Charles Babbage kuti Analytical Engine: tsananguro, features, nhoroondo uye zvivako

Charlz Bebbidzh (1791-1871) - piyona rakasikwa kombiyuta engineering, uyo akakurukura giredhi 2 makombiyuta - Difference uye Analytical. Wokutanga akawana zita raro nokuda kwemasvomhu misimboti apo zvakavakirwa - nzira yokutambidza finite kusiyana. runako Its riri chete kushandiswa svomhu kuwedzera pasina kudikanwa chokuwanziridza uye kupesana, izvo zvakaoma kuziva mechanically.

Kupfuura karukureta

Musiyano Engine Babbage anomirira kuverengwa mudziyo. It unoshanda nhamba chete nzira iyo inokwanisa akaramba kuisira maererano nzira finite kusiyana. Hazvigoni kushandiswa kungopa svomhu Masvomhu. Analytical chete muchina Babbage kwakaita zvinopfuura kungova karukureta. Kunoratidza achichinja kubva nemasvomhu michini renguva pamwero mukuru-chinangwa kadambari. Panguva dzakasiyana nzendo Kushanduka pfungwa Babbage, pakanga pane 3 zvirongwa. Saka, zviri nani kuti kureva Analytical michina muzvizhinji.

The kurerukirwa uye kunyatsoshanda engineering

Babbage kadambari michina vari grade dzakabatana pakuti vanoshandisa 10 digits kubva 0 kusvika 9, uye digitaalinen nokuti unoshanda chete chete integers. Tsika ndiyo rachulis, uye mumwe nomumwe chikamu rakapiwa vhiri rake. Kana Anodzivisawo muimba zvenguva nzvimbo pakati integers, zvinoguma Undefined, uye kushanda mumuchina makavhara, kuratidza kutyorwa kuvimbika Masvomhu. It inzira kwokukanganisa vasabatwa.

Bebbidzh zvakare vaiona kushandiswa akafa okutsiva mamwe pane grade enyika mu t. H. Binary uye chawo 3, 4, 5, 12, 16 uye 100. Zvinonzi vakamira grade nokuda kwayo kujairirana uye ouinjiniya kunyatsoshanda nekuti nekuvongwa payo yekudyidzana kwakaderedza nhamba zvinofamba zvikamu.

Musiyano Engine №1

Muna 1821, Babbage akatanga kuva nomazviri dzemaitirwe uye Maererano nokuongorora kwakaitwa mazuva polynomial mabasa. Munyori rinotsanangura rive mudziyo nokuda otomatiki kukarukureta ari kutevedzana kwezviitiko netsika pamwe otomatiki kudhinda zvabuda mu tabular chimiro. An chinokosha pamusoro aidhinda mamiriro iri mechanically machira kuti kuverenga chikamu. Musiyano Engine №1 unomirira wokutanga zvakagadzirwa rakazara vapiwa mabasa Masvomhu.

Kubva nguva nenguva Babbage akachinja functionality ari mudziyo. Design 1830 inomirira muchina yakagadzirirwa 16 digits uye 6 mirairo zvikuru musiyano. The muenzaniso kwaisanganisira 25 fung. Parts yakakamurwa zvakafanana pakati kombiyuta uye purinda chikamu. Kana mudziyo yave akavaka, zvingadai rairema zvinofungidzirwa matani 4 uye vaizova kukwirira 2.4 m. Shandira pamusoro Babbage Difference Engine yakamiswa muna 1832, pashure nharo ane injiniya Joseph Clement. Public mari pakupedzisira kurega muna 1842

Analytical injini

Kana basa musiyano muchina nemhuru muna 1834, Babbage mimba zvikuru chinzvimbo mudziyo, iyo gare gare ainzi Analytical yezvisikwa programmable kadambari mashandiro. The STRUCTURAL ehupfumi ari mumuchina Babbage zvikuru dzinoenderana dzinokosha inoperera yazvino-digital kombiyuta. Zvirongwa zvinoitwa kushandisa punchi nemakadhi. Pfungwa iyi yakatorwa kubva Jacquard revaruki, apo vari akashandisa kusika zvakaoma Whitehead Textile avaiita.

