Mayan vamwari: mazita uye nhoroondo

akarasika mararamiro ekare vaMaya vazukuru akasiya vazhinji Puzzles uye zvakavanzika. madzinza izvi, uyo ainyatsoziva nezvenyeredzi, masvomhu uye cosmology, vaiva kupfuura dzakabudirira munyika yose kondinendi South American. Asi ivo achishingaira aiita chibayiro kwevanhu, uye vanamwari Mayan vachiri kumiririrwa musayendisiti zvikuru oma hurongwa zvitendero uye pfungwa pamusoro zvakasikwa. Zvinosuruvarisa zhinji manyuko iyoyo akanyorwa akanga utsinye zvinoparadzwa conquistadors. Naizvozvo Mayan vamwari mazita yakasvika vatsvakurudzi vari kukwana chimiro, vazhinji vavo kuti kwemakumi emakore akawanda kuchinja zvikuru nokuda nevapristi vechiKaturike. Uye vamwe vakanyura mugomba yokukanganwa, uye pasina kuratidza chakavanzika chake masayendisiti. Pasinei neizvi vamwari Aztec uye Mayan, ukanamata kwavari rumbidzo kuramba ukaongorora uye vakashamiswa vaongorori pakawanda kwayo.

Nyika iri kumiririrwa South American maIndia

Asati atendeuka kuna pantheon vanhu ava, unofanira kunzwisisa sei kumhuka pfungwa dzavo pamusoro nyika. Pashure pezvose, vamwari Aztec uye Mayan cosmology vaiva zvakananga mugumisiro maIndia.

Chikuru dambudziko masayendisiti vanodzidza upenyu vaMaya, ndiko kuwanda vanamwari uye ukama hwavo pachavo mhando, uye vanhuwo zvavo. Maya akapa nesimba raMwari kwete chete zvakasikwa, asi miviriwo yekudenga, akasiyana-siyana zvirimwa nemhuka.

South American maIndia nyika ifanane rectangular ndege, kumicheto zvakanga miti uchimirira mufundisi pfungwa. Mumwe nomumwe wavo aiva ruvara yavo, uye vari pakati rinokosha mitema. Panoparadzana mwoyo zvose nyika uye anobatanidza navo pamwe chete. Maya aidzidzisa kuti kudenga ine zvakasiyana gumi nyika, mumwe nomumwe uko yaigarwa avanamwari uye ndiye mwari mukuru. Underground bhora, zvakare, maererano vamiririri ane ekare, aiva dzakasiyana siyana. Vapfumbamwe nyika yaigarwa vanamwari rufu, uyo akaronga mweya yevakafa kupfuura anotyisa vatsungirire. Pass navo vasingagoni mweya zvose muchiitiko chinosuruvarisa nokusingaperi vanoramba muumambo rima uye kusuruvara.

Sezvineiwo, kwakabva nyika, uyewo ayo mamiriro, vaMaya aiva mhirikiro dzakawanda. Somuenzaniso, vamwe vanhu vanofunga kuti makona nyika havasi miti, uye Bacab - vanamwari mana, akabata pamapfudzi ake nyika vokudenga. Vaivawo mavara akasiyana. Somuenzaniso, kumabvazuva Bacab zvakanzi kupendwa mu tsvuku ruvara, uye kumaodzanyemba - mu tsvuku. Center Nyika nguva dzose kunowirirana ruvara rwegirini.

Muenzaniso The Mayas aiva pachangu chaizvo mafungiro rufu. Iye aionekwa dzinongoitika kuwedzerwa upenyu uye zvizere zvikuru kuonekwa zvose guises ayo. Zvinoshamisa, ndizvo apo vanhu kuwana mushure rwendo yepasi, vairarama sei aizofa. Somuenzaniso, vakadzi akafira mwana, uye varume nguva dzose vanowira neparadhiso. Asi zvakasikwa rufu wokukwegura vakatongerwa mweya vachidzungaira muumambo rima. Aripo kwebvunzo guru, pashure pacho aizombokwanisa kuramba mukati kwakakwidibira vanamwari rufu. Suicide hakunganzi pakati South American maIndia, uye neutera chinhu unorambidzwa. Zvakatopesana - uyo akaisa pamusoro pake, aisvika vamwari zuva, uye kufara wake pashure porufu itsva nguva dzose.

