Zemsky Sobor muna 1613: nesananguro Mikhail Romanov. Basa Zemsky Sobor kuRussia

masangano akadai akasimuka Western Europe uye Moscow mamiriro. Zvisinei, zvinokonzera uye pamigumisiro zvavo mabasa hwave zvinoshamisa yakasiyana. Muchiitiko chokutanga matunhu musangano aishanda yemitambo nokuda nekugadzirisa dzezvematongerwo enyika yokurwira kuti simba, muRussia dziri pamisangano yakadaro vaibata kunyanya administrative mabasa. Kutaura zvazviri, mambo vakapedzisira vava kuziva zvinodiwa zvavo kuburikidza zviitiko zvakadaro.

Uyezve, kuungana izvi zvakaitika pakarepo mushure kubatana pakati rinoti sezvinoitwa Europe, uye muna Muscovy, saka kuti aumbe RUBATSIRO RUNOTARISA mufananidzo zvinhu munyika, muviri uyu dzakakunda uyewo zvichibvira.

Zemsky Sobor muna 1613, somuenzaniso, akabatanidzwa echimurenga basa munhoroondo Russia. Zvakanga zvino akagadzwa Mikhail Romanov, ane mhuri akatonga nyika akatevera mazana matatu nemakore. Uye akanga nevazukuru vake vakauya kubva shure mamiriro kuMiddle Ages kusvikira pamberi pakutanga ramakumi remakore.

Zemsky Sobor muRussia

Chete avo ezvinhu izvo akasika pfuma-mumiririri umambo, akabvumira kuti simuka uye vave masangano akadai Zemsky Sobor. 1549 aiva muenzaniso panyaya iyi. Ivan ari Anotyisa anounganidza vanhu kubvisa uori yomunharaunda. The chiitiko akanzi "Cathedral rokuyananisa".

The chaizvo chete neshoko panguva aireva "nyika", wakaiswa yechinangwa mabasa muviri ichi.

Basa Zemsky Sobor akanga kukurukura enyika, zveupfumi uye administrative nyaya. Kutaura zvazviri, akanga yamambo ukama vanhuwo nomunyika Sefa inoda boyars uye nevafundisi.

Kunyange hweruzhinji uye haana kushanda, asi zvinodiwa nemakirasi maduku vachiri vaiona kupfuura muna Europe, yaiteverwa pamwe absolutism.

All vakasununguka vanhu vakatora chikamu zviitiko zvakadaro, kuti haabvumirwi chete serfs. Munhu wese aiva nekodzero kuvhota, asi chaiwoiwo uye sarudzo yokupedzisira kuchava changamire.

Sezvo rokutanga Zemsky Sobor akanga paKokorodzano namambo kuda, uye kubudirira kwayo basa rakanga yakakwirira zvakakwana, tsika iyi yava nesimba.

Zvisinei, mashandiro ari Institute zviremera panguva nenguva zvakachinja zvichienderana ezvinhu munyika. Ngatitarisei muudzame panguva ino.

Kushanduka basa Cathedral pakati Ivana Groznogo kuna Mikhail Romanov

Kana iwe yeuka chinhu kubva bhuku "History, Grade 7" pasina mubvunzo, nguva XVI - XVII emakore kwave chimwe chezvinhu inoyevedza, kubva mambo-mwana-mhondi kupedza nguva matambudziko, kana dzinopesana zvido siyana vanokudzwa mhuri uye dzinobva hapana pevairwara magamba akaita Ivan Susanin.
Ngationei zviri kuitika panguva ino.

Yokutanga Zemsky Sobor akanga paKokorodzano ne Ioannom Groznym muna 1549. Akanga asati rokunyika zano dzakazara. Zvakatora chinoshingaira chikamu nevafundisi. Panguva ino, vatungamiriri vechechi kuteerera zvizere mambo uye kushumira zvakawanda vanhu achatungamirira naye.

Next nguva kunosanganisira rima nguva Troubles. Runosvika pasi zvigaro Vasiliya Shuyskogo muna 1610. Rakanga pamakore aya, kukosha Zemsky Sobor ari kuchinja zvinoshamisa. Zvino ndivo yokuti dzidziso kurwa itsva chigaro. Kumboda zvingaitwa misangano yakadaro panguva akamhanyira yemabhuku nokusimbaradza statehood.

