Zvinokonzera feudal kusabatana. Background uye zvikonzero zviri feudal kusabatana mu Europe

Western inoti European havana RUBATSIRO RUNOTARISA kuMiddle Ages. Mumwe aiva mashoma fiefs guru, izvo zvinozoita akakamurwa madiki vavo. Somuenzaniso, muGermany, paiva anenge mazana maviri inoti duku. Vazhinji vavo vakanga hakukuringani, uye vakataura jest, kuti musoro mutongi akarara panyika yake, uye noruoko makumbo - iri nhaka wokwake. Izvi kwaiva nguva feudal kusabatana anenge akabatwa kunyika Western Europe.

nyaya iyi unofadza zvikuru kwete chete nokuda vadzidzi, izvo zviri muchidimbu mu bhuku "World History. Grade 6 ", uyewo vakuru, pamwe zvishoma ora rokuchikoro.

The tsananguro

Feudalism - hurongwa enyika kuti yakabuda kuMiddle Ages uye wandaifanira pamusoro munharaunda nyika ipapo European. Countries yakadaro kudzora muitiro vakanga vakakamurwa kuva zvikamu anonzi feuds. Idzi akaparadzirwa madzimambo, pamadzimambo pakushandisa vanokudzwa nyaya refu - vatongi vari pasi. Varidzi, uyo utariri akawira nharaunda vaisungirwa nerimwe gore kubhadhara mutero chefuma ehurumende, uyewo kutuma muuto mutongi womumwe nhamba Knights uye nemamwe masoja. Uye nokuda kuti vatongi vari pasi, akavapindurawo, kuzviwanira chete kodzero kushandisa nyika, asi aigona kushandisa basa nokutapwa vanhu funga vavanotonga.

Pokuwa umambo

Pakafa Karla Velikogo muna 814, vatsivi vake vakatadza kuramba hurumende akavasika kubva kuora. Uye zvose nezvoupenyu uye zvikonzero zviri feudal kusabatana akatanga kuratidza kubva panguva apo frankiyskie madzishe, kana pane, Counts, vari vakuru hwacho, akatanga kubata nyika. Panyaya iyi, akasununguka vanhu vaigara imomo, vakanga vatendeuka kuti vatongi vari pasi pavo uye vanhuwo zvavo vanomanikidzwa.

The feudal madzishe anazvo Estates, wainzi Señor, vaiva chokwadi yakavharwa kumapurazi. Munharaunda dzavo akaita zvose zvakafanira upenyu zvigadzirwa, kubvira nezvokudya uye kupedza zvokuvakisa kuvaka nematende - akavakirirwa zvakanaka zvivako, yaigarwa varidzi idzi. Tinogona kutaura kuti feudal kusabatana muEurope, kunewo nemhaka iyi dzinongoitika upfumi, inobatsira zvizere rusununguko avakuru.

Nokufamba kwenguva, nzvimbo girafu rakatanga nhaka uye midzi shure Varidzi pakukura. Vakarega kuteerera mambo, uye svikiro uye duku feudal madzishe ikava vatongi vari pasi.

chibvumirano pakati Verdun

With Karla Velikogo afa mumhuri yake kutanga vakapopotedzana, izvo zvakaita kuti hondo varipo. Panguva ino, chikuru feudal madzishe dzinotanga kuvatsigira. Asi, pakupedzisira waneta dzose hondo muna 843, Karla Velikogo navazukuru akasarudza kusangana muguta Verdun, kwaakanga chibvumirano maererano izvo Umambo hwacho muzvikamu zvitatu.

Maererano chibvumirano ndiyo chikamu chimwe munyika wakapfuurira nhaka Louis Germany. Akava mutongi ndima riri kuchamhembe Alps uye kumabvazuva Rhine. mamiriro ichi kwave kunzi East-vechiFrank. Pano akataura nendimi German.

Chikamu chechipiri akagamuchira iri kurapa Karl, vatakuri remadunhu- Bald. Ndivo nyika yaiva kusvika kumadokero Rhone Rwizi Scheldt uye Meuse. Ivo yakazozivikanwa seshanduro West Francia. Pano, kutaura nendimi, iyo gare gare vakaumba hwaro ano mutauro French.

