Protein: mamiriro uye ushande. ehupfumi kwemapurotini

Sezvo chikazozikamwa, mapuroteni - hwaro kwakabva upenyu pasi redu. Maererano dzidziso Oparin-Haldane akanga coacervate donhwe, iine mamorekuru ose peptides, zvava hwaro kwakabva zvinhu zvipenyu. Izvi Hapana mubvunzo nokuti kuongorora dzomunyika mamiriro upi nhengo biomass kunoratidza kuti izvi zvinhu zvose: zvinomera, mhuka, tupukanana tusingaoneki, notumwe tupukanana wanda. Uye vari chaizvo dzakasiyana zvakasikwa uye macromolecular.

Mazita zvivako izvi zvina, ivo zvakafanana:

• mapuroteni;
• mapuroteni;
• polypeptides;
• peptides.

mapuroteni mamorekuru

nhamba yavo zvechokwadi incalculable. Muchiitiko chino, vose puroteni mamorekuru inogona rakakamurwa mapoka makuru maviri:

• Simple - acho chete amino asidhi sequences vakabatana peptide zvisungo;
• kunzwisisa - Structure uye sechivako puroteni vanoonekwa ne okuwedzera protolytic (prosthetic) Mapoka, anonziwo cofactors.

Panyaya iyi, zvakaoma mamorekuru dzinewo pachako kupatsanura kwavo.

Gradation dzakaoma peptides

1. Glycoproteins - vari raaiwadzana mapuroteni uye carbohydrate yeimwe. The nemamiriro Morekuru rakarukwa prosthetic mapoka mucopolysaccharides.
2. Lipoproteins - kunzwisisa remubatanidzwa mapuroteni uye lipid.
3. Metalloproteins - somunhu prosthetic boka ndizvo ions simbi (simbi, manganese, mhangura, uye vamwe).
4. Nucleoproteins - Feedback mapuroteni uye nucleic acids (DNA, RNA).
5. Fosfoproteidy - conformation of puroteni uye vakasara vane phosphoric acid.
6. Chromoproteids - zvikuru kufanana metalloproteins, asi chinhu ichocho chiri chikamu prosthetic boka iri yechitema kunzwisisa (dzvuku - Chizenga, mutema - chlorophyll, uye zvichingodaro).

Nerimwe boka akakurukura marongerwo uye zvivako kwemapurotini akasiyana. The mabasa kuti vaite, uye achizosiyana zvichienderana norudzi Morekuru.

Makemikari maumbirwo mapuroteni

Mumaonero ichi mapuroteni - refu, hombe pachiremera amino asidhi residues interconnected dzakananga zvisungo anonzi peptide. Kubva kurutivi zvivako acids kubva bazi - radicals. maumbirwo ichi Morekuru sezvayakawanikwa ne E. Fischer pakutanga pamusoro XXI remakore.

Gare gare, mapuroteni, marongerwo uye kushanda mapuroteni dzave akadzidza zvizere. Zvakava pachena kuti amino acids vanoumba kuti peptide mamiriro, vanosvika 20, asi vanogona saka kubatanidzwa nenzira dzakasiyana. Nokudaro kusiyana polypeptide zvivako. Mukuwedzera, muna nedanho upenyu uye chokupika mashandiro ayo mapuroteni vanokwanisa narwo dzinotevedzana kwemakemikari transformations. Somugumisiro, havana mamiriro, uye pane chaizvo mutsva mhando maererano.

Kuputsa peptide chisungo, kureva, kuvhiringidza mapuroteni mamiriro nengetani anofanira kusarudzwa muchinyatsongwarira chaizvo (dzakakwirira tembiricha asidhi kana alkaline tiwedzere). Izvi imhaka yakakwirira simba pamusoro covalent zvisungo zviri Morekuru, kureva, ari peptide boka.

Kuonekwa zviri puroteni mamiriro murabhoritari rinoitwa kushandisa biuret maitiro - zvazvinoita polypeptide dzichangobva kunokurumidziswa hydroxide, mhangura (II). The zvakaoma pamusoro peptide boka uye mhangura ions inopa rakajeka Violet ruvara.

Pane zvina zvinokosha STRUCTURAL sangano, imwe neimwe ine yayo zvechadenga maumbirwo mapurotini.

