Alexander 2: Education Reform (zvishoma). Zvikonzero, kukosha zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira pakati zvinhu dzidzo Alexander 2

Kunze paitonga Alexander 2 kutendeuka nemigumisiro chinokosha Russia vomunguva idzodzo. Kwete chete vana, asi mambo vairarama akaona somunhu akanaka kuchinja Alexander 2 nokuti kukura ehurumende uye kunaka.

The pekusadziviririka zvinhu

Pakarepo shure accession choumambo muna February 1855 - zuva pashure pokufa kwababa vake Emperor Nicholas 2 - 2 Alexander akajekesera vaaitonga, unonzwisisa, umo nguva achafanira kutonga, uye mamiriro ezvinhu munyika akanga asvika kwaari. Akataura izvi mukutaura yake yokutanga sezvo mambo pamberi nhengo State Council. Social enyika ezvinhu Russia panguva iyoyo yaiva kure nokuva yakatsiga uye zvishoma nezvishoma Virtual. Zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti nokukurumidza kugadzirisa zvinoverengeka zvakanaka kunzwisisa, zvose zvemukati uye zvokunze dzezvematongerwo enyika, kuti vauye munyika kubva dambudziko.

A kukundikana Crimean War akatungamirira kuti Kuparara mari ino uye kwakakwana dzakawanda voga weRussia. Kukura kusagutsikana pakati kwamachinda uye varombo revatungamiriri mukuru machinda appointees chamambo mune enyika. Vanhu vakaziva kuti kuchinja kunodiwa, uye akanga akagadzirira kutevera chero mutungamiri, kana akavavimbisa kuvapa. Kuparadzirwa nemagandanga kufamba chakagamuchirwa muna nzanga kutsutsumwa pamusoro wayo sharuka umambo. Educational zvinhu Alexander 2, kutanga izvo It wakaradzikwa mumakore ake okutonga mangwanani, nokuti nguva kudzikama rirwadze pfungwa mberi pfungwa vechiduku, asi kwete kwenguva refu. Pakupedzisira, mambo zvinenge dzakawira rangano the People, pasinei nevavariro dzavo dzakanaka.

yokusagadzikana mudzidzi zvinhu

Mumakore achangopfuura, ushe Nicholas 2 mudzidzi munharaunda, aneta chokurovedza Utongi zvakaoma uye nzira youpenyu, aitove pamusoro zviratidzo ramangwana guru kusateerera wokutanga. Asi kuchinja mutongi, zvichiteverwa vamwe kuzvivaraidza muupenyu vadzidzi, basa idzva iri mumayunivhesiti vose yemisoro pamwe achidzorerwezve nevari kupopota. Zvikonzero kuchinja Alexander 2, kusanganisira dzidzo, harisi chete ichi kana kuti nomuzvarirwo yakaputsika kubva chiitiko - paiva vakawanda ezvinhu.

Small mudzidzi nokusagadzikana, izvo aizivikanwa kuMoscow muna 1858, vakanga kunokonzerwa nokusaziva uye tactlessness mapurisa zvakasimba fixated pamusoro mudanga uye ane usimbe ichi, apo mukomana nokukurumidza mberi chakabvaruka kuva neramangwana simba. By Gwaro apesane nemapurisa panguva iyoyo akanga asina kuita uye vakanga nemhosva mambo - mhosva navo, Alexander akapa pavaichengetwa murayiro, asi nokuda mangwanani 60s rinopikisa akabatwa ari kufara Russian munzanga uye mumayunivhesiti. Student kumurayiro obstinacy kwezvakatipoteredza uye dzidzo kuchinja vakava Alexander 2. muchidimbu inogona kurondedzerwa sezvizvi: murau yekare, muna simba kubva 1835, kwakatsiviwa ne imwe itsva, Nicholas evatsigiri akaverevedza muna Rector kuti cheya akagara mumayunivhesiti appointees Alexander.