Mamiriro Akaita Mayan pantheon

Gods Mayan rova masayendisiti ake akawanda. Maererano vamwe, avo vanopfuura mazana maviri. Uye mumwe nomumwe wavo ane incarnations dzakawanda uye inogona Zvinyorwa mune zvinenge zvina zvakasiyana siyana. Vazhinji vavo vane mudzimai, anova mumwe embodiments. hunyambiri Izvi zvinogona kurondwa pakati pavamwari ChiHindu uye chiBuddha. Hazvizivikanwi ndiani zvitendero chainyanya uye kuchinja vamwe, asi masayendisiti vanoziva kuti chikamu Mayan vanamwari yatorwa zvakawanda tsika yekare, pamusoro anenge hapana anozivikanwa nhasi.

Achishamisika patakatanga vakasangana ane pantheon vanamwari, uye kuti vakawanda vacho vanofa. Izvi runoratidzwa hwakawanda huripo nyaya uye mifananidzo vanamwari. Zvakanga zvakajairika chaizvo kumiririra navo siyana kukura nguva, uye kukwegura uye decrepitude kunofananidzirwa haana simba, asi uchenjeri. Kudya vanamwari vaifanira zvibayiro, nekuti ropa vawirwa akavapa hurefu uye simba.

Vamwari kwemiviri yokudenga kazhinji kufa, uye pamberi reappearance dzokudenga, vanofanira kunge kwaro nomuvengi mutsva, vachidzungaira kuburikidza muguva. Vakabva zvakare pakuvazve unoriumba chitarisiko uye vakadzokera akasarudzwa nzvimbo.

Mayan vamwari vanoratidzwa Bhanabhasi-reliefs temberi uye mapiramidhi, wokutanga kufunga nevanopikisana masayendisiti chitarisiko chavo uye pakunzwisisa kunzwisisa. Chokwadi ndechokuti zviri tsika South American maIndia vakanga vava kwokufananidzira nomufananidzo mumwe paakapiwa rinokosha zvaanoreva. Kazhinji vamwari sechigaro zvisikwa pamwe nemhuka nenzara kuvambundira nyoka pachinzvimbo maziso uye elongated skulls. Asi pakuonekwa haana kutyisidzira VaMaya, vakaona izvi munhu anokosha, uye chinhu ose mumaoko mwari wake suit rakagadzirwa kusimbisa simba rake pamusoro pavanhu.

Vachishandisa Calendar

Zvinenge nomumwe ano anozivikanwa Mayan karenda, inofanotaura kuguma kwenyika muna 2012. Iye hwakonzera gakava uye hypotheses kwesayenzi, asi chaizvoizvo kwaingova imwe shanduro dzenguva, iyo Maya, sezvo haazvibatanidzi ari ngano, dzidza kubva vanamwari. vamwari Mayan akavadzidzisa ngaaverenge zera senguva nguva anenge mashanu namazana maviri nemakore. Uye vamiririri asinganzwisisiki yebudiriro vaiva nechokwadi kuti nyika yakanga mupenyu uye kufa adarika. vamwari Mayan akaudza vapristi kuti nyika yava kusangana zimukadzimu rayo wechina. Waakanga asika uye akafa. The Budiriro vokutanga akarasika kubva zuva, wechipiri uye kechitatu - kubva mhepo uye mvura. Nguva wechina, kuparadzwa kuparadza nyika kubva yaMwari Jaguar, izvo zvichaita kutiza muguva uye kuparadza zvose upenyu panyika. Asi matongo nenyika itsva patsva, otrinuvshego zvakaipa zvose uye mercantile. Maya akanzwa saka nemasikirwo ezvinhu uye regai kufunga seyi kuparadzwa vanhu.

Zvibayiro rukudzo vamwari

Vamwari Maya yekare akabvunza dzose zvibayiro, uye kazhinji vakanga dzevanhu. Vanyori venhoroondo vanofunga kuti zvinenge zvose kushumira mwari Akaperekedzwa gungwa ropa. Zvichienderana uwandu vanamwari ayo muropafadze kana kurwadzisa vanhu. Uye chibayiro tsika dzaiitwa nevapristi kuna automatism, dzimwe nguva havana zvakasiyana hwakanyanya utsinye uye aigona yakarova European.

The kupfuura vasikana ose gore yakatarwa vasvitsa mwari wokubereka - Yum Porridge. Pashure imwe tsika pasi vari vapenyu ibwe yakadzika nendarama nejedhi, apo ivo zvishoma nezvishoma uye zvinorwadza kufa.

