AD Menshikov - Russian yokutungamirira uye mutungamiriri nemauto, wepedyo shamwaridzana uye kufarira Petro I: Biography

ichikosha Petro akapa Russia yakawanda mazita inopenya uye nevamwe. Kubva dzino dzisingabviswi Alexander Menshikov - vakavimbika mutsigiri uye shamwari wokutanga pamambo. Pashure maPetro rufu, iye aiti aitungamirira basa rehurumende, asi ...

midzi Menshikov

Nezvekwakabva ramangwana "poluderzhavnogo mutongi" achiri kunokonzera vaitirane nharo pakati dzakaitika. AD Menshikov akaberekwa muna 1673 muMoscow. Akanga asiri munhu womunyika zvimwe mhuri simba revatongi. Kuzivikanwa Bhuku nyaya mukomana Alexander, aitengesa makeke mumigwagwa guru. biographers zhinji Menshikov retell nyaya inotevera. Small kubikira mutengesi akabata ziso Franz Lefort - simba nehurumende anoremekedzwa. Sharp-witted mukomana aida rwevanhu, uye akatora naye mubasa rake.

Zvisinei, achabatira ngano pamusoro "Mutengesi makeke" rinowanzoshandiswa nharo. Zvinofadza kuti akanga dzaidzidziswa yakakurumbira munyori Alexander Pushkin, uyo akaona chiitiko ichi muzvinyorwa ake mukugadzirwa bhuku nezvenhoroondo rokutonga Peter.

Kunyange zvakadaro, rakadzika kwakabva yemberi Prince ndechokuti akanga kuverenga nokunyora. Hakuna kushanda magwaro akanga asina kuitwa noruoko rwake. Nokuti kuita zvinhu A. D. Menshikov ndaiva vanyori vakanga nguva naye.

Kuziva Peter

Zvisinei, kusaziva tsamba haana kurambidza jaya ave mambo anofungidzirwa. Alexander uye Petro akasangana kuburikidza Lefort. Nechekare mumakore 14 Menshikov akava zvakanaka Romanov, uye nokukurumidza shamwari yake yepamwoyo. Akanga pedyo Peter shure mumazuva apo akanga asina simba chaiyo, asi chete vakadzidza uye kuvaraidzwa nezvinhu zvavo varaidza echiShinto. Muchinda akava mukuru mukuru wekambani, uye A. D. Menshikov - scorer.

mazuva kumbotamba youth aenda apo boka boyars vakazodzingwa Alekseevnu Sophia uye Petro akataura changamire-mambo. Dzinonzi, naye pachigaro choushe akanga mukoma wake Ivan. Asi nokuda kusimba utano hwake kuti Romanov haana kubatanidzwa paruzhinji zvenyika, uye mugumisiro kuti dare akanga Prince Menshikov, zvakanga zvikuru.

A kufarira mambo wechiduku

Musikana Jinda raiva chinoshingaira mukwikwidzi uye murongi pfungwa aPetro. Mumwe makambani wekutanga akatanga Azov danidziro. Muna 1695, Peter akatuma uto kumaodzanyemba kumiganhu ehurumende, kuti kuwana inodziya makungwa. Pano A. D. Menshikov rekutanga kwakakomba muchiuto ruzivo, vaimubatsira yemberi. Gore rakatevera, Peter akatanga Mukuru Embassy kuEurope. Naye akatora shamwari dzake dzakatendeka zvikuru uye vakawanda vechiduku vaifanira kudzidza kumadokero ounyanzvi.

Panguva ino Menshikov kuva inokosha shamwari yamambo. Iye zvinyoronyoro akaita hurukuro ake ose uye nguva dzose awane migumisiro yakanakisisa. In izvi akabatsirwa kushingaira uye simba kuti mukuru akaramba ndakwegura. Uyezve, zvichida Alexander ndiye chete munhu anogona kudzikamisa mambo. Peter zvakasiyana nehasha. Iye haadi zvikanganiso nokukundikana mutevedzeri, akauya achibva shure kwavo nehasha. Menshikov anokwanisa kuwana mutauro nevakawanda navo, kunyange izvi nguva dzakaoma. Uyezve, imwe anofungidzirwa nguva dzose chaizvo vasine mafungiro wamambo, uye haana wakamutengesa.

