Water-munyu munhu kugoverana basa, uye murau kutyora

Normal mashandiro womunhu muviri chinhu chaizvo kunzwisisa akagadzirwa munhu muzvizhinji pamusoro pezvakaitwa, rimwe riri mvura-munyu exchange. Kana ari munhu chakaipa ezvinhu, munhu asina kukurumidza kuvandudza utano hwavo pachavo, asi paaingodzikisa pane chaizvo zvinokosha zvarakasiya, vakawanda pakarepo edza kushandisa matanho akasiyana-siyana. To izvi hazvina kuitika, zvakanakisisa uzive chii mvura-munyu muviri, uye nei zvichikosha chaizvo kuti tirambe zvakanaka. Uyewo munyaya ino, tichakurukura kodzero dzayo uye nzira kudzorera.

Chii?

Water uye munyu Exchange - unobatanidzwa pamwe chete nomumwe electrolytes kuuya uye zvinwiwa mumuviri, uye zvikuru zviri kuitwa kwavo uye mberi kuparadzira dzimwe nhengo dzomukati, nhengo, runyararo, uye siyana pezvakaitwa dzavo excretion kubva mumuviri womunhu.

Chokwadi chokuti vanhu vavo kupfuura hafu inoumbwa mvura, munhu wose anoziva kubva pauduku, ane panzvimbo dzinonakidza ndechokuti yaipedzerwa mvura mumuviri dzinosiyana uye kunozivikanwa pedyo zvakakwana guru zvinoverengeka, kusanganisira zera, zvachose mafuta guru, uyewo nevaya electrolytes vakawanda. Kana achangoberekwa munhu mumvura munenge 77%, munhu akura kunosanganisira 61 chete%, uye vakadzi - uye zvose 54%. Saka munhu pasi mvura tigutsikane mumuviri wevakadzi nokuti vane siyanei mvura-munyu muviri, uyewo ndiripo munhu zvakakwana vazhinji masero mafuta.

Key zvinhu

Yaipedzerwa emura ari mumuviri womunhu unoiswa anenge sezvinotevera:

• Inenge 65% unopiwa kuti intracellular mvura uye chokuita phosphate uye potassium, izvo anion uye nokuo- nga, ukuwo.
• About 35% ndiyo extracellular fluid iri kazhinji zviri muropa uye ari rinenge uye interstitial mvura.

Uyezve, zvinokosha kuziva kuti mvura mumuviri womunhu uri chokungopa ezvinhu, nguva wakaitwa colloids, kana avepo paumbwe uye manyowa mapuroteni, mafuta uye carbohydrate mamorekuru. Parizvino nzvimbo dzomuviri siyana siyana nhamba akasungwa, vakasununguka uye akasungwa mvura, uko zvakananga zvaanoda mutemo nemvura uye munyu exchange.

Zvichienzaniswa yeplasma ropa, uyewo zvakananga intercellular fluid zvinyama inozivikanwa nokuvapo zvakakwana yakawanda magnesium, potassium uye phosphate, uye haisi huru kuwanda calcium, yavaibvisa, kuiisa chlorine uye rehydrogen ions yakazonaka. Musiyano uyu anokonzerwa ndechokuti rirambe richibvira rusvingo mapuroteni ane yakaderera permeability.

mutemo kwakakodzera mvura-munyu muviri mune vanhu utano kwete chete kunovimbisa kwerunyararo mudonzvo zvachose, asi inodiwa uwandu dzomumuviri, kuramba asidhi-chawo nepakati, uyewo substantially kufanana kuti zvaida wevasungwa kubva osmotically vanoshingaira zvinhu.

chengetedzo

Unofanira nzisisa sei kushanda mvura-munyu muviri. chengetedzo mabasa vari kuitwa akawanda vasiri gadziriro. First kushandiswa receptors sei nokuchinja-siyana ari wevasungwa pamusoro osmotically vanoshingaira vamiririri, ions, electrolytes, uye bhuku mvura mvura varipo. Naizvozvo anonongedzera inotumirwa nechepakati tsinga, uye chete ipapo muviri anotanga kuchinja mvura kuparadzwa, uyewo yaro zindoga uye zvinokosha munyu, uye, nokudaro, kuti hurongwa mvura-munyu Exchange rinodzorwa.

