Inotungamirwa, Sainzi

Zviri upenyu paNyika: nguva, nguva, mamiriro okunze, zvipenyu

Upenyu Panyika yakatanga anopfuura mabhiriyoni 3,5 akapfuura, nokukurumidza pashure paumbwe pasi goko. Mumazana panguva chidzoke uye kukura zvipenyu zvakakanganisa paumbwe kuzorodzwa, okunze. Uyewo, tectonic uye okunze kuchinja zvakaitika mumakore, kukanganiswa kukura upenyu Panyika.

Zviri upenyu Panyika ingatorwa, kwakavakirwa Muronga zviitiko. Inogona rakakamurwa zvimwe zvokukura nhoroondo yose Earth. Remasangano kwavari - ndiro nguva upenyu. Vari rakakamurwa eras, paraiitwa - munguva, nguva-iri nguva, paraiitwa - emakore.

Era upenyu Panyika

Nguva yose nezvokuvapo upenyu Panyika inogona rakakamurwa nguva vaviri Precambrian, kana kriptozoy (chikuru kwemakore 3,6 kusvika pamabhiriyoni 0,6 okuberekwa), uye Phanerozoic.

Kriptozoy inosanganisira Archean (upenyu yekare), uye Proterozoic (chikuru upenyu) panguva.

Phanerozoic inosanganisira Paleozoic (upenyu yekare), Mesozoic (upenyu pakati) uye Cenozoic (upenyu hutsva) panguva.

Izvi 2 nguva upenyu hunogona kukamurwa zviduku - yaitonga. Miganhu pakati eras - yose shanduka chiitiko kutsakatika. Uyewo nguva rakakamurwa nguva, nguva - munguva. Nhoroondo youpenyu Panyika kwakabatana zvakananga kuchinja goko paNyika uye nyika okunze.

Nguva kukura, Countdown

Rinonyatsooneka chiitiko akasarudza govera kune chaiyo zvikamu - yaitonga. Nguva nekwekupedzesera, kuvakuru kusvikira upenyu hutsva. Kune 5 Eri:

  1. Archean.
  2. Proterozoic.
  3. Paleozoic.
  4. Mesozoic.
  5. Cenozoic.

Nguva upenyu Panyika

Paleozoic, Mesozoic uye Cainozoe zvinosanganisira nguva kukura. Izvi duku nguva zvikamu, zvichienzaniswa eras.

Paleozoic Era:

  • YeCambrian (yeCambrian).
  • Ordovician.
  • Silurian (Silurian).
  • Devon (Devon).
  • Coal (kabhoni).
  • Perm (perm).

Mesozoic Era:

  • Triassic (Triassic).
  • Jurassic (Jurassic).
  • Choko (Whiting).

Cenozoic Era:

  • Lower Tertiary (Paleogenic).
  • Upper Tertiary (Neogen).
  • Quaternary, kana anthropogenic (emunhu).

The 2 nguva yokutanga vanobatanidzwa mune tertiary nguva mamiriyoni 59. Years.

Zviri upenyu Panyika
Era, nguva chinguva mhuka Zvisina upenyu zvakasikwa, okunze
Archean nguva (upenyu yekare) bhiriyoni 3.5 Makore The pakuonekwa rebhuruu-uswa algae, photosynthesis. heterotrophs Predominance nyika pamusoro pegungwa, shoma okisijeni iri muchadenga.

Proterozoic nguva (mangwanani upenyu)

bhiriyoni 2.7 Makore Chimiro nehonye, mollusks, ivo chordates wokutanga, ivhu inotungamirwa. Land - ibwe mugwenga. Kuunganidza okisijeni iri muchadenga.
Palaeozoic unotora 6 nguva:
1. yeCambrian (yeCambrian) makore mamiriyoni 535-490 Development zvipenyu. Hot ekunze. Nyika yerenje.
2. Ordovician makore mamiriyoni 490-443 The kwaita vertebrates. Rwakafashamira mvura inenge zvose platforms.
3. Silurian (Silurian) makore mamiriyoni 443-418 miti kuwana nyika. Development matombo ekorari nokure, trilobites. Movement dzenyika nechepasi kuti paumbwe kumakomo. Sea kukunda nyika. Okunze ndiko siyana.
4. Devonian (Devon) makore mamiriyoni 418-360 Chimiro howa, Crossopterygii. Education intermountain nembiya. The predominance chirimo okunze.
5. The marasha (kabhoni) makore mamiriyoni 360-295 Pakuonekwa rokutanga amphibians. Richikwidibira makondinendi ichizadza munzvimbo uye kwaita anezvimiti. Mumhepo, yakawanda okisijeni uye carbon dioxide.

