Zvinhu zvesainzi nezvinhu. Technology kuti zvokuvakisa

Specialty "Zvaishandiswa Science and Technology pakati Materials" ndechimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha anoranga kwerinenge zvose vadzidzi engineering. Creation zviitiko itsva kuti aigona kukwikwidzana pamisika dzakawanda, uye hazviiti kuti tiite pasina Anonyatsoziva yacho.

Dzidza kuwanda akasiyana yakatsvuka zvinhu uye zvivako nezvinhu munyaya kosi. Various ehupfumi pakati zvakashandiswa kuona kuwanda kwavo kushandiswa muna unyanzvi. The womukati nemamiriro simbi kana rinoumba chiwanikwa ine yakananga zvazvinoita chigadzirwa unhu.

Key ehupfumi

Zvinhu zvesainzi kuti zvokuvakisa vanoti vana kukosha zvechadenga chero simbi kana chiwanikwa. Chokutanga muviri uye zvemaziso unhu kuti kufanotaura operative uye kwesayenzi unhu ramangwana zvigadzirwa. Basic zvemaziso ehupfumi pano simba - zvakananga kunokanganisa indestructibility ari rapera chigadzirwa pasi pokudzora workloads. Dzidziso kuparadza uye simba ndechimwe zvikuru zvinoriumba anokosha kosi "Zvekushandisa Science Zvaishandiswa Technology". sainzi ndicho yokungotaura vawanire akakodzera STRUCTURAL alloys uye zvinoumba nokuda kwezvifananidzo zvaAtemisi zvikamu pamwe runodiwa simba unhu. Zviripo uye kushanda zvinhu kubvumira kuti kufanotaura nomufambiro rapera chigadzirwa panguva anodawo uye hwakanyanya mitoro, ngaaverenge chikuru simba, rokuongorora mukurumari yose mashandiro.

zvakananga zvinhu

Kwemazana okupedzisira emakore, zvinokosha mashoko kubudisa michina iri simbi. Naizvozvo chirango "Materials" anoteerera zvikuru simbi nesayenzi - sayenzi nesimbi dzavo alloys. A mupiro mukuru wacho budiriro nemasayendisiti Soviet: Anosov P. P., Kurnakov NS, Chernov D. K. nevamwe.

Materials Zvinangwa

Kunyatsogona zvaidiwa pakudzidza mainjiniya ramangwana. Pashure pezvose, chinangwa chikuru pamusoro nechekuita mukugarisana chirango ichi paboka kurovedzwa ndiko kudzidzisa ouinjiniya vadzidzi kuti chisarudzo chakarurama mashoko zvigadzirwa zvakagadzirirwa kuwedzera nguva kushanda kwavo.

Vavariro iyi ichabatsira mainjiniya ramangwana kugadzirisa matambudziko anotevera:

• Zvakanaka kuongorora hwokugadzira ehupfumi ane zvinhu nokuongorora ezvinhu gadzira zvibereko uye basa upenyu.
• Kunge zvakanaka kuumbwa kunzwisisa esayenzi chaiye yaibvira kuvandudza chero simbi kana chiwanikwa ehupfumi nokuchinja maumbirwo kwayo.
• Kuziva zvose nzira dzinosimbisa nezvinhu zvinogona inonzi hurefu uye mabasa zviridzwa uye zvigadzirwa.
• Wakambofunga advance ruzivo mapoka kiyi zvakashandiswa, hunhu mumapoka aya uye chikumbiro.

zvaida ruzivo

The kosi "Zvekushandisa Science and Technology kuti zvokuvakisa" rakagadzirirwa avo vadzidzi vanotova kunzwisisa uye anogona kutsanangura kukosha nezvounhu hwakadai voltage, mutoro, mapurasitiki uye kwakavharwa nenyama deformation ezvinhu kwenyaya, maatomu ari sekristaro maumbirwo nesimbi, mhando namakemikari zvisungo, dzinokosha mumuviri ehupfumi simbi. Munguva yokudzidza, vadzidzi vanowana dzidzo kuti achada kukunda Profile anoranga. Older kosi inoongorora kugadzirwa siyana urongwa uye ruzivo, umo rinokosha basa reDare zvinhu nesayenzi uye zvinhu rwokugadzira.

Ani kushanda?

Zivo STRUCTURAL zvatariswa uye nokurondedzerwa chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi uye alloys anobatsira wevanamakanika, mainjiniya kana vagadziri kushanda mumunda hwokushanda michina ano. Nyanzvi mune zvinhu zvitsva ruzivo vanogona kuwana nzvimbo yavo basa iri engineering, motokari, Aerospace, simba, nzvimbo indasitiri. Munguva ichangopfuura, pane kuperevedza vanachiremba vane dhipuroma kuti "zvinhu zvesainzi nezvinhu" iri mupomerwi bhizimisi uye kukura nzira yokukurukurirana.

Kugadzirwa Materials

Sezvo chirango, zvinhu ndiyo muenzaniso randinenge Zvakarurama sayenzi, iyo anotsanangura nziyo, marongerwo uye zvivako chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi dzakasiyana uye alloys dzayo pasi ezvinhu akasiyana.

