Western European scholasticism. Chii?

Shoko iri kwakakurumbira, uye zvimwe pane munhu asingadi kunzwa nezvazvo. Scholastica ... Chii Zvisinei, achakuudzai haisiri vose. Zvino isu tine mukana kunzwisisa izvi zvose zvizere. Shoko pacharo akaberekwa nguva feudal ukama uye kugadzwa vanonzi "Carolingian Renaissance". Mumazuva iwayo, hunodzorwa muuzivi patristic uye yepamusoro. Chirango yokutanga riitwe imwe substantiation kusimbiswa muKristu dzidziso. Zvisinei, hazvina anenge serapera, sezvo yeRoma Katurike akasimbisa pacharo sezvo zvakazara. A scholasticism? Chii icho chinorondedzerwa munguva? Zvino vakadana netsanangudzo zvinodavirwa muchitendero izvi, uye kugadzirisa kupatsanura yavo.

Izvi kuitika nhoroondo yechiKristu pfungwa akanga hune kuMiddle Ages. Shoko pacharo rinobva mushoko rechiGiriki "namatirai" ( "chikoro"). Pakutanga, kupindura uye kuronga uri muhurukuro yemamongi kuzvikoro uye gare gare kumayunivhesiti. Nhoroondo yaro unogona kukamurwa kuita zvikamu zvitatu. First - ichi ndiyo nguva apo scholasticism yakatanga. Nguva iyi Kazhinji kunotanga Boethius uye kwakakwana Fomoy Akvinatom. Danho rechipiri - ndiyo muuzivi "chiremba ngirozi" uye vateveri vake. Uye pakupedzisira, zvapedzisira nguva - regumi-namashanu remakore - apo scholasticism yakatanga kupfuura pachayo sechinhu chikuru kuranga, uye kunyanya pachinhu sayenzi yepanyama. Ndipo apo akatumidza moto paunotsoropodzwa pachinhu pacharo.

Kana isu kuzvibvunza: "Scholastica - chii? Matambudziko ndeapi iye akamutsa "-? Mhinduro iri sezvinotevera. Vazivi mumazuva iwayo haana zvinobatanidzwa Anoverenga yakaipa panguva tsono muromo sezvo kazhinji majee nezvazvo uye aifarira mibvunzo pamusoro ukama zivo uye kutenda, chikonzero uye nokutenda, pamwe hunhu uye kuvapo. Uyezve, mumwe Hottest misoro kukurukura panguva dambudziko raingova vanonzi zvakasikwa mhando. Vamiririri maonero akasiyana panyaya iyi vainzi realists uye nominalists.

Mumwe scholastics vaiona John Scotus Erigena wokutanga mukuru, uyo aizivikanwa padare Karla Velikogo. Iye kunyange akamboda kupindura yakakurumbira mutongi witty uye ngozi chinosekesa. Paakabvunza muzivi, chii musiyano pakati mombe uye Scot (kutamba nemashoko inobva Latin manyorero kwakabva anofunga), akapindura kuti Kureba tafura. Chokwadi chokuti Eriugena naCarl akagara akatarisana. The Emperor akaziva ake kusaremekedzwa ruvhevhe uye havana kuramba. John Scott akaisa mberi pfungwa pakati chitendero ichi uye uzivi, hapana musiyano, sezvo chokuratidza chokwadi ndiye pfungwa.

Muzana XII remakore - Munguva muHondo uye kugadzwa mumayunivhesiti - kupfuura inozvikudza scholastics vaiva John Rostsellin uye Anselm Kenterberiysky. Last kutaura yaiva yokuti mafungiro anofanira akaisa pakutenda. yepamusoro nguva kubudirira inowira inotambudza zvikuru nguva muupenyu Western Europe. Ipapo Vazivi vechiKristu achishandisa shanduro Arabic kubva Greek Aristotle yakawanikwa uye akatanga kuronga mashoko kune magwaro matsvene pachishandiswa gadziriro uye pfungwa yokupedzisira. Foma Akvinsky uye Albert Veliky inokurukurwa kune nevafungi ndakasika kupfuura kupindirana uye akapedza kubva dzidziso mhando iyi. Ivo pasi muuzivi dzidziso.

Usakanganwa kuti namazuva iwayo vavengi chikuru nezvemaitiro Christian dzidziso - kunyanya anonzi Cathars - akanyorawo akadhindwa zhinji uye kutaura. Ivowo, akashandisa chete nenharo, yepamusoro, Mapato uye kufunga, uchishandisa Neo-Platonic uye Aristotelian. Asi kuparadzwa muitiro uyu yebhaibheri somugumisiro anotyisa Pfungwa kurwisa akatipa asiya mukana takanyatsonzwisisa pamwero kwavavengi ouzivi yeRoma.

Muzana XIV remakore scholasticism akawana vanonzi "Via modernity" - itsva nzira. Tine chikwereti ichi kuna Oxford School (Ockham, Duns Scotus), izvo akasarudza kuti nyaya ruzivo chete chaizvoizvo huripo zvinhu, chii akazarura nzira dzinoshandiswa ano Natural uye akarongeka Sciences. Zvisinei, zvose kumashure uzivi akaumba mirayiridzo inokosha zvesayenzi kusvika, hunhu dzidzo yokuyunivhesiti, kusanganisira pfungwa dzakadai Links uye midziyo yesayenzi. Saka mubvunzo: "Scholastica - chii" - tinogona kwazvo kutaura kudaro. Iyi ndiyo nguva inokosha zvikuru munhoroondo uzivi, pasina iro kwaizova kana sayenzi yemazuva kana huru nzira yaro nzira.