Kuitawo Northern War

Muna 1700 yakatanga hondo huru muupenyu Petra Velikogo uye Menshikov - North. mambo Russian vaida kudzokera kunyika kuBaltic nemhenderekedzo. chido ichi Ikazova pfungwa. Mumakore akatevera makore makumi maviri, namambo (uye, saka, ayo anofungidzirwa) mubasa zvisingaperi nzendo mberi uye kuti neshure.

WarAvocat pasi Peter 1 vakasangana rutsigiro chinzvimbo refutenendi Preobrazhenskii hondo. kubudirira First vaimuperekedza muna 1702, paakasvika chete matsva mauto kubatsira Mikhail Golitsyn, akanga amire pasi Noteburg masvingo.

zvinokosha akunde

Uyewo Menshikov Aleksandr Danilovich akatora mugove kukombwa rinokosha Nienschanz. Aiva mumwe creators wokuRussia wengarava kukunda kwokutanga muhondo. In May 1703 zvikepe pamwe zvakananga utungamiriri Petro Menshikov vakakunda Swedish rengarava pamuromo Neva. Mambo Other kusiyana ushingi uye swiftness nezvaaiita. Kuburikidza waruka vake kuti vakwire zvikepe zviviri zvinokosha muvengi vakatorwa. Kubudirira haana rwakaonekwa. Mushure kurwa, kunyanya vanokudzwa mapurisa vakagamuchira Order of St. Andreya Pervozvannogo. Pakati pavo paiva Menshikov. The hondo kamwe zvakare yasimbiswa kwayo utungamiri nemano.

Chinokosha nezvimwe zvine chokuita mhemberero iyi. Chekutanga, Menshikov Aleksandr Danilovich akatendeuka kunze knight mutsva Order pamwe Serial nhamba 7, apo Petro akapiwa murayiro nhamba 6. Chechipiri, award yakaitwa kwevhiki vasati kuisa guta ramangwana - St. Petersburg. Chirevo pamusoro awarding Menshikov kare panguva ino anomuti gavhuna weruwa itsva.

Gavhuna St. Petersburg

Kubvira panguva ino kwemakore akawanda, kusvikira kunyadziswa kwake, akaswedera Petro akatarisira kuvakwa muguta idzva. Uyewo pane zvaaipomera raiva Kronstadt uye shipyards wandei pamusoro Neva uye Svir.

Chehondo, yakanga ichitungamirirwa Alexander Danilovich akadana Ingrian uye kuenzaniswa nemamwe vapfumi dzakabatana - Semenovsk uye Preobrazhensky hondo.

Menshikov anogamuchira musoro Prince

Muna 1704 akagumisa kukombwa Narva uye Ivangorod. It muchirongwa Menshikov. Military Biography rine mashoko Kupinda ari gamba nyaya yedu yakasiyana siyana mishandirapamwe uye hondo. Muhondo dzose aizviwana pamberi mutsetse, vachinyatsoongorora kuzadzikisa mirairo namambo. kuzvipira kwake kwakanga kusiri pasina. Muna 1707 akagamuchira Prince akaswedera Izhora nyika rokuremekedza. Zvino, hazvina akataura izvozvo se "Grace Your".

Prince Menshikov akararama youmambo nyasha. Zvakare uye zvakare iye rusingaperi simba akasimudza changamire murayiro. Muna 1707, Mukuru Northern War kwakachinja yemitambo hondo. Zvino, pavanotaurirana mambo wokuSweden akavhunduka kuPoland uye Ukraine. Menshikov akatora chikamu muhondo inokosha yeSango, ndicho edzesero nokuda yairwirwa hondo pamwe muvengi.

Pazvakava aiziva kunyengera Hetman Mazepa, Prince pakarepo akaenda rayo guru - guta Baturin. The nhare chakabatwa uye rakaparadzwa. Nokuti zvinokosha mukukunda shamwari yake Petro paakavapa mumwe wemunda. Huwandu panyika, Anosungwa kurasa Menshikov, chaizvoizvo aiva zvinoshamisa.