Excretion pakati ions, mvura, uye electrolytes netsvo riri pasi rakananga kudzora tsinga uye zvakasiyana-siyana mahormone. Panguva mutemo nemvura munyu Exchange uyewo kubatanidzwawo physiologically vanoshingaira zvinhu anogadzirwa itsvo. Vose yavaibvisa tigutsikane mukati muviri ichi- kugadziridzwa ari itsvo dziri pasi CNS dzinodzorwa Via kushandiswa natrioretseptory dzose vanoteerera panowanikwa upi yavaibvisa tigutsikane kuchinja mukati mumuviri zvinwiwa uyewo osmoreceptors uye volyumoretseptory ichi- ongorora osmotic kwokudzvinyirira kwomunhu extracellular uye bhuku achiparadzira mvura.

Nokuti mutemo waJehovha potassium mukutsinhana mukati womunhu muviri paanopindura musimboti tsinga, iyo inoshandisa zvakasiyana siyana mahormone mvura-munyu Exchange, uye corticosteroids siyana kusanganisira jekiseni uye aldosterone.

Regulation kuiisa chlorine Exchange zvakananga kunoenderana nokunaka itsvo, uye yabudiswa ions ayo kuoneka kakawanda zvinobetsera pamwe weti. Yaipedzerwa yabudiswa yavaibvisa chloride zvakananga kunobva munhu zvokudya, basa yavaibvisa reabsorption, asidhi-nechigadziko dzakagadzikana renal tubular mamiriro muchina, uye boka zvimwe zvinhu. Exchange of chloride kwakabatana zvakananga kupanana mvura, saka murau nemvura munyu mukutsinhana mumuviri kunokanganisa nezvimwewo zvinoverengeka zviri dzose kushanda siyana hurongwa.

Chii chakaipa nazvo?

Huge nhamba dzakasiyana vasiri pezvakaitwa mumuviri wedu, kubatsirwa zvakananga yaipedzerwa munyu uye mvura. Parizvino zvinozivikanwa kuti kuitira kudzivisa kutyorwa mvura-munyu muviri, munhu ane zuva unofanira kunwa anenge 30 ml mvura chete kilogram kuti bodyweight. uwandu Izvi zvakakwana kupa muviri wedu rworudyi uwandu zvicherwa. Mvura achaitwa rinoteurwa pamusoro siyana masero vascular rinenge uye mapfundo, uyewo kukurumidza uye zvakare kugeza kunze siyana tsvina. In ruzhinji nyaya avhareji nhamba mvura ukapisa masikati munhu kushanda asingadi kupfuudza maviri nehafu marita, uye rino aumbwa kazhinji chinhu chakadai:

• 1 fő isu tiwane zvokudya;
• kusvika 1.5 litres - tichiregeredza yokunwa mvura bani;
• 0.3-0.4 litres - paumbwe oxidation mvura.

Murau nemvura munyu mukutsinhana iri muviri zvakananga anoenderana nengaidzo pakati uwandu ayo chionekeso uye kusunungurwa kwenguva imwe nguva. Kana masikati muviri inoda kuti anenge 2,5 litres, muchiitiko ichi, pamusoro zvakaenzana achapiwa yabudiswa kubva mumuviri.

Water uye munyu mukutsinhana ari mumuviri womunhu nokudzorwa kuzvivako zviri siyana neuroendocrine mhinduro, izvo kazhinji nechinangwa tiine kudzikama kugara vhoriyamu, uyewo zviri osmotic kumanikidzwa ari extracellular nemauto, uye kuti zvinokosha zvikuru - ropa plasma. Pasinei nokuti siyana parameter Data kururamiswa zvigadziriswe vari zvionera, ivo vaviri vane chaizvo mukuru kukosha.