Chetatu nyika, pamwe musoro mambo, vakaenda mukuru hama - Lothar. Aiva dzine pamwe rwizi Rhine, uyewo Italy. Asi nokukurumidza vaikakavara hama, uye pakati hondo dzakatevera zvakare. Louis Carl vakabatana pamusoro Lothair, vakatora nyika yake, uye akavakamura pakati pavo. Panguva ino musoro mambo iri rinenge raireva chinhu.

Yakanga pashure kuparadzana kune zvamaimbova Karla Velikogo muna Western Europe kwakambova feudal kusabatana. Zvadaro, nhaka hama nhatu vava nyika kuti zviripo kusvikira nhasi - uyu Italy, Germany uye France.

Medieval nyika dzokuEurope

Kuwedzera umambo Karla Velikogo, paiva neimwe nyika hombe European. Muna 1066, Duke pamusoro Normandy (a nharaunda yaiva kuchamhembe kweFrance), kukurira-Saxon umambo, akabatana navo uye akava mambo England. zita rake rainzi William Mukundi.

East Germany inoti kare vanoumba necheSalvic inoti, dzakadai Czech Republic, Poland uye Kievan Rus. Uye pamusoro Danube River, dzaitongwa muArabhu vaiuya pano pamusoro nguva yakaonekwa Hungarian Kingdom. Uyezve, paiva Sweden, Denmark uye Norway kuchamhembe chikamu Europe. Zvose inoti izvi kwenguva yakati vakanga vakabatana.

Pokuwa Ages rinoti

Saka chii takanga pano nokuda kwezvikonzero feudal kusabatana? Chikonzero pokuwa umambo panguva iyoyo havana chete feuding vatongi. Sezvaunoziva, nyika kuva nehurumende Karla Velikogo, dzakanga dzakabatana nechisimba. Naizvozvo, zvikonzero feudal kusabatana vavete chokwadi kuti kwakanga kuedza kuunganidza imwe umambo zvakasiyana chaizvo marudzi, vakanga vasingadi kugara pamwe chete. Somuenzaniso, vagari West Francia yainzi neDare French, asi East-vechiFrank - vokuGermany, uye vanhu vanogara Italy - the vokuItaly. An dzinonakidza Chokwadi ndechokuti magwaro okutanga chaizvo akambochera mumitauro pemarudzi vanogara pano, kunge akazviratidza panguva kurwira pasimba mambo Karla Velikogo vazukuru. Saka, Charles Bald uye Louis reGermany chamakaisa zita renyu chibvumirano richiti kuti zvamuchapikira kumira pamwe chete kuzorwa Lothar wake mukoma. mapepa aya zvakabvumirwa mune French uye German.

Simba avakuru

Zvinokonzera feudal kusabatana mu Europe zvikurukuru novimba zviito Counts nemachinda, kuri vabati siyana dzenyika worudzii. Asi nokufamba kwenguva, apo vakatanga kunzwa simba anenge risingaperi, iro feudal madzishe vakarega kuteerera mutungamiriri. Zvino vakanga nyika chete varidzi pamusoro ane ndima dzaiva matunhu yavo. Zvisinei, vakashuma zvakananga nashe kana Earl, uye kunyange ipapo chete muhondo, kana akaita chipatapata akatungamirira mauto ake zvakanaka. Kana mberi munyika, vakanga zvachose akazvimirira uye dzichengete nyika dzavo uye vanhu vaigara pavo, sezvazvakaita zvakakodzera.

feudal manera

Kuti pave nehondo yake, machinda uye earls akapa chikamu mundima dzavo kupfuura smallholders. Saka, vamwe vanova vakwegura (makuru) uye vamwe - retainers dzavo (varanda mauto). Vakatora mumwe fief, ari muranda akamufugamira tenzi wake, ndokupika kuvimbika kwaari. In dzoka, Mr akapa vagari vemo omuti bazi uye tsama pasi.

Kunyanya feudal mamiriro ndiye mambo. Aionekwa ishe Counts nemachinda. In yavo dzaiva mazana mumisha uye vazhinji vezvikwata zvechiuto. A notch pazasi vaiva NaAmai Pauline Kabanzi, vaiva vatongi vari pasi ari zvaaifanira nemachinda. Kazhinji vakanga vasina gumi nemisha kupfuura vatatu, uye boka ravarwi. NaAmai Pauline Kabanzi vakateerera duku feudal Knights.