Education vose

Pakutanga 1861 kwave vamwe dzinokosha chiitiko nokuda nyika, iyo zvikuru akasarudza nzira rekutonga mambo mutsva: bezdnenskaya njodzi, itsva mudzidzi kumukira vanhuwo zvavo kuti rufu, kudenhwa mapurisa, ari unoreva zvakawanda, izvo panoonekwa vanhu, kunyange vasingakoshi zviitiko munyika. The initiator pamusoro zvinhu zvikuru, yaizotanga muna makore 60s vepakutanga aiva Alexander pachake 2. Dzidzo kuchinja vaiva chaizvoizvo kushandura mitemo okudzidza pa Africa, kushandiswa zvikoro, kuti vakwanise murimi mudiki vana kuti vadzidze kuverenga nokunyora. Educational okuchinja vakanga nomufaro uye hadzi hafu yevagari - zvava pachena kuti nokukurumidza uye dzidzo masangano richava rakazaruka kwavari. Kusvikira ushe Alexander 2 vasikana kubva anokudzwa mhuri vakagamuchira dzidzo inodiwa kwavo mamiriro pamba, mune vatengesi, burghers uye vanhuwo zvavo 'dzimba pezvisingakoshi zvakadai sokuita vana kuverenga uye kunyora mashomanana vabereki kutarisirwa.

Development yemberi chirongwa chata

By kuwa 1861 kunge vakatenderwa kuti Alexander mishoma pamberi yunivhesiti mitemo. With remangwana Charter, vasina zvakafanana, uye ndave akagadzirirwa kutanga kwenguva pfupi, asi akashanda mabasa vaitarisira pamwero mukuru kuchinja Muushumiri of Education.

Public Education Reform Alexander 2 chaiitirwa nokungwarira uye achifunga. Russian purofesa akadzidza nenzira uye sokudzidzisa zvakanakira mumayunivhesiti European, izvo vakanzi kuti chinangwa ichi. Zvose zviitiko zvavo kwemwedzi kukurukurwa vakuru, masayendisiti inozvikudza uye vakakurumbira enyika. Gwaro akatumwa masangano dzidzo, kwete chete Russia, asiwo dzimwe nyika dzokuMadokero. zvakawanda rakaitirwa pachaunga kuti kugamuchirwa Alexander 2. Education kuchinja, zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira izvo zvakakonzera vaitirane nharo, asi vave vakagamuchirwa uye rakatangwa munyika. kusaina wavo vakatora nzvimbo musi 18 Chikumi 1863.

Zviri Charter of University uye pamigumisiro yacho Implementation

Nokuti chido kuunza yakakura kushanduka yakadaro nezvinodiwa uye mambo, uye nyaya panguva imwecheteyo, zvimwe zvokudya zviri Charter chete aireva democratization mudzidzi munharaunda. Chiripo mapurofesa Corporation hunopiwa navo zvionera matunhu neminisiparati makanzuru madhipatimendi, nokudaro nokunyima vadzidzi mukana kusika vezvemutemo kudyidzana kwavo, izvo chinosiyanisa mumayunivhesiti Western. Educational kuchinja zvinhu Alexander 2 yakazokudziridzwa ostensibly nokuda European nomufananidzo, asi zvinenge chinhu pamusoro pavo havana kutarira kufanana.

Pasina mubvunzo, zvakwakanakira vakashumira vakasununguka kupinda hurukuro, kuwana kwavari rokuzvipira, ruzhinji rinotarisira bhodhi iri kumayunivhesiti. Nevakawanda kusimudzirwa kwete chete rokudzidzisa, asi ane rokuti dzidzo kudzidzisa. Asi kushaya mudzidzi kuzvitonga, mutsika rokuzvipira, uyo aigona nyore rooting pakati vakawanda haisi nguva dzose kubatsira volnodumskie mazano kazhinji inova nguva nokusagadzikana itsva. Zvikonzero kuchinja Alexander 2, iyo yakavakirwa va neudhadha hurumende, Chokwadi, havana kugadziriswa, uye ichi rinoshanda kwete chete kune yunivhesiti usingaperi.

yechipiri dzidzo nadzurudzo

Wokukudza richikurukura paruzhinji zvikoro muRussia uyewo chinoita makore 60 XIX remakore. Kuwedzera kuchinja dzakawira yunivhesiti kwezvakatipoteredza, kuchinja dzidzo Alexander 2 kwakakanganisa zvose zvaiwanika panguva iyoyo zvikoro apo vana zvinobatanidzwa vaibva mumamiriro ose oupenyu. zvesekondari zvino dzaigona kutengwa kwete chete muzvikoro chekare, asi muzvikoro chaiwo kupfuura kuzviita akadzidzisa vemasvomhu nevesayenzi. Vamwe vakararama vakatenda izvi discriminatory chikoro dzidzo hurongwa, akasika chete vanhu apasi naapakati makirasi, sezvo havana kuitwa nokudzidziswa mutauro pane vari dzekare jimunasiyamu. Zvadaro, zvikoro chaidzo kudzidza ava akatopiwa akaramba kupinda mumayunivhesiti nokuda kwokushayiwa zivo mitauro.