Akatevera Danho raiva "yendarama zera" nokuti kupfungwa simba. Mitambo Zemsky Sobor akabatana ari zvemitemo uye Executive mabasa. Kutaura zvazviri, izvi zvakanga nguva zvokungoitawo bhodhi iri "paramende kuti Tsarist Russia."
Pashure nechitarisiko gavhuna nokusingaperi rinotanga pakupora nguva pashure pokuparadzwa ehurumende. Panguva ino tinoda mambo muduku uye asina ruzivo nyanzvi zano. Naizvozvo, machechi kuita sechinhu Advisory muviri. nhengo dzavo kubatsira mutongi kunzwisisa zvemari uye yaiona nyaya.

Mumakore mapfumbamwe kubva 1613, ivo boyars nenguva kuronga muunganidzwa zvikamu mari, kudzivirira apiwa nechisimba wePolish-Lithuanian mauto uye kudzorera upfumi mushure Troubles.

With 1622 gumi makore handina kutora nzvimbo, hapana Cathedral. Mamiriro munyika akatsiga, nokuti chaizvo kudiwa akanga asiri mauri.

Zemsky Sobor muzana remakore rechi17 zvakanyanya kutora basa pamutemo simba mumunda yomunyika, asi vakawanda wokumwe negwaro. The accession rweUkraine, Azov, Russian-Polish-Crimean noukama uye vazhinji nyaya dziri kugadziriswa chokushandisa ichi.

Sezvo yechipiri yezana namanomwe remakore, kukosha zviitiko zvakadaro anosiya zvinokosha, uye pakazopera remakore panguva kwamira zvose. Most chinozikamwa vaiva maviri Church - muna 1653 uye 1684, ukuwo.

In chikamu Moscow State rokutanga anofanira kutora Zaporozhye hondo, uye muna 1684 raiva rekupedzisira kuungana. It vakasarudza njodzi Commonwealth.
Nyaya inoguma Zemsky Sobor. Kunyanya vakabatsira ichi Peter Mukuru wokuti pave absolutism rehurumende.
Asi ngatitorei vanyatsoona zviitiko imwe machechi inokosha munhoroondo Russia.

Background of church muna 1613

Pakafa Fedora Ioannovicha muRussia akauya Panguva Troubles. Aiva rokupedzisira zvizvarwa Ioanna Vasilevicha Groznogo. hama dzake vakaurayiwa ambotaurwa. The wedangwe, John, sezvo masayendisiti anodavira, akawira pamaoko baba vake, uye muduku, Dmitri, akarasika muna Uglich. Ari nokuzvikudza akafa, asi zvinhu zvechokwadi rufu rwake ipapo.

Saka, nezvokudya rinotanga 1598. Anoramba akatonga munyika Irina, mukadzi Fedora Ioannovicha uye Boris Godunov. Next pachigaro yakashanyira mwanakomana Boris, Theodore, Lzhedmitry kutanga uye Vasiliy Shuysky.

Iyi ndiyo nguva zvoupfumi kuchembera, mhirizhonga uye nechisimba Mauto yakavakidzana. Kuchamhembe, somuenzaniso, mafambisirwo yeSweden. Mune Kremlin, achitsigirwa chavagari Moscow, akapinda mauto Polish rinotungamirirwa Vladislav, mwanakomana Sigismund III, mambo muPoland uye Grand Duke pakati Lithuania.

Zvakaratidza, remakore rechi17 wakapata vasingabvumirani basa munhoroondo Russia. Zvakaitika munyika, vanhu vanomanikidzwa kusvika rwakafanana chido kubvisa zvagadzikana. Unoedza vadzinge maviri vanyengeri Kremlin. Chokutanga - achitungamirirwa Lyapunov Zarutsky uye Trubetskoy, uye yechipiri vaitungamirirwa Minin uye Pozharsky.

Zvakaratidza kuti convening ane Zemsky Sobor muna 1613 aingovawo hakudzivisiki. Dai asiri dzoro zviitiko zvakadaro, uyo anoziva kungadai nyaya, uye chii yaizova mamiriro ezvinhu munyika nhasi.

Saka, muna 1612 Pozharsky uye Minin akatungamirira nevarwi vanhu akadzinga vokuPoland Lithuanian mauto kubva guru. ose prerequisites zvakasikwa kudzorera hurongwa munyika.

achidana

Sezvatinoziva, Zemsky Sobor muzana remakore rechi17 rakanga chinhu hurumende (kusiyana pakunamata). Secular simba rinodiwa zano, waiva kwazvo zvakafanana mashandiro ari necheSalvic remakurukota, kana zvose vakaungana kworudzii vakasununguka uye kusarudza nyaya dzaikosha.

