Zvakakurukurwa marongerwo uye mashandiro mudzi chivharo mune miti

Zvisikwa zvose zvipenyu ine nzira hwandaiva upenyu, kunobatsira kuchengetedza pamusoro akasiyana-siyana matambudziko, kubva kuvavengi uye anopera okunze nematambudziko. Plants havasi kurwadziwa. Somuenzaniso, algae, kuti vazvidzivirire kubva pasimba mvura uye nokukurumidza, kuti specialized rhizoids - kubvisa nemikombe kuti vachikoshesa kuti substrate uye varambe panzvimbo.

Asi yakakwirira nembesa ichi ndivo midzi zvakasiyana-siyana uye yakareba. Zvisinei, anozviita muviri pevhu anofanirawo kudzivirirwa, nokuti ivhu - zvakaoma dzinogarisana zvakakwana. Mukuita kudaro, zvinobatsira mudzi chivharo, iyo inobudisa zvivako tinotarisa munyaya ino.

Zvakakurukurwa sechivako miti

Kubvira chikoro chepuraimari, mwana wose anoziva dzinokosha zviri mudziyo muviri kuvakuru zvinomera. Chokwadi, yomukati kugutsikana inoramba unexplored vazhinji, kunze avo zvikuru vaifarira vanhu. Zvisinei, kwokunze zviremera vanoziva zvose. Ivo:

• Tiza akabvuma rokunze chikamu: hunde, shizha, ruva (angiosperms);
• pevhu mugove akaumba midzi.

Naizvozvo, hapana kujairika hazvigoni ainzi pano. Musiyano chete pakati ose nhengo - inzira kubereka, uye maererano, nemamiriro dzokubereka nadzo. In gymnosperms ane chitsama pamwe mbeu mu angiosperms - ruva pamwe zvomukati wokuberekana, mu spore - sporangia pamwe spores.

Zvisinei, zvakafanana nokuti mapoka ose akasarudzwa simba vari midzi miti. Ndivo chayo chikuru pevhu chikamu, kuita zvakasiyana-siyana anokosha.

1. Kufanana Mbambo, mudzi unocherekedza chirimwa muvhu.
2. It anoshanda nokuti yakayamwa uye vachibatirira muviri mvura ukaparadzawo zvicherwa.
3. In zhinji mhando, inzvimbo ine kuunganidza zvimwe zvinovaka muviri.
4. Inopa nhengo dzose dzakanaka geotropism (basa rinokosha ichi inongova muromo mudzi).
5. Mune dzimwe mhando rinoshanda sezvi- muviri Absorção de Água pamusoro mumhepo okisijeni kana mvura.

Zviri pachena kuti muviri uyu kunokosha zvikuru. Zvinozivikanwa kuti kana munhu houseplant nokuda nokuisazve kukuvadza midzi yakasimba zvakakwana, vachafa kana zvakaomarara kurwara kwenguva refu. Izvi imhaka yokuti nemidzi zvinomera zviri akatorazve, uyewo zvose dzimwe nhengo, asi zvakawanda maronda anotanga kufa.

Plant Root: Types

Sezvingatarisirwa, pachivande chirimwa nhengo inofanira kuva zvinhu marongerwo uye kukura kuti kumubvumira kuti sezvo akaomarara uye husingakwanisi zvokuimba kukuvara. Basa rinokosha iri mudzi chivharo. Zvisinei, asati kurapa muviri kubva mukati, isu tsanangura chii kunze.

Ose Midzi inogona kupatsanurwa muzvikamu zvitatu.

1. Chinhu chikuru - musimboti nomuzongoza, izvo kukatanga kukura.
2. Lateral midzi - bazi iri huru aibuda upenyu.
3. Adventitious - zhinji bvudzi achiumba pamusoro hunde, izvo zvinogona kuita zvakasiyana siyana hukuru kubva dzakatetepa uye zvinenge imperceptible Rafa columnar backups.

Pamwe chete, zvavanokupai yose chirimwa vysheoboznachennyh kuuraya mabasa.

marudzi Midzi

mhando Midzi - kuchinja avo uye avo kujairika zviratidzo kuti mumiti zvakasikwa. Vari akaumba nechinangwa kwadzakabva chairo kukura mamiriro, kana kuti kuhwina makwikwi ndima uye chicherwa muviri, mvura. vamwe rakajairika mhando zvinogona kupatsanurwa.