6. Perm (perm)

makore mamiriyoni 295-251 Kutsakatika trilobites, uye amphibians vakawanda. Tanga nezvinokambaira uye nezvipembenene. Volcanic basa. Hot ekunze.
Mesozoic nguva zvinosanganisira zvitatu nguva:
1. Triassic (Triassic) makore mamiriyoni 251-200 Development kuti gymnosperms. mhuka First nehove mhou. Volcanic basa. Warm uye nehasha Continental okunze.
2. Jurassic (Jurassic) makore mamiriyoni 200-145 The kwaita angiosperms. Distribution nezvinokambaira, pervoptitsy chitarisiko. Soft uye kwoushamwari okunze.
3. choko (choko) makore mamiriyoni 145-60 Chimiro shiri, dzakanga mhuka. The kwoushamwari ekunze, zvichiteverwa kutonhora.
Cainozoic nguva zvinosanganisira zvitatu nguva:
1. Lower Tertiary (Paleogenic) makore mamiriyoni 65-23 Ichatonga zvine mbiri angiosperms. Kukura zvipembenene chidzoke lemurs uye primates. The okunze akanaka pamwe nokubudiswa okunze zvikamu.

2. Upper Tertiary (Neogen)

makore mamiriyoni 23-1,8 The chidzoke kare vanhu. Dry ekunze.

3. Quaternary kana anthropogenic (emunhu)

makore mamiriyoni 1,8-0 Nechitarisiko chomunhu. Kutonhora.

Kukura zvipenyu

Zviri upenyu Panyika kunosanganisira kuparadzana kwete nguva zvikamu, asi pane dzimwe nzendo pakugadzirwa zvipenyu, zviri zvinobvira kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze (chando zera, kudziya kwepasi).

  • Archean panguva. Rinonyatsooneka zvachinja shanduka zvipenyu - ndiye chitarisiko rutema-zvakasvibirira algae - prokaryotes vanokwanisa kubereka uye photosynthesis, kuti kwaita zvipuka zvine masero akawanda zvipenyu. Pakuonekwa mapuroteni mupenyu (heterotrophs) inokwanisa Inofadza yakanyauka Organic zvinhu. Mune ramangwana, iyo chidzoke zvipenyu akabvumira kuti vagovere nyika kupinda kasvisto uye miti nemhuka zvakazonaka.
  • Proterozoic panguva. The kwaita chete-celled algae, annelid makonye, molluscs, zvomumvura coelenterates nehonye. Pakuonekwa yokutanga chordates (lancelet). Soil inotungamirwa kunoitika kumativi mvura miviri.
  • The Paleozoic Era.
    • YeCambrian. Development pamusoro algae, zvomumvura invertebrates, mollusks.
    • Ordovician. Trilobite carapace zvakachinja madota. Common cephalopods yakananga kana zvishoma curved nevamwe. The vertebrates rokutanga - ichthyoids jawless mhuka telodonty. Zvipenyu zviri kusimbiswa mumvura.
    • Silurian. Development matombo ekorari nokure, trilobites. Pane vari vertebrates vokutanga. Goho miti panyika (psilophytes).
    • Devonian kumwedzi. Pakuonekwa wokutanga hove stegocephalia. The kwaita notumwe. Development uye kutsakatika psilophytes. Development panyika yepamusoro spore.
    • Coal uye perm nguva. An nyika yekare izere nezvinokambaira, pane mhuka-zvakadai nezvinokambaira. Nokutsakatika trilobites. Kutsakatika mumasango ari Carboniferous kumwedzi. Development pamusoro gymnosperms, ferns.
  • Mesozoic Era.
  • Triassic kumwedzi. Distribution zvinomera (gymnosperms). Kuwedzera kwenhamba nezvinokambaira. mhuka First, mapfupa hove.
  • Jurassic kumwedzi. Predominance gymnosperms, angiosperms chitarisiko. The chidzoke pervoptitsy kutumbuka cephalopods.
  • Cretaceous kumwedzi. Kuparadzirwa kwemashoko angiosperms, iyo rutapudzo mamwewo yemiti. Development nehove mhou, mhuka neshiri.

  • Cenozoic panguva.
    • Lower Tertiary nguva (Paleogenic). Ichatonga zvine mbiri angiosperms. Pave nemasero zvipembenene uye mammalian, pakuonekwa lemurs, primates akazotevera.
    • Upper Tertiary nguva (Neogen). Inotungamirwa zvirimwa ano. The chidzoke madzitateguru evanhu.
    • Quaternary (anthropogenic). Inotungamirwa Zvirimwa ano uye mhuka. Nechitarisiko chomunhu.