Kugona kubereka nesimbi uye alloys kubudisa zvakasiyana munhu vawana munguva kuwedzera chinyakare munzanga. Asi sezvo ari oga sayenzi zvinhu zvesainzi nezvinhu rakatanga kudzidzwa zvishoma makore anopfuura 200 apfuura. Pakutanga muzana remakore rechi18 - nguva Zvakawanikwa rechiFrench musayendisiti-musayendisiti Reaumur, uyo kutanga vakaedza kudzidza womukati nemamiriro simbi. Zvidzidzo Similar vakaperekedza Chirungu mugadziri Grignon, muna 1775, kunyora pfupi shoko kwavari yakaratidza munhu columnar chimiro, izvo inoumbwa ne solidification resimbi.

Mune Russian Empire, mabasa ekutanga nesayenzi mumunda simbi vaiva M. V. Lomonosovu, uyo, mu muperekedzi wake vakaedza zvishoma kutsanangura hunhu siyana metallurgia kwendangariro.

A chikuru waruka mberi simbi yakaitwa mukuvamba kwezana remakore rechi19, apo kutsvakurudza nzira itsva-siyana zvinhu kunge yakatanga. Muna 1831, mabasa P. P. Anosova akaratidza mukana kuongorora nesimbi pasi maikorosikopu. Zvadaro, masayendisiti akawanda kubva akawanda munyika STRUCTURAL transformations vave nesayenzi nekusimba kuti simbi kana chichiitwa kutonhora.

A zana pemakore nenguva Manyiminya nemaikorosikopu akarega kuvapo. Technology kuti zvokuvakisa kugona kuita zvinhu zvitsva, vachishandisa chikare nzira. Panzvimbo yemagetsi michina zviri optics. simbi Physical kwaiva kushandisa zvemagetsi nzira pakuongorora, zvikurukuru, Nyuturoni diffraction uye Erekitironi diffraction. With michina mitsva iyi kungawedzera zvikamu nesimbi uye alloys kusvika 1000 nguva, izvo zvinoreva kuti chikonzero mhedziso kwesayenzi kuva zvakawanda.

Yokungotaura ruzivo nemamiriro nezvinhu

Mukuita kwokudzidza kurayirirwa, vadzidzi vanowana yokungotaura ruzivo pamusoro womukati maumbirwo simbi uye alloys. Ndapedza ichi kosi vadzidzi zvinotevera unyanzvi atorwe:

• of womukati crystalline maumbirwo simbi ;
• ari anisotropy uye isotropy. Chii chakaita zvivako izvi, uye sei vanogona kukanganiswa;
• mamiriro zvikanganiso nesimbi dzakasiyana uye alloys;
• nzira kuferefeta zviri womukati nemamiriro acho.

Zvidzidzo kurayirirwa Materials

Zvaishandiswa Chair rinowanika neimwe rwokugadzira kukoreji. Panguva ndima imwe kosi wapiwa, mudzidzi ari kudzidza zvinotevera unyanzvi:

• Kunyatsogona simbi - nhoroondo uye nzira dzazvino kubereka simbi alloys. Kugadzirwa simbi nesimbi iri ano kwebhosvo yamavira. Kudzingwa kwakaitwa simbi uye simbi, nzira chekunatsiridza simbi zvigadzirwa. Kupatsanura uye Kunyora simbi, ayo hwokugadzira uye chitarisiko. Kuvanatsa ferrous nesimbi dzavo alloys, aruminiyamu, mhangura, titanium, uye dzimwe nonferrous simbi. Shandisa pamwe midziyo iyi.

• Zvinhu zvigadziko zvinosanganisira kudzidza foundry kugadzira, ano ayo ezvinhu, mukuru flowsheets kuwana castings.
• Dzidziso epurasitiki deformation, kusiyana chando uye kupisa deformation, anoomesa, musimboti inopisa nokuchengetedza, kutonhora nokuchengetedza nzira, chikumbiro Range tsikwa zvinhu.
• Nokuchengetedza: hunhu kwacho uye dzinokosha mashandiro. Chii kugadzirwa tikaisa zvigayo, uye apo rinoshandiswa, chii midziyo inodiwa kuti Rental uye mufanidzo. How kuti dzapedza zvinhu pamusoro ruzivo izvi, uye apo rinoshandiswa.
• Welding firimu, ayo mukuru maitiro uye tarisiro okukura, kupatsanura pakati Welding zvinhu zvakasiyana. Physico-namakemikari pezvakaitwa nokuda kugadzirwa welds.
• Kumiririra zvinhu. Mapurasitiki. Nzira chokuwana zvakafanana ehupfumi. Nzira uchishanda kumiririra zvinhu. Outlook kushanda.

Modern kukura nezvinhu

Mumakore achangopfuura, zvinhu sayenzi akapiwa simba riwedzere kukura. Kudiwa matsva zvinhu waitwa masayendisiti kufunga nezvekuonekwa wakachena uye Ultra-rakaisvonaka nesimbi, vari kushanda pakusika siyana mbishi zvokuvakisa pakutanga munhu akaverenga unongotaura. Modern zvokuvakisa zvemichina inopa kushandiswa itsva zvinhu kutsiva kwakajairika simbi. More pfungwa inobhadharwa pakushandisa mapurasitiki, Ceramics, chinoumbwa zvinhu, ndiyo parameters simba, Inoenderana Hardware, asi hapana zvainovhiringidzawo.