamusoro nzvimbo yakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma. Saizvozvowo akatanga kondinendi Eurasian.

Kufembera ndiro chitsungo

Dzidziso lithospheric kwamahwendefa hunosanganisira Masvomhu ravo ramangwana mapato. Masvomhu vave nemasayendisiti, kunoratidza kuti:

• Indian uye Atlantic mumakungwa kuchawedzera.
• The kondinendi African achaitwa zvava kurutivi rwokumusoro hemisphere.
• Pacific achava zvishoma.
• map Australian kukunda neequator uye vanobatana Eurasian.

Maererano Zvaifungidzirwa zvichaitika kwete kwokutanga pane 50 mln. Years. Zvisinei, zvabuda izvi vanofanira kutsanangura. Mabviro mumakondinendi uye nyanza, uyewo avo kufamba - zvichiitika chaizvo anononoka.

Pakati pezana remakore Oceanic anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri, nokuumbwa itsva lithosphere kwamahwendefa. The zvichiguma goko Oceanic diverges zvakanaka kuna mativi mhosva. After 15 kana 20 miriyoni. Years, izvi dzakabatana akavanzvenga huru uye vanoenda pasi ake nejasi, zvavakanga akasika. Riparadzirwe lithospheric mahwendefa pariri avhara.

zvizivikanwe nemichina bhandi

Inodzidza matangiro makondinendi uye nyanza, Grade 7 nevoruzhinji zvikoro. Zivo zvinokosha kuchabatsira vadzidzi kunzwisisa zvikuru kunzwisisa nyaya yacho. Hudyu pakati Slabs ari lithosphere zvinonzi zvizivikanwe nemichina zvikamu. Nzvimbo idzi zvakajeka anoratidza kwemasayendisiti kuitika panguva muganhu mahwendefa. Ruzhinji kuputika kwemakomo, kudengenyeka vakanovharirwa kunzvimbo idzi. Zvino nyika ine anenge 800 anoputika.

Mabviro makondinendi uye makungwa kuziva kufungidzira dzinongoitika dzoga uye kutsvaga zvicherwa. Pane kubvuma kuti pfungwa kunyorerana Mahwendefa semubairo kudonha magma ari goko vakaumba ores siyana.