Vasati ichi, wokutanga Zemsky Sobor muna 1549 achiri pejoinhi. Rakanga akapindwa vamiririri vekereke uye zviremera zvehurumende. Gare gare, asi Metropolitan akaita nevafundisi.

Izvi ndizvo zvakaitika muna October 1612 apo, mushure kudzingwa basa Lithuanian Polish mauto rwaigara Kremlin mwoyo guru, vakatanga kutungamirira nyika kuitira. Hondo Rzeczpospolita, izvo ravanofanira Moscow, akanga liquidated nokungoti ndechokuti hetman Khotkevich akarega kutsigira kwake. KuPoland, hatina kare vakanzwisisa kuti nokukurumidza mamiriro ezvinhu, havangavi kukunda.

Saka, mushure nokutorera vose kwokunze pokugara simba zvakafanira nokuzvisimbisa zvakajairika kwesimba. Kuti izvi zvidaro, vakabayiwa nhume zvose kumicheto uye yeko pamwe dzaita kubatana vakasarudzwa vanhu vakawanda kanzuru muMoscow.

Zvisinei, nokuti kuti Hurumende achiri dongo uye kwete akadzikama chaizvo, vagari vakakwanisa kuuya chete pashure mwedzi. Nokudaro, Zemsky Sobor muna 1613 yakanga yaunganira musi waJanuary 6.

The chete nzvimbo aigona kutakura vanhu vose vaiuya, aiva Cathedral iri kubvuma iri Kremlin. Maererano nokufungidzira siyana, avo yaipedzerwa anobva mazana manomwe chiuru vanhu.

musarudzo

Mhedzisiro yakadaro nyonganyonga munyika akanga vazhinji vanoda pachigaro choushe. Kunze Russian machinda mhuri yekare, ndokubatana nesarudzo rudzi dzimwe nyika vatongi. Pakati vapedzisira Somuenzaniso, vaiva Swedish Prints Karl uye nomuchinda Commonwealth Vladislav. The yokupedzisira asingadi kumunyadzisa chokwadi kuti akanga chete mwedzi kare kutendeuka kubva Kremlin.

Russian vanozivawo Zvisinei, uye akauya candidature yayo nokuda Zemsky Sobor muna 1613, pakaitwa uremu mumaziso ruzhinji vasina. Ngatione kuti vamiririri machinda mhuri vachishuva kuti simba.

Shuiskys sezvo anozivikanwa vedzinza Rurik dzinza roumambo, Chokwadi, vakanga zvikuru nechivimbo chokukunda. Asi ngozi kuti ivo, uye vakawana vari mumamiriro ezvinhu akafanana Godunov achatsiva kare vatadzi avo akaparadzwa namadzibaba avo, akanga yakakwirira chaizvo. Naizvozvo, mikana yavo kuhwina vaiva minuscule, sezvo vakawanda vanovavhotera vaiva noukama nevaya chaigona kukanganiswa vatongi itsva.

Kurakins, Mstislavsky nemamwe machinda avo kamwe collaborated noUmambo kwePoland uye Duchy pamusoro Lithuania, uye kunyange akaita kuedza kubatana hurumende, vakakundikana. Vanhu havana musingakanganwiri kusavimbika.

Golitsyn aigona zvakanaka chitonge Moscow umambo, kana havasi mumiriri simba kwazvo unokusuwa ari muutapwa muPoland.

Vorotynskys haana kusiyana kare yakaipa, asi zvakavanzika pezvikonzero kukwikwidza dzavo, Ivan Mikhailovich, kudare kuti kurambwa. shanduro yake kusangana "dare nomwe" anonzi kuti zvikuru anobata.

Uye pakupedzisira, yakanakisisa wakafanira basa vamhan'ari - Pozharsky uye Trubetskoy. In Zvinotaurwa, vaigona kuhwina, sezvo musiyano pachavo panguva Troubles, akadzinga vokuPoland Lithuanian mauto kubva guru. Zvisinei, akavatungamirira, mumaziso yomunharaunda kwamachinda, kwete kunoshamisa chaizvo Pedigree. Uyewo, Kuronga Zemsky Sobor haana kusina aitya tevera "Kuchenesa" dare nhengo nomwe, izvo zvichida kutanga enyika basa aigona musarudzo idzi.

Saka, zvinoitika kuti zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti kuwana wamboonekwa, asi zviri zvikuru chakanaka wedzinza kwomuchinda mhuri, kukwanisa kutungamirira nyika.