Nokuda akadaro murau kunokwanisika nokutsigira akatsiga zvikuru wevasungwa kwevari ions uye electrolytes akaumbwa extracellular uye intracellular mvura. Pakati huru muviri kupa cations potassium, yavaibvisa, calcium magnesium, nepo anions - rehydrogen, kuiisa chlorine, sulphate uye phosphate.

kukanganisa

Hazvibviri kutaura chikamu simbi mumvura-munyu muviri, sapamazuva izvi zvaisanganisira akawandisa miviri yakasiyana. Hazvina kuti chikonzero ichi kuti pakuitika muviri anogona kuratidza akasiyana-siyana kutyorwa, zvichiratidza nyaya, pakati inomira zvinotevera:

• panowanikwa edema;
• kuunganidza yakawanda emura mukati pamuviri, kana, Ukuwo, ayo kushaikwa;
• zvaipesana electrolyte pachiyero;
• kuwedzera kana kutapudza ari osmotic BP;
• changed mu asidhi-pangoro pachiyero;
• kuwedzera kana kudzikisa wevasungwa vamwe ions dzakananga.

chaicho mienzaniso

Zvakakosha kunzwisisa zvakarurama, kuti mitumbi mizhinji munyaya murau mvura-munyu muviri, saka ruzhinji nyaya hazvibviri pakarepo kugadza chaicho chinokonzera dambudziko. Kumboda mvura nechiyero vakatsunga zvakananga nokuda kwazvo mvura chakaunzwa uye kubviswa muviri wedu, uye chero kutyora zvokutsinhanisa ichi chokuita chete electrolyte mwero uye anotanga kuoneka muchimiro hydration uye kupera mvura mumuviri. Pakupedzisira okuti yebongozozo - izvi kuzvimba, kuti zviri kunyanya mvura iri siyana munyama womuviri, iyo intercellular dzezvimwe uye serous in, icho pamwe electrolyte kusaenzana.

Kana kupera muviri ichi, akavapindurawo, rakakamurwa mhando mbiri huru:

• pasina chinhu zvakafanana uwandu cations umo nyota kuramba, uye mvura iri mumasero, ari kusvitsa kune interstitial nzvimbo;
• yavaibvisa kurasikirwa kuti kunoitika zvakananga kubva extracellular zvinwiwa uye kazhinji haana achiperekedzwa nyota.

Various kusagadzikana mvura mwero pachena panyaya apo shoma kana yakawedzera nhamba achiparadzira mvura. Kazhinji anooneka kunyanya kuwedzera yakafanira polyplasmia, kuti, kuwedzera yaipedzerwa ropa mumvura.

Exchange kuti yavaibvisa

Zivo siyana pathological ezvinhu umo kuchinja mune Ionic Zvinoumba plasma kana wevasungwa zvimwe ions mairi zvikuru kukosha kuti differential zvokuongorora vanoverengeka zvirwere. Various zvirwere zviri yavaibvisa mukutsinhana iri nhengo yayo zvakawandisa kana kushaya kuchinja-siyana mune kwekuda yayo yose muviri. Yokupedzisira rinowanikwa pamberi kuipa kana akachinjwa uwandu yavaibvisa.

Deficiency anogona kuva:

• Ichokwadi. Akafanirwa kukurasikirwa mvura, uye yavaibvisa, izvo kazhinji kunoratidzwa mumuviri mune kukwana yaunodya yomunyu uyewo simba rinokunda ziya, polyuria, zvakawanda kutsva, bowel mhingaidzo, nemamwe maitiro achiri zhinji.
• Hama. Zvingamuka pamusoro kunyanya kwokubatsira aqueous mhinduro pamwero akapfuudza mvura excretion pedyo neitsvo.