Hazvinyaradzi vaiona anokosha Alexander 2? Education shanduko mune hurumende yake, vakapiwa mukana wokugamuchira zvesekondari yekudyidzana vana kupfuura zvakanga zvisati, uye zvakanga ainyanya panguva.

Women nedzidzo kuti kuchinja Alexander

Oddly zvakakwana, asi chete panguva pakuguma XIX remakore kekutanga akataura pamusoro pakagadzwa muzvikoro ehurumende-anazvo kuti vasikana vari Russia. Masangano, apo vaiva mukana kuti vakadzidza kuvakunda vaikudzwa, kutanga akazviratidza muna Catherine 2, asi ivo vaiva vashoma, dzakakurumbira chaizvo havana kushandisa nokuda zvakanaka hwakasimbiswa nenguva misimboti chechikadzi kusaruramisira umo vakadzi yakarideredza kune basa remhuri uye amai chete.

Kuti mamiriro ezvinhu akachinja democratic Alexander 2 - dzidzo ichinjwe, raakanga vaiona hakukoshi kupfuura abolition pamusoro serfdom, kuratidzirwa vasikana. The zvakawanda kuti nyaya dzemadzimai, riri kuramba zvakajairika munzanga makore iwayo, zvakasimba akatsigira chete kwete vasunungura kuti vavashandirezve Vakadzi - kunzwa kwavo pachena kukosha akaita zvakawanda akanaka hafu. Muna 1859, anenge maguta ose Russian zvikoro vechikadzi akazarurwa. Ivo sevasingafungi pacharo Empress Maria Alexandrovna.

Kubva abolition kuti serfdom kusvikira Kurovedza murimi mudiki vana

Alexander 2 The Emperor akaburuka munhau se "The somununuri." The abolition pamusoro serfdom, rakanga raitwa kwaari, yakati akafukidza vamwe kuchinja kwake ushe, uye paiva nevazhinji. Chete kuchinja voruzhinji Alexandra 2 - haasi chikonzero kumupa zita "zvivheneko"?

Pakati intelligentsia, kuwedzera nenyaya dzevakadzi, vakakurukura matambudziko mugumisiro vanhuwo zvavo nokuda landlords uye mberi kwavo mugumo. Ideas pamusoro zvinodiwa sangano chinonyanya dzidzo kuti murimi mudiki vana nharo zvachose - kudiwa kudzidzisa pfungwa dzavo chinoziva mamiriro akabvuma mirawo. mienzaniso yakawanda inopiwa ave shasha Mikhail Lomonosov Russian nesayenzi, dambudziko chakanga saka zvinoshamisa uye nemamwe. A kuremekedza iye, uye akanzwa Alexander 2. Education zvokuchinja zvinhu uchiitirwa vakawanda murimi mudiki vana kuti nyika zivo. Great mutsigiri dzidzo vanhu raiva Turgenev, uyo zvinganaka chirongwa chake chokusika munhu kuverenga nedare, iyo aifarirwa mambo.

Nhoroondo kukosha kuchinja kwakamboitwa ushe Alexander

Uyezve, Alexander 2 zviya serfdom, akabvuma uye akasaina Mirau itsva yedzidzo, vakapedza zvizere dzidzo zvinhu pakati pamabasa ake, pane dzimwe kuchinja zvakakosha kuti anobata yose Russian munzanga. On makore 1862-1863 nyaya nekuda kuitwa management kuchinja mari of State muna 1865-fung - muchina mutemo. Reform - hurumende, zvaakatonga, nemauto - vane rabvumwa munzanga dzakasiyana, asi vanofanira kuzivikanwa zvose. Regai vasina chinozoiswa zvose sezvo chinangwa, asi chokwadi kuchinja uye zvakanaka kuchinja Alexander 2 nokuti pakuzadzisa nyika zvakaoma kuziva. Regai vamwe vavo kupa zvakasiyana kupima nhasi, asi mukati uyewo pamusoro dzakawanda munhandare Russia iri nguva Alexander 2 hwakasimba.