1. Roots-zvokushandisa - clauses pakukoka kubva hunde yakazvimiririra wakaiswa muvhu. Kuumbwa kuti zvimwe kusimbisa korona huru wemuti. miti yakadaro inonzi banyan muti.
2. Roots-okupfura nawo - kushumira mamwe kusimbisa miti pamusoro pechiso imwe substrate. Somuenzaniso, Ivy, mazambiringa emusango, bhinzi, pizi nevamwe.
3. Suckers - kwadzakabva iyi chirimwa tupukanana uye semiparasites dawo kupinda hondo kunobva chinangwa kuneta muviri wake. mamwe zita ravo - haustoria. Muenzaniso: mistletoe lathraea, dodder uye nevamwe.
4. Kufema midzi. Ichi lateral midzi, iyo vanoshumira kuti Absorção de Água reokisijeni iri kukura ezvinhu muti rakawandisa unyoro. Muenzaniso: mangrove tea, Salix fragilis, nemisipiresi.
5. Air - adventitious midzi, iyo basa mamwe mashandiro rokutora mwando kubva mumhepo. Muenzaniso: orkideat nezvimwe epiphytes.
6. Tubers - yokuwedzera pachivande lateral uye adventitious Midzi nechinangwa kuchengeta makabhohaidhiretsi akaoma uye vamwe yeimwe. MUENZANISO matapiri.
7. Roots - pevhu nhengo inoumbwa overgrowth huru mudzi inochengeterwa muviri. Mienzaniso: makarotsi, radishes, beets nevamwe.

Saka, takurukura midzi zvirimwa kunogona kuonekwawo pamwe kupfeka ziso, kana kusunungura kubva pasi.

The midzi miti

All Mhando akaratidza mumidzi mumwe muti kuti pave rose hurongwa. Inonzi mudzi uye ane marudzi inokosha maviri.

1. Fibrous - akazivisa lateral uye adventitious asina kumboona chinhu chikuru.
2. Rod - chakagadzirwa Taproot kunoratidzirwa zvakajeka, uye lateral uye adventitious simba.

Mhando idzi mudzi hurongwa ndezvemamiriro angiosperms zvose kasvisto.

Zvakakurukurwa sechivako chirimwa midzi (tafura)

Chitarisa mukati chirimwa kuti vawane uye kuongorora mudzi chivharo, STRUCTURAL zvinhu izvo kubatsira saka yose muviri. Zvisinei, kunze kumusoro mudzi, pane zvimwe zvikamu zvaro. Kuona zvose STRUCTURAL zviri chirimwa mudzi, tafura riri nyore kwazvo.

Saka, takaona kuti ikure chirimwa Midzi pamwe Calyptra rinotanga uye rinopera ine chikamu chikuru cortex. Zvino tikanyatsoongorora marongerwo uye kushanda chaizvo pamusoro pevhu chikamu zvisikwa izvi zvinoshamisa.

Pamusoro mudzi

Pane mazita akawanda dzinotaura chikamu ichi pachivande muviri. Saka, zvinotevera anoreva zvakafanana:

• Calyptra, kubva Lat. calyptra;
• mudzi chivharo;
• mudzi muromo;
• kaliptrogen;
• mudzi muromo.

Asi chero zita, mudzi chivharo basa iri miti kumbochinja. Kazhinji, chikamu ichi chiri zvishoma thickened inotungamirwa pa muromo nomuzongoza pasi penyika. Munguva maikorosikopu nayo kunoonekwa chivharo kuti akaiswa kubva kumusoro kudzivirira akatunhidzwa munyama ivhu inoramba. Encombrements Calyptra zviduku 0.2 mm. Chete dzakachinjwa zvivako zvakadai, akadai kufema midzi, wasvika pane millimeters shoma.

Chitarisiko Akatsunga uye chikuru kushanda mudzi chivharo - Chokwadi, kudzivirira pamusoro zvokuimba kukuvara. Zvisinei, hakusi chete.

Ndezvipi masero ari mudzi chivharo?

mudzi chivharo masero mhando mbiri. Chikamu chokutanga - iri zvekunze. Vane oblong, kudhonza uye kukura inotungamirwa, rakada yakagadzirirwa mumwe. Naizvozvo intercellular dzezvimwe dzinenge vasipo. The upenyu masero aya ndiwo pfupi chaizvo uye ari chete 4 kusvika 9 mazuva. Panguva ino vanofanira kuva nguva kukura uye vagovane.

Naizvozvo, dzinotsanagura mitosis pamusoro mudzi muromo vari kugara. Origin masero Calyptra dzose - by apical meristem, iri zvakananga pamusoro zvakaumbwa nyaya. Cell madziro zvivako izvi mutete zvakakwana neodrevesnevshie.

Mumakore upenyu masero vari exfoliated, otmiraya, yoga musanganiswa polysaccharides - madzihwa. Naizvozvo, mashandiro mudzi chivharo ndiko kuva nechokwadi kuti inodzivirira mucous unhani pamusoro pevhu muviri misoro nokuda vakachengeteka kukwidziridzwa pakati ivhu inoramba.