Official vavariro

Masayendisiti akawanda vanofarira nyaya. Hazvina sedambe - kusarudza chaiko nzira zviitiko panguva paumbwe hwaro ano Russian statehood!
Sezvo nhoroondo Zemsky Sobor, vanhu vakakwanisa pamwe kuti Wekumusoro kwakarurama sarudzo.

Maererano zvinyorwa Protocol, kusarudza vanhu vokutanga waiva zvagara kubva pamazita musarudzo pakati vamhan'ari zvose vatorwa. Kana Vladislav kana Swedish Ardzhanova Karl zvino vakanga vasingagoni mubasa "rudzi".

Chinotevera ndechokuti kusarudzwa anoda kubhabhatidzwa yomunharaunda avakuru. Huru dambudziko raiva kuti vakawanda vavo vari kudzimika mumakore gumi apfuura.

Semiboyarshina, vaiitawo kwazvakarerekera, vachitsigirwa ne Swedish uye Polish-Lithuanian Mauto - zvose izvi zvinoita vari kunyanya kuridzwa pamusoro zvose musarudzo.

Maererano nemagwaro, pakupedzisira, mumwe chete akasara, izvo hatina kutaurwa pamusoro. Murume uyu akanga ari descendent pamusoro Ioanna Groznogo. Aiva muzukuru wekupedzisira chepamutemo chamber Feodor Ivanovich.

Saka, nesananguro Mikhail Romanov chainyanya kukodzera mhinduro mumaziso vavhoti vakawanda. The chete kuoma kwaiva kushaya kwamachinda. mhuri yake akabva aikudzwa pakati Prussian muchinda Andrei Mares.

Next tichataura pamusoro nezvezviitiko yakakurumbira votendeuka nyaya.

The shanduro zviitiko okutanga

Muzana remakore rechi17 munhoroondo Russia aiva nepfungwa yaikosha. Zvinonzi kubva iyi, tinoziva mazita akadai Minin uye Pozharsky, Troubetzkoy, Godunov, Shuisky, Inhema Dmitry, Susanin, uye vamwe.

Panguva ino, kuda hwakafanorongwa, kana pamwe naMwari munwe, asi ivhu rakaumbwa ramangwana umambo. Kana kwete nokuti Cossacks, sezvo tinenge kukurukura zvishoma kwapera, nzira kare, Ungangove, angadai yakasiyana zvachose.

Saka, chii zvinobatsira aiva Mikhail Romanov?

Maererano pamutemo shanduro, akarondedzerwa vakawanda vairemekedza dzekare. akadai Tcherepnin, Degtyarev nevamwe, paiva zvinoverengeka.

Chekutanga, wacho aiva muduku chaizvo uye ruzivo. rushoma wake paruzhinji munyaya vangadai akabvumira boyars kuti ave "kuchena vafundisi" iri basa mazano kuva madzimambo chaiko.

Chechipiri chakaita raiva nezvokupindira yababa vake zviitiko chokuita Venhema Dmitry II. Ndizvo defectors zvose kubva Tushino aigona Musatya kutsiva kana mambo mutsva chirango sostorony.

Uyewo, Patriarch Filaret, baba vake, vaiva nesimba muupenyu kuMoscow umambo pakunamata, uye dzimba dzemamongi vakawanda vaitsigira nomination.

Vose vamhan'ari chete genus ichi chaiva chiduku chokuita Commonwealth panguva "dare nomwe", saka nyika manzwiro vanhu vakaguta zvachose. Chimwe chingava: ishe wemhuri Ivana Kality, kuva munhu womudzimu anokudzwa pakati pehama, Oprichnina anokumhan'arira uyewo vaduku uye "povadno" sezvo akarondedzera Sheremet. Heano zvinhu, maererano pamutemo shanduro zviitiko kukanganiswa rokutonga Mikhail Romanov.

The shanduro Church rechipiri

Vanopikisa tenda mukuru nevavariro nesananguro aikwikwidza kunotaurwa zvinotevera zvinokonzera. Sheremet'ev vachishuva zvikuru zvakasimba simba, asi nzira vasingagoni kusvika nokuda commoner marudzi. Tichifunga izvi, sei chatingadzidza kubva nyaya (mugwaro 7), akava kugomo kushingaira kusimudzira Mikhail Romanov. Nokuti iye, zvose zvakanga zvisingabatsiri, nekuti sarudzo yake yakanga nyore, unsophisticated jaya kubva enyika. Aiziva hapana chero hurumende, chero upenyu guta, hapana chivande.

Uye ndiani achava kuonga rupo rwakadaro uye vachateerera kutanga patinoita zvisarudzo zvinokosha? Chokwadi, vaya chakamubatsira kutora chigaro.