Zvinonzi kamwe chete yasimbiswa zvakare sezvo chipangamazano wamambo kwaidhura. Peter kashoma kuita pasina Menshikov mazano panyaya zvechiuto. Kazhinji, Kesari akaratidza pfungwa, zvino muchinda vakashanda kuburikidza nayo uye akaita mazano kuti uvandudze kwayo. Kutaura zvazviri, iye akabata basa mukuru mudonzvo muchiuto, kunyange zvazviri yakadaro mumhanyi haana.

hondo Poltava

Chimwe chikuru kubudirira pakati Menshikov dzekare vanodana mupiro wake pachake kuti kukunda pa Poltava. Pausiku hondo chikwata chake yakaiswa Vanguard mauto. Menshikov akava nokurohwa wokutanga uye ndiye zvakananga kutanga hondo. Muhondo muchinda yakatamira parutivi kuruboshwe, iyo akaita se nesimba uye zvinobudirira. Mabhiza vatatu vakaurayiwa pasi pake ...

Uyewo Menshikov, pamwe Golitsyn. akatungamirira kutambudzwa akarwisa wehondo Swedish. Iye ndokuwana vapoteri uye vakamanikidzwa kuti ape. Nemhaka iyi kubudirira kushanda vakatapwa vaiva nemasoja Swedish vanenge 15 000, kusanganisira akakurumbira vakuru vehondo (Lewenhaupt, Kreutz uye zvichingodaro. D.). mabiko guru yakapiwa rukudzo yomuchinda vasungwa. Peter I, uyo akanga agere patafura, pachake vakazivisa tositi chokuremekedza yokurasikirwa vavengi.

Nokuti basa rake chiito Hondo Poltava Menshikov akanga paakavapa pachinzvimbo chevatatu Field Marshal. Uyewo, iye akapiwa anotevera minda. Prince akava muridzi vanopfuura zviuru 40 serfs, achimuita simba kupfuura murume wechipiri munyika. Apo Petro kwazvo boka kuMoscow kuti vapemberere kukunda kwavo, Menshikov aishingairira kurudyi rwamambo. Yaiva imwe kuziva mabasa ake kuti hurumende.

With Moscow muchinda yakanga yakabatana imwe nyaya inokosha pachavo. Muna 1704 akarayira kuvakwa temberi, rakapera mumakore matatu. Menshikov Tower muMoscow (sezvo pakuzivikanwa chivakwa ichi) zvino kuvakwa mukuru guru sezvinoita pakati Petrine Baroque.

Prince Estates

Nokuda guru mamiriro Prince iri ichatonga zvine mbiri yake basa, kuvakazve yakawanda dzokugara munyika. Ari zvakanakisisa kuzivikanwa paMuzinda Menshikov musi Vasilevsky Island muSt Petersburg. Pakutanga yaishandiswa sechipo Manor. Zvisinei, pashure pokunge "mutongi poluderzhavnogo" akatuma kuutapwa, chivako rakavakwazve zvinodiwa vemauto Corps.

Mune imwe oranienbaumin Menshikov Palace ndiro rakakura kupfuura mamwe ose chivakwa vomunharaunda Architectural ensemble. Inoitwa anoverengeka minda, dzimba uye nemigero. All siyana izvi guru uye rakajeka sezvamunoita, izvo pagore chinokwezva zviuru zvevashanyi.

Palace muna Kronstadt ndiye akasika murongedzeri wokuGermany Braunstein. Nhasi, chivako ichi mumwe mukuru muguta. Rakavakwazve kanoverengeka, pamusana chii pakutanga chitarisiko yamambo, zvinosuruvarisa yave akarasika.

Chimwe zita rinokosha raJehovha Prince aiva nhare Ranenburg vemazuva Lipetsk mudunhu. Her akaisa pachake Peter, uyo pakutanga kwake ushe kuedza kuvaka nechepakati mumatunhu dzakawanda nokusimbaradza yeEuropean (Dutch) womuenzaniso. Muna 1702 mambo akapa nzvimbo ino Menshikov, akanga avaka wemamongi pano.