Kwevari sangano: zvikuru mamiriro

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, mashoko peptide - kutevedzana kwezviitiko amino asidhi residues pamwe inclusions, co-makemikari, kana asina. Saka kudana ichi chikuru nemamiriro Morekuru, inova zvechisikigo Chokwadi, ndicho chechokwadi amino acids vakabatana peptide zvisungo, uye hapana mumwe. Kureva polypeptide Linear mamiriro. In ichi kunyanya nemamiriro mapuroteni uyu mhando - kuti mubatanidzwa uyu acids rwakakosha chokupika mashandiro anoita puroteni Morekuru. Nemhaka izvi zvinhu zvinogoneka kwete chete kuziva peptide asiwo kufanotaura zvivako uye basa ane zvachose itsva, sezvo asi vanzika. Mienzaniso peptides vane rwokuzvarwa chepuraimari yakarongeka, - jekiseni, pepsin, chymotrypsin, uye vamwe.

conformation yechipiri

Marongerwo uye zvivako kwemapurotini vari muchikwata ichi siyana zvishoma. mamiriro kwakadaro kunogona kuumbwa pakutanga pamusoro pezvakaita kana apo pasi chikuru hydrolysis vanachandagwinyira, tembiricha kana zvimwe zvinhu.

conformation ichi ane mhando nhatu:

1. Smooth, dzose, stereoregular Coils zvakavakwa kubva amino asidhi residues kuti vakamonyanisa kumativi chinoumba kubatana akabatana. Chete inoitwa pamwe ne rehydrogen zvisungo kuitika pakati okisijeni boka rimwe peptide uye mumwe rehydrogen. Chine chimiro rakarurama nokuti kuti majana zvakaenzana akadzokorora ose 4 chechetere. chivakwa kwakadaro kunogona kuva zvose neziboshwe uye pravozakruchennoy. Asi kupfuura kuzivikanwa mapuroteni dextrorotatory isomer chinokurira. conformation kwakadaro inonzi Alpha-zvivako.
2. Murwiyo uye maumbirwo zvinotevera mhando mapuroteni kwakasiyana yapfuura imwe kuti hydrogen zvisungo havasi kuumbwa pakati zvimire parutivi rumwe rutivi Zvakasara Morekuru uye pakati substantially akabvisa, sezvamakaropafadzwa nechokure zvakakwana guru. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, yose mamiriro hunowedzera undulating, convoluted nyoka polypeptide ngetani. Pane imwe chinhu kuti zvinofanira kuva mapuroteni. The nemamiriro amino acids pematanda vanofanira kuva pfupi chete glycine kana alanine, somuenzaniso. Izvi rworudzi conformation yechipiri inonzi Beta-machira nemano avo kuramba pamwe kana paumbwe zvinonyatsorehwa mamiriro.
3. Kuva wechitatu mhando mapuroteni mamiriro sezvo zvipenyu rinoreva kunzwisisa raznorazbrosannye, unordered zvimedu musina stereoregularity uye kukwanisa kuchinja chimiro pasi pokudzora nechitarisiko ezvinhu.

Mienzaniso mapuroteni vane mamiriro yechipiri pachisikigo, hazvitaurwi.

Tertiary dzidzo

Uyu zvakanaka kunzwisisa conformation, ane zita "globule". Chii chinonzi puroteni? The chivako chacho inobva yechipiri mamiriro, asi akawedzera mhando itsva aiita pakati maatomu vemapoka, uye rose Morekuru matanga akaita wakatungamirira saka, chokwadi chokuti hydrophilic mapoka ave rinotungamirirwa kupinda globules uye hydrophobic - panze.

Izvi inotsanangura nokuchengeta puroteni Morekuru mumvura colloidal mhinduro. Ndezvipi mhando mukukurukurirana vari ikoko?

1. Rehydrogen zvisungo - kuramba kuchinja pakati zvakafanana zvikamu sezvo ari yechipiri marongerwo.
2. The hydrophobic (hydrophilic) kudyidzana - simuka kana zvazvichanyungudutswa mvura polypeptide.
3. Ionic uchikwezvwa - raznozaryazhennymi kuumbwa pakati amino asidhi residues (kukuru) mapoka.
4. Covalent kwavatori - inogona kuumbwa pakati maduramazwi acidic nzvimbo - cysteine mamorekuru, kana pane, pamiswe yadzo.