Nemhaka nezvebasa wamambo uyu, vazhinji vakanga vakaungana Zemsky Sobor pamusoro 1613 dzakagadzirira kuti "zvakanaka" Chisarudzo. Asi chinhu chakakanganisika. Uye migumisiro sarudzo rokutanga vakazivisa rishaye simba 'nemhaka kusavapo vavhoti zhinji. "

The inokosha vhoti iri kune vhiki nhatu pachine. Uye panguva ino pane zvakawanda zviitiko zvinokosha zviri zviviri mumisasa rinopikisa.

Boyars vaishora mumwe candidacy yakadaro, akaita kuedza kubvisa Romanov. Polish-Lithuanian ramauto akatumwa kubvisa munhu anopikisa pasingadiwi. Asi ramangwana mambo anoponeswa pamberi kujeka murimi mudiki Ivan Susanin. Akatanga wavarindi ari doro, apo ivo zvakanaka uye vakaparara (pamwe gamba renyika).

Shuya zvakare deploys imwe siyanei mberi mabasa. Achipinda neVadzidzi ataman pakati Cossacks. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti simba iri akabatanidzwa kukonzera accession pamusoro Mikhail Romanov.

Ichokwadi, haafaniri Zvisinei zvitadzise basa Zemsky Sobor,, pasina yezviri uye kukurumidza zviito vemapoka aya mambo yemberi havana chaizvoizvo mukana. Kuti chaizvoizvo kumanikidza akamugadza pachigaro choushe. Izvi tsanangura pazasi.

Wokupedzisira kuedza kudzivisa kukunda pamusoro boyars Romanov akava ake nzira kuvanhu, saka kutaura, "mwenga." Zvisinei, maererano nemagwaro, Shuya akatya kukundikana, nokuti kuti Michael aiva murume nyore uye havagoni kunyora nekuverenga. Aigona kukanganisa pacharo kana akatanga kuchengeta vavhoti. Ndokusaka akatora zvakaoma uye kukurumidza kuita.

Sei Cossacks akapindira?

Most zvichida nokuda vanoshingaira kushanda Shuya uye pedyo kukundikana kambani yake, uyewo nokuda vakaedza boyars "kutendeka munyengeri" ari Cossacks, zvinotevera zviitiko.

Kukosha Zemsky Sobor Chokwadi, chikuru, asi hasha uye mhuka simba kazhinji tibudirire. Kutaura zvazviri, paiva akatodzana storming ari Winter Palace pamugumo February 1613.

Cossacks akaputsa mumba uye akabvunza kuti Metropolitan sheedzera vanhu kuti mukurukurirane. Vakanga vachibvumirana vaida kuona mambo wavo Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, "murume blagodobrogo mudzi uri indasitiri akanaka uye kukudzwa mhando."
Kutya rechina mufundisi weChirungu ainzi akadana boyars, uye kuoma vachibvumirana yakasarudza pamusoro accession ari mumiriri.

Cathedral mhiko

Zviri zvechokwadi dzakati kuti zvaitova Zemsky Sobor muRussia. A kopi yakadaro gwaro nhume vakakumikidza repiri March muna Kolomna mambo ramangwana naamai vake. Sezvo panguva Michael aiva nemakore gumi nemanomwe chete okuberekwa, hazvishamisi kuti akava nokutya uye pakarepo vakaramba kukwira chigaro.

Zvisinei, vamwe vaongorori vanoti nguva kuti kosi kuti akazodawo kururamisa, sezvo Church mhiko yacho chaizvoizvo inodzokorora gwaro verenga Borisu Godunovu. "Kuti dzinobvumira vanhu panguva pfungwa yokuva nomwero uye umwari wamambo wavo."

Chero zvakanga, Michael akanga kunyengetedzwa. Uye anouya guru, paakange korona musi July 11 chete gore, wechipiri muna May 1613.

Nokudaro, tiri akasangana yakadaro yakasiyana uye kusvikira zvishomanana chete akadzidza Fani munhau wokuRussia wehurumende, sezvo Zemsky Sobor. Chinhu chikuru kuti nhasi rinorondedzera Fani iyi - chinokosha musiyano kubva Chamber. Pasinei vakatarira akafanana, asi pfungwa dziri zvishoma zvinhu. Chekutanga, nyika Chamber akanga emo, uye Cathedral - nehurumende. Chechipiri, wokutanga une simba rizere, paaive achiri kupfuura Advisory muviri.