Development zvemupiro zvisina upenyu zvakasikwa, kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze

Zviri upenyu Panyika haagoni kupiwa pasina mashoko pamusoro nokuchinja zvisina upenyu zvakasikwa. The chidzoke uye kugadzira upenyu Panyika, itsva mhando nemhuka, izvi zvose zviri pamwe nokuchinja zvisina upenyu zvakasikwa, okunze.

Climate change: asi Archean yaitonga

Nhoroondo youpenyu Earth akatanga panyika chokutambudzika yokupararira mvura mari. Rokuyamura mudungwe nezvishoma. In pave carbon dioxide inobvisa chinokurira, pasipasi okisijeni. Munguva shoma mvura yakaderera salinity.

Nokuti Archaean yaitonga dzinoratidzwa anoputika, mheni, dema makore. Matombo akapfuma graphite.

Climate change ari Proterozoic yaitonga

Land - ibwe yerenje, zvose zvipenyu kurarama mumvura. In pave okisijeni akaunganidza.

Climate change: Palaeozoic

In siyana nguva dzose Paleozoic yaitonga vanotevera chakaitika kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze :

  • YeCambrian. Nyika ichiri dongo. Okunze kuchipisa.
  • Ordovician. Rinonyatsooneka kuchinja - nayo zvikazara anenge ose kuchamhembe papuratifomu.
  • Silurian. Tectonic kuchinja mararamiro zvisina upenyu zvakasikwa siyana. Orogeny kunoitika, gungwa kukunda nyika. Kumatunhu akasiyana mumamirire ekunze, kusanganisira nzvimbo kutonhora.
  • Devonian kumwedzi. Hunodzorwa yakaoma okunze ndiko Continental. Education intermountain nembiya.
  • Carboniferous kumwedzi. Richikwidibira makondinendi, wetlands. Inodziya uye nyorovera okunze, mumhepo okisijeni uye yakawanda carbon dioxide.
  • Permian. Inopisa, volcanism, orogeny, nokuomesa wetlands.

Munguva Paleozoic Caledonian shangu gomo aumba. kuchinja kwakadaro mune nzvimbo kukanganiswa yose gungwa - zvomumvura nembiya ungaderedza, vakaumba guru munyika nzvimbo.

Palaeozoic akatanga minda mikuru zvinenge zvose mafuta uye marasha.

Climate change muna Mesozoic

For siyana nguva dzose Mesozoic okunze dzinoratidzwa anotevera zvinhu:

  • Triassic kumwedzi. Volcanic basa, rinooneka Continental okunze, kudziya.
  • Jurassic kumwedzi. Soft uye kwoushamwari okunze. Sea kukunda nyika.
  • Cretaceous kumwedzi. The shure yegungwa munyika. Okunze unodziyirwa, asi pakupedzisira kwenguva kwepasi kuchatsiviwa Cold Snap.

In Mesozoic gomo gadziriro kuumbwa kare kuparadzwa, achisiya mvura bani (West Siberia). In yechipiri yezana yaitonga akaumba Cordillera makomo Eastern kweSiberia, Indochina, chikamu Tibet, akaumba gomo Mesozoic Kumbofungatira. Mostly inopisa uye ine uma okunze, kufambisa paumbwe uye peat bogs.

Climate Change - Cenozoic Era

The Cenozoic yaitonga paiva mukuru kukurudzira Nyika pevhu. Zvachinja. mazizaya pasi dzakawanda cover ichibva kuchamhembe kwakachinja chiso makondinendi kuNorthern Hemisphere. rinopfungaira mapani dzakaumbwa nokuda kuchinja kwakadaro.

  • Lower Tertiary kumwedzi. The munyoro ekunze. Weboka nhatu okunze zvikamu. Inotungamirwa makondinendi.
  • Upper Tertiary kumwedzi. Dry ekunze. The panowanikwa inowanzorimwa, savanna.
  • Quaternary kumwedzi. Akadzokorora glaciation kuchamhembe hemisphere. kutonhora okunze.

kuchinja zvose panguva kukura upenyu Panyika anogona kunyorwa muchimiro matafura anoratidza chinokosha matanho kukura mazuva ano. Pasinei anozivikanwa nzira kuferefeta, uye ikozvino masayendisiti ari uchidzidza nhoroondo, kuita zvinhu zvitsva, kuti nharaunda kudzidza kuva upenyu Panyika pamberi vanhu.

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