Nokuda madzihwa Calyptra, zvikukutu yevhu mamiriro inoomerera musana uye aivabatsira ayo pasi ondomoka. Zvisinei, ichi hachisi chete masero ayo inoumbwa Case rinoumbwa.

Pane masero Calyptra akaumba nechepakati chikamu ake - columella. starch ichi tsanga, kana amyloplasts. Vari pakutanga hwokurara plastids kuti havana chlorophyll. Kureva, pakutanga raiva yoga zvipenyu vakadzidza hunodyidzana nemimwe yakawanda zvikuru yakarongwa zvisikwa uye zvishoma nezvishoma akava irreplaceable kuti pezviri STRUCTURAL masero dzavo.

Amyloplasts - ndivo masero uchingounganidza mukati huru zviyo starch polysaccharide. Kunze vari wakatenderera, muri pedyo nepedyo saka sezvo vanhu vakawanda sezvo Calyptra maumbirwo inokurukurwa pamusoro.

Vakasungira mumwe basa mudzi chivharo, vanoti pazasi. Cherechedza kuti starch iri amyloplasts vanogona kushumira sezvi- rine simba nokuda chirimwa, kana waiti zvakatipoteredza ezvinhu.

mudzi chivharo basa iri miti

Mumwe wavo, chikuru, hatina kutoziva. We vadzokorore zvakare uye wedzera avo achigere kutaurwa.

mudzi chivharo Unoshanda miti:

1. Chokunze rukoko masero Calyptra polysaccharide secretes madzihwa, iyo inoshanda kuti zviite kukurudzira midzi muvhu.
2. Chete mucous Case ine inoita muti kudzivisa kupwa panze.
3. Masero columella (nechepakati Calyptra) vanoumba starch tsanga kuva nazvo statoliths georetseptsii uye achiita mashandiro midzi. Nokuda kwaizvozvi nguva dzose zvakanaka geotropism.

Kuedza vakaratidza kuti kana ukabvisa miriwo Calyptra, kukura kwayo pakureba hunoguma. Zvisinei, izvozvo hazvirevi kufa, uye huchatungamirira kuva lateral uye adventitious midzi, kuwedzera ivhu kubatwa siyana pahupamhi. pfuma iri rinoshandiswa Chikwata kurima zvirimwa.

Zviri pachena kuti mudzi chivharo basa iri miti zvakanyanya kukosha. Pashure pezvose, mumwe kurutivi kana shure pridatochny Calyptra anewo pamusoro wayo. Zvikasadaro chirimwa Case kunoratidzwa kubvisa kubva nechepakati axial nomuzongoza ungadai. Kune anosiyiwa. Ndivo mhando zvirimwa vane midzi zvachose kuine akasarudzwa zvivako. Mienzaniso: mvura Chestnut, duckweed, vodokras. Zviri pachena kuti rinonyanya ndicho vamiririri mvura fauna of.

amyloplasts basa

Isu kare kuti pane kushanda mudzi chivharo chokuita amyloplasts. Vanounganidza starch zviyo uye kuva zvechokwadi statolith. Ndicho anoita chinhu chimwe sezvo statocysts (otoliths) munzeve kuti mhuka. Ivo basa rinokosha mupfungwa mwero.

Chete ngaakuitirei uye statolith amyloplasts. Nemhaka kwavari, chirimwa "anonzwa" nzvimbo nharaunda paNyika, uye kukura nguva dzose maererano naye, runotungamirirwa nesimba regiravhiti. Nyaya iyi yakatanga yakatangwa Thomas Knight muna 1806, iyo akabata akatevedzana confirmatory nemiedzo. Uyewo, Fani iyi inonzi geotropism zvinomera.

geotropism

Geotropism, kana gravitropism, kunzi kuchiitwa zvinomera uye nhengo dzavo kukura chete nenzira pasi nharaunda. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kana Somuenzaniso, kupa mbeu imere mune kuipa mamiriro, uye ipapo kutsauka hari kurutivi rwayo, shure kwechinguva mudzi muromo kunoitawo vachikotama uye kutanga fu pasi kuratidza mamiriro matsva.

Zvinorevei pamudzi chivharo mune chiitiko ichi? It amyloplasts Calyptra akabvumira mudzi vane zvakanaka geotropism, kuti nguva dzose kukura pasi. Vari madzinde, nekusiyana, akaipa geotropism, sezvo kukura kwavo vakatapwa kumusoro.

Hazvina Fani iyi zvose miriwo kutambura kubva ekunze uye vakawa dzakanzi pasi pashure dzinongoitika zviitiko (madutu, chimvuramabwe, rinorema mvura, mhepo), vanokwanisa kudzorera kumashure hurumende zvakare mukati pfupi nguva.