Mune imwe tsika, munhu akasungirirwa chivezwa ari mwari, uye mupristi akabvarura dumbu rake nebanga inokosha. chidhori ose akanga akafukidzwa ropa, uye ipapo mumuviri wemunhu iri nechepadivi inopenya mutema. White yaiiswa nzvimbo mwoyo, apo nhengo yorudzi kubaya. No zvishoma reropa Kupira ari vaibvisa mwoyo kubva mumwe mupenyu munhu. Pamusoro mupristi chepiramidhi iye akasungirirwa paaritari uye amuudza chiratidzo. Mumwe mupristi sangano nounyengeri akabvarura chipfuva uye akabvarura ake achiri kurova mwoyo kunze kwomuviri. Muviri zvino chakakandwa kure kusvikira kuomba revanhu kufarisisa.

Imwe nzira kukudza vanamwari raiva mutsika wenhabvu. Panoperera mumutambo vanamwari Mayan hazvo kugamuchira kwavo kuchiva zvakatapwa. Nzvimbo iri kazhinji apo zvikwata zviviri vakarwa, riri munzvimbo akanyudzwa kubva kumativi ose rectangle. Wall ndiye chikamu mapiramidhi temberi. nhengo dzose isingakundiki chikwata musoro uye skewer navo namapfumo chaiyo nzvimbo dehenya.

Zvokudya vamwari vavo pakati zvikuru kupira mupiro, vapristi Maya nguva aibvuma ropa, rokudiridza atari yacho. kakawanda pazuva, ivo kuurura dzavo nzeve, rurimi uye dzimwe nhengo dzomuviri. vachiremekedza vanamwari inofanira papi kune wokupedzisira rudzi uye kuvapa kubudirira.

Mwari mukuru Maya, Musiki wezvinhu zvose zvipenyu

Mwari Itzamna aiva mwari kukosha mune Mayan pantheon. Kazhinji iye anofananidzwa mutana ane hombe mhino uye zino rimwe pamuromo. Akanga kusonganirana dzvinyu kana Iguana uye kakawanda wakaratidza takapoteredzwa zvisikwa izvi.

Kapoka Itzamna ndeimwe yekare, kazhinji, vakauya apo VaMaya achiri airemekedzwa totem mhuka. Madzvinyu ari tsika South American maIndia vaiona zvisikwa matsvene, izvo kunyange pamberi vamwari vakaramba pamiswe yadzo denga. Maya aiti kuti Itzamna akasika nyika, vanhu, vamwari vose nyika. Akadzidzisa vanhu kuti vatende kusvikira pasi uye vakaratidza nyeredzi zvinokosha mudenga usiku. Vanenge vose vaiziva sei kuti vanhu, akavapa mwari mukuru vaMaya. Akanga panguva mwari mvura, zvirimwa uye nenyika.

shamwari Itzamna

No zvishoma vanokudzwa pakati VaMaya aiva mudzimai Itzamna - Goddess IX Chel. Akanga mwarikadzi mwedzi panguva iyoyowo, muraravungu namai vamwe vanamwari vose Mayan pantheon. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti vose vanamwari vakabva ichi vaviri, saka IX Chel panguva kunodzivirira vakadzi, vasikana, vana navanaamai pamuviri. Zvinogona kubatsira mwana, asi dzimwe nguva anotora chibayiro vana vachangoberekwa. Ita Mayan kuripo tsika maererano izvo kekutanga vakadzi vane pamuviri akatumirwa oga kuti chitsuwa Kosmel. Vakagarapo yekufadza mwarikadzi akasiyana vakatambudzwa pakuzvarwa zvakanaka, uye mwana akaberekwa utano uye vakasimba.

Pane ngano kuti chitsuwa zvinowanzooneka vakabayira mhandara uye vacheche. Zvinoshamisa, kunyange aidzivirira vakadzi aifanira kuva kutya uye munyoro, akaziva zvibayiro dzevanhu uye akadya ropa yakachena, kufanana navamwe Maya mwari.

Kukulkan, mwari Mayan

Chimwe chezvinhu rakakurumbira uye airemekedzwa vamwari vaMaya akanga Kukulkan. chitendero chake chakanga kwakapararira munyika vokuYucatán. Zita chairo raMwari rakashandurwa kuti "nyoka minhenga" uye kazhinji pamberi pevanhu vake incarnations siyana. Kakawanda izvozvo Anorondedzerwa sechisikwa chakatodzana mapapiro nyoka ine musoro yevanhu. Kune vamwe Bhanabhasi-reliefs, akatarisa samwari musoro reshiri uye muviri nyoka yacho. Kukulcan akatonga zvinhu zvina uye kazhinji ne moto.

Kutaura zvazviri, mwari inokosha vaMaya haana chokuita chero zvinhu, asi iye nounyanzvi neKomisheni navo achishandisa sechipiriso. Vapristi dzeboka vaionekwa chikuru izyavitelyami achaita Kukulkan, vanogona kutaura zvakananga naMwari uye kuziva zvaanoda. Kunyanya sezvo akadzivirira imba youmambo uye zvagara akamira fuma yavo.