Kuenderera Great Northern War

Pashure Hondo Poltava inokosha chirongwa muhondo kuRussia. Menshikov pamusoro mana akatevera akatungamirira mauto kuBaltic pamativi: Pomeranian, Kurland uye Holstein. vatsigiri European Peter (Denmark uye Prussia) paakavapa mibayiro National ayo ayo (sezvakarayirwa Elephant uye Order of Black Eagle, ukuwo).

Muna 1714 Gavhuna General pavakazodzokera St. Petersburg, apo akanga mubasa kurongwa Interior. Hazvina basa zhinji muchivigiro chezvipo guta, umo mari yakayerera kubva munyika yose. Kunyange munguva upenyu Petro, paiva nerunyerekupe kuti mari yakawanda kuti zvimwe zvinangwa. Vazhinji ndokutenda kuti mari ikapararira Menshikov. Chii Petro, achipindura makuhwa izvi? By uye guru - chinhu aida muchinda, uye aikoshesa zvikuru, nokuti chii kuti mugove vacho nayo.

President of Military Collegium

Pasinei kwayo kushungurudzwa Menshikov muna 1719 rinotungamirirwa idzva Military College. The sangano akauya somugumisiro guru mamiriro kuchinja Peter. Mambo akaramba murayiro wekare uye va neudhadha, uye pachinzvimbo akavamba puranga - prototypes oushumiri ano. In zvivako izvi, paiva akanyatsorongwa yakajeka, iyo kuenzaniswa Table itsva vezvinzvimbo. President of Military Collegium pakati Menshikov akava mukuru wokutanga yakadaro mumhanyi.

Mushure muchinda vakava vanobatanidzwa zvakananga administrative basa, iye asisiri akatungamirira mauto muhondo. Kunyange zvakadaro, zvakanga Alexander Danilovich mutemo akatungamirira upenyu mauto ari wokupedzisira pavaipfuura Northern War. Muna 1721, Chibvumirano Nystad akanga yakasainwa, izvo yakasimbiswa pavakakunda itsva kuBaltic kumhenderekedzo Russia. Kubva iyoyo nyika yakanga nechemberi European dzakakwirira zvematongerwo enyika. Vachikudza nokukunda, Peter yave paakavapa dzakawanda neshamwari uye vatariri vaiva naye mumakore aya makumi maviri. Menshikov akagamuchira chinzvimbo Vice Admiral.

Rufu Petro Catherine bhodhi

Chinji hasha Petro aiva chikonzero kuti Kesari haana kudzivisa embezzlement ake anofungidzirwa. Muna 1724, Menshikov akanga vakapfekenurwa dzakawanda zvinzvimbo zvavo; pambiru purezidhendi Military Collegium, gavhuna wenyika St. Petersburg. Mwedzi mishomanana gare gare, Petro akabva arwara ndokufa. Ava kuda kufa, akangovakangamwira shamwari yake akwegura uye akaita kuti iye Menshikov.

Mumakore achangopfuura upenyu mambo chenjera waiva mubvunzo yokugara. Panguva yokupedzisira Kesari yakasarudza unzi simba wake, Catherine, pasinei nokuti nguva pfupi asati nemhosva hurumende. Menshikov akanga pedyo mutongi mutsva. Pamwe Guard, iye woutsinye upi kupikiswa noutsinye mapati. Asi kukunda kwake kwakanga pfupi.

Kupotera uye rufu

Catherine akafa pakarepo muna 1727. nzvimbo yawo rakatorwa nomuzukuru Peter I Petr II. mambo mutsva akanga mwana, haana kutora akazvimirira sarudzo. Shure vakamira bato vavakuru uyo aisagona kushivirira "poluderzhavnogo tenzi." Alexander Danilovich akasungwa uye mhosva embezzlement.

Hurumende itsva akazivisa mutongo. Link Menshikov aifanira kuenda kuchamhembe. Akatumwa imwe Birch kure. Pasinei kunyadziswa, muutapwa vaibvumirwa misha yavo. Menshikov imba yakanga yakavakwa nemaoko ake pachake. Akafirapo muna 1729.