Saka, murwiyo uye maumbirwo mapuroteni kuva tertiary marongerwo anganzi munhu wakapetwa kupinda globules polypeptide ngetani, ukaramba uye pakudzikamisa conformation yayo nokuda siyana kwemakemikari mukukurukurirana. Mienzaniso peptides akadai: fosfoglitseratkenaza, tRNA, Alpha-puroteni sirika fibroin, uye vamwe.

The quaternary mamiriro

Ichi chimwe chezvinhu zvakaoma pamusoro globules, izvo zvinoumba mapurotini. Marongerwo kushanda mapuroteni zano rakadaro anokwanisa kuita zvinhu zvizhinji kwazvo uye yakananga.

Chii conformation ichi? Zviri mashoma (dzimwe nguva dzakawanda) hombe uye duku polypeptide namaketani, izvo aumba tisingatungamirirwi mumwe. Asi zvino, nokuda chete mukukurukurirana dzatakurukura nokuda tertiary maumbirwo peptides aya vakamonyanisa uye zvakanyatsobatana. Saka kuwana kunzwisisa conformational globules kuti ingasanganisira maatomu simbi, uye mapoka lipid, uye carbohydrate. Mienzaniso mapuroteni akadai: DNA polymerase, utachiona fodya hamvuropu mapuroteni, Chizenga, uye vamwe.

All Zvivako peptide dzatakurukura vane nzira kuziviswa kwavo murabhoritari, pane zviri zvinogona kushandisa chromatography, centrifugation, Erekitironi uye Manyiminya microscopy uye yakakwirira kombiyuta michina.

mabasa

Marongerwo kushanda mapuroteni hwakada correlated pamwe nemumwe. Kureva, mumwe peptide wakakurira ingaita kuti kunoshamisa uye yakananga. Panewo vaya vanokwanisa kuita muchitokisi mupenyu, vanoverengeka zvinokosha kwema. Asi inogona seizvi kutaura inokosha puroteni mamorekuru mu mitumbi zvipenyu mabasa:

1. Kupa motokari. Celled zvinenge kana organelles, kana mamwe masero vanokwanisa kufamba, unocheka, masangano. mapuroteni iyi inopiwa, achiumba chikamu kwavo nemamiriro injini midziyo: cilia, flagella, cytoplasmic membrane. Kana isu nezvazvo nekusagona misha yacho masero, mapuroteni anogona kukonzera rutapudzo yavo (myosin tsandanyama).
2. Muviri kana negadziriro yeparutivi ushande. It is kuunganidza mapuroteni mamorekuru mu oocytes, mazai aya mhodzi kuti zvimwe zvinodiwa zvisipo muviri. Pamusoro cleavage of peptides kubereka amino acids uye pakugadzira kushingaira zvinhu, izvo zvinodiwa dzose kukura zvipenyu.
3. The simba basa. Kunze makabhohaidhiretsi Hunoita muviri zvinogona nemapurotini. Iri kuora 1 g peptide akasunungura 17.6 KJ anobatsira simba ari muchimiro adenosine triphosphate (ATP), iyo yakawandisa pezvakaitwa dzinokosha.
4. Chiratidzo uye pamutemo basa. Inoitwa mukuita nokungwarira richiona yaipfuurira pezvakaitwa uye nokupfuuridzirwa anonongedzera muchitokisi zvinyama, kubva kwavari kuzviremera, kubva azvino negadziriro uye zvichingodaro. Muenzaniso uri jekiseni, riri zvachose anonyora uwandu ropa shuga.
5. Kanotokonya basa. It zvinoitwa kusandura conformation pamusoro peptide chete kurutivi Kamudzira uye kuita mumwe mugumo kugadzirisa. Kana izvi zvaitika uye chiratidzo kupfuudzwa uye ruzivo runodiwa. Vazhinji mapuroteni idzi midzi mune cytoplasmic Kamudzira masero uye aite vaitofanira kudzora zvose zvokunyama ichifamba therethrough. Uyewo pasvika kuti makemikari uye mumuviri kuchinja zvakatipoteredza.
6. Transport kushanda peptides. Voitakura kunze anodyisa mapuroteni uye transporter nemapurotini. basa ravo pachena - dzakatakura chinodiwa mamorekuru kune nzvimbo ine pasi pfungwa pamatunhu zvikamu. Muenzaniso uri chokufambisa reokisijeni uye carbon dioxide inobva nhengo uye nyama yacho puroteni inonzi hemoglobin. Vari kubudirira hurukuro yeimwe ane pasi samolecular uremu kuburikidza Kamudzira kupinda muchitokisi.
7. Mamiriro basa. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha pane avo kuti anoita mapuroteni. The chivako masero vavo organelles anopiwa peptides. Vakafanana zvakafanana pepuranga kutsanangura chimiro uye mamiriro. Mukuwedzera, ivo vanoritsigira, uye kuchinja kana zvakakodzera. Naizvozvo, nokuti kukura zvose zvipenyu zvinokosha mapuroteni mune zvokudya. peptides kwakadaro zvinosanganisira elastin, tubulin, collagen, actin, uye nezvimwe puroteni.
8. The CATALYTIC basa. Her achiita makemikari. Vakawanda uye yakasiyana-siyana, ivo mhanyisa zvose makemikari uye nokukanganisika chinja mumuviri. Pasina zvavo kupindura, vanhuwo apuro mudumbu aizokwanisa kugaya chete kwemazuva maviri, zvingangoita kuti atsaudzire panguva imwe chete. Pasi zvinoitwa catalase, peroxidase nezvimwe makemikari, izvi kunoitika mumaawa maviri. Kazhinji, tinoonga ichi basa, mapuroteni anabolism uye catabolism rinoitwa, kureva, mapurasitiki uye simba muviri.