Vachikudza Kukulkan yakanga yakavakwa zvikuru kwazvo piramidhi muna vokuYucatán. Wakaitwa saka Zvinoshamisa kuti zhizha kwezuva mumvuri zvivako anotora chimiro nyoka mapapiro. It inomirira kuuya Mwari kuvanhu vake. Vazhinji vanoti kuti piramidhi ndiyo inokosha chaizvo acoustics - kunyange kwakakwana kunyarara sokuti kumwe pedyo mhere shiri.

The akanyanya kuipa kwazvo vanamwari Mayan

mwari Mayan rufu, Ah Puch, mubati rezasi weDanho enyika yepasi. Akauya kutsiva mweya monstrous miedzo ropa uye kazhinji aida kuona tsika mutambo wenyika mutambo pakati mweya maIndia uye navamwari umambo vakafa. It anowanzodanwa ichifananidzwa marangwanda kana yakafukidzwa mavara matema kuti zvitunha.

Kuti tiwane kubuda muguva, zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti vazowana tapedza mwari, asi Maya aidzidzisa kuti panguva ariko nyika zvaigoneka daredevils shomanana.

mwari denga Bright

Maya vaiva chakanakisisa nyanzvi, ivo akateerera zvikuru kuti Zuva Nomwedzi. Kwaedza kwaibva pakuti zvibereko achava gore. Asi Maonero yomwedzi nenyeredzi akabvumira maIndia kutungamirira mukarenda unotara mazuva uye netsika, nezvibayiro uye nokusima. Hazvishamisi kuti vanamwari kwemiviri yokudenga aiva mumwe kupfuura airemekedzwa.

Sun Mwari Maya akabereka zita Kinich Ahau. Iye panguva iyoyo akanga aiva musande aive varwi, uyo akafa, ropa rake ndokurerwa mwari. Maya aidavira kuti usiku Kinich Ahau vanofanira kuwana simba, saka unofanira kuidyisa ropa daily. Zvikasadaro, iye havazokwanisi kukwira kubva murima uye abatidza zuva idzva.

Kakawanda, Mwari akazviratidza sezvo kakomana pamwe tsvuku ganda. Iye akaratidzwa agere pamwe zuva dhisiki mumaoko ake. Maererano Mayan karenda, yaiva nguva yake vakatanga pashure 2012. Mushure rechishanu ichikosha zvachose vaiva ne Kinich Ahau.

mwari mvura Chac

Sezvo Maya dzinowanzotsigi- aidaro zvokurima, hazvishamisi kuti vanamwari zuva uye mvura aibata pantheon mukuru vanamwari. Chuck aitya Mwari uye airemekedzwa. Aigona kupa zvakanaka uye nenguva achidiridzira zvirimwa, uye vaigona kuranga kwemvura. Mumakore aya, akagamuchira zvipiriso, zvinosvika mazana hwevanhu. Atari dzaiva kukwanisa aome kubva mugungwa wakateura ropa.

Most kazhinji ifananidzwe Chuck simbe Reclining nzvimbo huru rwokuzvibayira mbiya pamakumbo ake. Dzimwe nguva sechigaro anotyisa chisikwa nedemo, izvo zvinogona kukonzera mvura uye mheni, vaiona satellites yokukohwa rakanaka.

mwari wembereko

Yum Kas aiva zvose wembereko uye mwari chibage. Nekuti tsika iyi yakanga chikuru muupenyu maIndia, ipapo neDare goho kwaibva kutapwa kweguta. Mwari anogara anoratidzwa majaya elongated musoro, izvo ichichinja nzeve. Dzimwe nguva sechigaro chomumusoro zviyo. Maererano nengano, chibage akapa vamwari Mayan, vakauyisa navo mbeu kudenga uye vakadzidza kuva minda yezviyo. Zvinoshamisa, kusvikira zvino, masayendisiti haana kuwana sembizi tateguru yechibage, izvo zvinofanira kunge zvakaitika ano kukudziridzwa mhando iyi yakakurumbira mhando nhasi.

Chero zvakanga, asi tsika Mayan vanhu uye yezvavanotenda dzichiri kwete zvakazara kunzwisiswa nenyanzvi ano. Vanodavira kuti vakawana tanetseka chaizvo, zivo pamusoro poupenyu South American Indian chete pamusoro iceberg, asi kubudirira chaiko yebudiriro ichi, izvo vanotadza kunzwisisa mararamiro ake akanga zvachose zvinoparadzwa conquistadors.