Nekumwisa uyewo zvichisiyana saizvozvo:

• Ichokwadi. Chinotarisirwa kuti murwere kukonzera chero munyu zvinogadzirisa, kudya zvakawanda zvakajairika munyu, siyana sokunonoka excretion kuti yavaibvisa parutivi itsvo, uyewo kunyanya kugadzirwa kana kunyanyisa refu kwokubatsira glucocorticoids.
• Hama. Kazhinji kuchengetwa pamberi zvokusava nemvura uye ndiye zvakananga kukonzera Urume zadzisa uye pakuzadzisa ose kuzvimba.

zvimwe zvinetso

kutyorwa zvikuru potassium Exchange izvo zvinenge zvachose (98%) rinowanikwa intracellular mvura anomiririrwa hyperkalemia uye hypokalemia.

Hypokalemia rinowanikwa pamberi yakawandisa chigadzirwa, kana iri nyaya kudzidzisa kubva kunze glucocorticoids kana aldosterone, anokonzera simba rinokunda potassium secretion ari itsvo. Kunogona kuitika panyaya intravenous kutarisira akasiyana-siyana zvinogadzirisa kana kukwana potassium vachipinda muviri nezvokudya.

Hyperkalemia chinhu kakawanda mugumisiro kukuvara, kutsanya akaderedza ropa vhoriyamu uye kunyanya kwokubatsira siyana potassium mhinduro.

kupora

Normalize mvura uye munyu Exchange anogona itsvo uchishandisa unyanzvi hwakasiyana mishonga kugadzirira kuti zvakagadzirirwa zvakananga yokugadziridza zvachose zviri electrolyte, rehydrogen ions uye mvura. Rutsigiro kuchinja huru zvinhu zviri homeostasis tichiregeredza munhu coherent basa excretory, kwemakemikari anobudiswa uye kufema nehurongwa. Chero, kunyange zviduku kuchinja zviri mvura kana electrolytes kunogona zvikuru migumisiro, zvimwe izvo kunyange pangozi upenyu hwevanhu.

Zvaanoda?

Kuti normalize mvura-munyu munhu kugoverana, unogona kushandisa zvinotevera:

• Asparangiat magnesium uye potassium. Kazhinji zvinobatsira kunoshanda chete sechinhu kwokunwa inokosha kurapa mwoyo nokukundikana kunoitika, zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana mwoyo mutinhimira kunoitika kana myocardial infarction. Quite nyore kunyura kana ikatorwa nemuromo uye yabudiswa pedyo neitsvo.
• Yavaibvisa bicarbonate. Zvikurukuru tanzi pamberi duodenal urikanwi chirwere uye dumbu, metabolic acidosis, uyewo gastritis dzakakwirira acidity kunoitika kana munhu kudhaka, utachiona, kana chirwere cheshuga, uye panguva postoperative nguva. Zvakakwana nokukurumidza neutralizes gastric iine acid munyu, uye rinewo zvikuru kutsanya antacid kushanda uye runogonesa zvinonyatsorehwa kuzoita gastrin pamwe yechipiri activation pamusoro secretion.
• Yavaibvisa chloride. Zvinofungirwa pamberi guru nezvinhu zviri extracellular mvura kana pamberi ayo shoma yaunodya. Uyewo, vanachiremba vanoti kazhinji zvakakwana kuti kurishandisa hyponatremia, chloropenia, intestinal mhingaidzo uye intoxications siyana. chokushandisa ichi ane rehydration uye detoxication zvazviri, uye inopa kupora yokushomeka yavaibvisa pamberi siyana pathological ezvinhu.
• Yavaibvisa citrate. Rinoshandiswa nechokwadi Kudzikamiswa ropa parameters. Ndiwo bhainda kuti calcium, uyewo ane inhibitor ropa coagulation. Zvadaro anowedzera zvachose zviri yavaibvisa mumuviri uye anowedzera ropa alkali reserves, chinopa kunobatsirawo.
• Hydroxyethyl starch. Kushandiswa kwacho kushandiswa, uyewo kutsva, kunotevera, chenjera hemorrhages uye siyana zvinotapukira.

Saka, iwe uchagona normalize mvura-munyu muviri uye muviri adzokera dzose kushanda. Sarudza chimwe yawapiwa vanofanira chiremba zvikuru vanokwanisa chete, sezvo yako, unogona yekudyidzana achiipa mamiriro.