Izvi kwaiva feudal akanyatsorongwa ichitaurwa mari yaiva ishe duku, asi panguva imwe chete ari muranda kurei ane avakuru. Naizvozvo kumhuka mamiriro ezvinhu zvikuru dzinonakidza. Makurukota Avo vari vatongi vari pasi pamambo, havana kuteerera kwaari uye kuita mirairo yake. Pakanga kunyange mutemo chaiwo. Yaiti: "yava pasi muranda wangu - kwete muranda wangu".

The ukama pakati zvidzidzo yakaita manera apo pasi matanho akanga duku feudal madzishe, uye pamusoro - Uprofita inotungamirirwa namambo. Hazvina nokupesana ichi akazozivikanwa sezvo feudal manera. Vanhuwo zvavo vakanga vasiri chikamu chayo, nekuti zvose madzishe uye vatongi vari pasi vaigara kure zvesimba ravo.

rwokuzvarwa upfumi

Zvinokonzera feudal kusabatana Western Europe iri chokwadi kuti vagari kwete chete nomunhu nharaunda nemisha, uye akapotsa aisada chero paruzhinji ukama nedzimwe nzvimbo. Zvose zvakafanira, zvokudya uye zvokushandisa zvigadzirwa vaigona kubudisa pachavo kana kungoti matengesero aya nevavakidzani. Panguva iyoyo chete rakanga riri subsistence upfumi, apo kutengeserana pachayo havasisipo.

uto negwaro

Feudal kusabatana, zvinokonzera uye migumisiro chaiva chinokosha nezvainoita simba uto weuto chaiyo youmambo, asingagoni kubatsira kwete chete kukusimbisa, asi vo kuwedzera simba chehurumende mumaziso huru Varidzi. The feudal madzishe pakazosvika zana remakore rechigumi nguva kuwana squads dzavo. Naizvozvo, private hondo yamambo vasingagoni zvizere kudzivisa vatongi vari pasi zvakadaro. Panguva iyoyo, gavhuna ehurumende yakanga chete contingent ari ipapo musoro yose hierarchical hurongwa. Kutaura zvazviri, nyika yaiva pasi pokutonga wamadzishe - madzishe, NaAmai Pauline Kabanzi namachinda.

Zvikonzero pokuwa European inoti

Saka, zvose zviri zvikuru zvinokonzera feudal kusabatana yave kuzivikanwa mubishi kudzidza tsika uye socio-zvoupfumi kunyika kuWestern Europe kuMiddle Ages. Ino enyika kwakatungamirira kuti kuwedzera tichitarisa zvinhu zvakanaka, uyewo pavapenyu zvokunamata mirayiridzo. Vanyori venhau vakagumisa kuti nedanho feudal kusabatana rakanga musoro chaizvo uye chinangwa. Asi ichi rinoshanda chete nyika dzokuEurope.

Heano nevanhu vose rinoti, pasina chaakasiya zvikonzero zviri feudal kusabatana, muchidimbu muchidimbu mbiri pfungwa mu:

● Kuvapo dzinongoitika upfumi. Zvinonzi, kune rumwe rutivi, kupa munhu nokururamisira unopinza kuwedzera kubudirira uye zvokutengeserana, uyewo kukurumidza kukura munyika gavhuna, uye kuno rumwe - kusavapo rakakwana chero specialization nomunhu nzvimbo uye zvikuru shoma ezvoupfumi ukama nedzimwe nyika.

● akagadzirisa mararamiro nemagadhi. Nemamwe mashoko, kuchinja nhengo dzayo dziri feudal ropafadzo inova kodzero kunyika. Uyezve, simba ravo pamusoro miduku yokuruwa dzakadururwa. Vaiva nomukana kuzotonga vanhu uye kuranga zvikanganiso siyana navo. Izvi zvave kwakaderera pokudzora kwomudzimu nechepakati mutemo wehurumende kupinda yoga mundima. Uyewo, pane prerequisites nokuda abudirire mhinduro matambudziko emauto ehondo vomunzvimbo.