The unodzivirira basa

Kune mhando dzakawanda kutyisidzira, umo mapuroteni yakagadzirirwa kudzivirira muviri.

Chekutanga, makemikari kurwiswa zvinotyisa reagents, magasi, mamorekuru, zvinhu zvakasiyana chakarondedzera chiito. Peptides vanokwanisa kuvavamba makemikari maitiro, vachichinja kuva chisingakuvadzi chimiro kana kungoti neutralizing.

Chechipiri, zvinhu kutyisidzira kubva ronda - kana puroteni fibrinogen munguva haina kuva fibrin pa nzvimbo kukuvara, ropa haasi curdle, uye nokudaro blockage kuchaitika. Zvadaro, nekusiyana, inoda plasmin peptide anokwanisa vakanwa clot nokudzosa patency ngarava.

Chechitatu, kutyisidzirwa kutapata. Marongerwo uye kukosha mapuroteni kuti vanoumba masoja kuzvidzivirira, muri zvikuru. Antibodies, immunoglobulins, mainterferon - zvose inokosha zvenyaya nhengo dzinobudisa uye zvirwere. Chero nezvimedu vatorwa, pfini Morekuru, masero akafa kana chikamu yose mamiriro iri pasi pakarepo kuongorora kunoitwa peptide akakura. Ndokusaka munhu anogona ndorwangu, pasina rubatsiro zvinodhaka zuva roga kuti vazvidzivirire kubva chirwere uye nyore wanda.

mumuviri ehupfumi

Sechivako puroteni masero ari chaizvo chaizvo uye kunobva mashandiro. Asi ehupfumi ose peptides mumuviri zvakafanana uye zvinogona kuderedzwa kune zvinotevera unhu.

1. Weight mamorekuru - kusvikira 1000000 Daltons.
2. In aqueous mhinduro zvinoumba colloidal hurongwa. Pane mhosva mamiriro anowana anokwanisa zvinosiyana zvichienderana acidity ari svikiro.
3. Kana chavakaona utsinye ezvinhu (nemwaranzi, asidhi kana alkali, tembiricha, etc.) vachikwanisa kutamira kune dzimwe nhanho conformations, i.e. denature. The kwacho muna 90% nyaya kusingarapiki. Zvisinei, pane neizvi kuchinja - renaturation.

Izvi ehupfumi inokosha zvechadenga peptides chaiko.