Feudal kusabatana nyika Russian

The pezvakaitwa kuitika Western Europe kubvira X remakore, vaisagona kukanganwa hugota, apo Eastern Slavs akararama. Asi zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti zvinokonzera feudal kusabatana muna Rus vaiva chaiyo hunhu. Izvi zvinogona kutsanangurwa nevamwe kuitikawo socio-ezvoupfumi, uyewo zvomunharaunda netsika yakatevedzana.

mamiriro kupatsanurwa hugota kwakakonzerwa pokudzora guru, yaishandiswa yomunharaunda kwamachinda, inonzi boyars. Mukuwedzera, ivo vaiva yakakura landholdings uye akatsigira machinda vemo. Uye pane pasi Kiev masimba, vakabvuma pachavo.

nhodzera zvigaro

Sezvakaitika Europe, feudal kusabatana akatanga nepfungwa yokuti dzakawanda zvizvarwa vatongi vasingagoni kugoverana simba. Kana nyika dzokuMadokero akaita Salic mutemo choushe nhaka, akabvunza choushe kupfuura kubva baba mwanakomana wedangwe, akatora matanho Lestvicheskoe kodzero kunyika Russian. It akagovera kuchinjwa kwesimba kubva mukuru mukoma kuti muduku uye zvichingodaro. D.

Dzakawanda vana vose hama vakakura, uye mumwe nomumwe wavo vachida kudzora. Nokufamba kwenguva, mamiriro ezvinhu akatonyanya kwakatooma, uye venhema pachigaro tichingotarisira uye nesimba vanonakidzwa imwe.

Wokutanga kukakavara chakakomba akava kurwisana nemauto pakati venhaka Prince Svyatoslav, uyo akafa muna 972. The weNobel akaburuka mwanakomana wake Vladimir, uyo akabhabhatidzwa Russia pashure. Pokuwa ehurumende vakatanga pashure pokutonga Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich, uyo akafa muna 1132. Zvadaro, feudal kusabatana mberi kusvikira nyika yakatanga vanobatana kumativi Moscow.

Zvikonzero kusabatana nyika Russian

Process kupwanya Kiev Rus anofukidza nguva kubvira pakutanga kusvikira XII XIV remakore. Munhambo ichi machinda akanga akareba uye ropa hondo kuti kuwedzera munyika Holdings.

Pano zvinokosha kukonzera feudal kusabatana, muchidimbu uye zvakajeka akagadzira zvina muzano, zvinoshanda chete Russia:

● Vakasimbiswa yomunyika kukakavara somugumisiro yokurera maviri kunge zvaiitikawo pakati mitemo yokugara kuti choumambo Kiev. Mumwe wavo - the Byzantine murairo anobvumira kuti kubvisa simba kubva baba mwanakomana wedangwe, wechipiri - tsika Russian umo mugari wenhaka anofanira kuva mukuru muzera.

● A chinokosha kwakaderera basa Kiev sezvo nechepakati simba. Izvi zvakanga zvakafanira kuti vachirwisa Polovtsy kuti rwendo achitevedza of the dnipro river ngozi nemhaka chii atanga Kubuda kubva Kiev, iri kuchamhembe-kumadokero.

● A chinokosha kwakaderera nokutyisidzirwa kubva Normans uye Pechenegs, uyewo kukundwa pamberi Khazar Khanate uye kugadzwa ukama vatongi Byzantine Empire.

● Kuumba Yaroslav Takachenjera maduramazwi hurongwa. Pashure pokufa kwake muna 1054 nyika Russian chimedzwe dzino yose hondo. Old Russian chinokosha mamiriro chete umambo yakashandurwa kuva yeUnited, iro rakatanga rinotungamirirwa machinda akawanda chiremera Yaroslav.

Tinovimba kuti nyaya iyi yakabatsira kutsivira ruzivo kwete chete vadzidzi vari kudzidza nyaya "Zvikonzero feudal kusabatana" ari bhuku "World History. 6 kirasi. " It ndichakuzorodzai ndangariro vadzidzi vepayunivhesiti ari zviitiko kuMiddle Ages. Asi vakadaro nyaya sezvo kusabatana feudal, zvinokonzera uye migumisiro zvatakaona inorondedzerwa nezvedzinza, munoona, unofadza zvikuru.