The inonzwisisika nemamiriro Analytical injini Babbage rinonyanya anoenderana chikuru chakagadzirwa yemagetsi kombiyuta panguva, zvinoreva Memory ( "chitoro") ndiparadzaniswe nechepakati processor ( "chigayo"), sequential kuurayiwa remapazi uye zvinoreva kuti kwezvavakaisa goho kuti mashoko nemirayiridzo. Saka, zita rokuti munhu kukura kombiyuta michina munyori piyona aiva vakakodzera zvakanaka.

Memory uye CPU

The muchina Babbage iri "chitoro" apo iwe kuchengetera nhamba uye zvokungoitawo zvabuda, uyewo vakaparadzana "chigayo", iro nokundiruramisira svomhu kugadzira. Aiva akaita 4 svomhu mashandiro uye anogona kuita zvakananga chokuwanziridza uye kupesana. Mukuwedzera, mudziyo akakwanisa kuvhiya kuti ikozvino vane mazita zvimiso branching kutenderera (iterations), microprogramming, yakafanana kubudiswa, kutara, kupomba zvinoumba uye zvichingodaro. N. Munyori mazwi kwakadaro hakuna kushandiswa.

CPU Analytical injini Charles Babbage, yaakakudanirai "chigayo", inopa:

• kuchengeta nhamba, akavhiyiwa pamusoro zviri akaita pakarepo, muna evoruzhinji;
• Rine Hardware kushanda navo chikuru svomhu akavhiyiwa;
• kupararira mushandisi-ushamwari zvimwewo mirairo kwokukurukurwa zvemukati utariri;
• Hurongwa yaunonyanya kushandisa (wachi) kuuraya mirayiridzo iri kuti vakanyatso sarudzwa.

The kuzvidzora mashandiro Analytical muchina unoshanda rwoga uye ine zvikamu zviviri: rezasi padanho, nemauto muhombe ngoma, akadana casks, uye yakakwirira pamwero uchishandisa chibhakera makadhi rakagadzirirwa jacquard kuenda apa, zviri zvikuru kushandiswa mukuvamba 1800s.

goho mano

Mugumisiro Masvomhu unoratidzwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana kusanganisira rokudhinda, chibhakera makadhi, kuronga uye otomatiki Kugadzirwa pfungwa - the zviumbwe zvinhu nyoro pamusoro iyo anodhinda mugumisiro anogadzirwa kuti inogona fomu okuumbisa mahwendefa rokudhinda.

itsva patani

Kupayona basa Babbage kuti Analytical Engine akanga zvikuru rakapera muna 1840 uye akatanga kuva mudziyo mutsva. Munguva kubva 1847 kusvika 1849 akapedza kukura №2 Difference Engine, ndiyo nani shanduro chepakutanga. nadzurudzo iyi yakagadzirwa kushanda ane 31-ikakuruma nhamba uye kwaigona kuguma tabular kuumba chero polynomial 7th murayiro. Magadzirirwo kwaiva nyore uye anoda chete chetatu nhamba zvikamu muenzaniso yepakutanga, ichipa kuenzana wake kadambari simba.

Musiyano uye Analytical Engine naCharles Babbage akashandisa chete goho mudziyo design, izvo kwete chete anoita printout papepa, asi vapiwa kusika pfungwa uye dzavo kuda youduku maererano akafanorongerwa marongerwo peji opareta. Panguva iyoyo zvakanga envisaged mukana Ndokunyengetererai mutsetse urefu, nhamba mbiru, upamhi munda, hunopa otomatiki Kumbofungatira misara kana mbiru uye placement kuti varara mitsetse kuti kuverenga.

nhaka

Kunze wandei zvishoma akasikwa kubudikidza zvokuimba gungano uye bvunzo yemashoko duku kushanda zvikamu, hapana hurongwa haina chinozoiswa zvizere upenyu Babbage. Huru vakaungana 1832 muenzaniso yaiva chikamu 1/7 №1 Difference Engine, rwaiumbwa vanenge zviuru zviviri. Pieces. It anoshanda flawlessly nanhasi uye ndiye wokutanga kubudirira otomatiki kadambari device zvokurimisa munhu masvomhu ari mashandiro. Babbage akafa apo kuenda chiduku experimental chikamu Analytical Engine. Zvakawanda pamusoro mamiriro zvichengetedzwe, uyewo Archive pakati vanodhirowa uye zvinyorwa zvizere.

Projects huru zvemaziso makombiyuta Babbage vaiona mumwe kunoshamisa njere nebudiriro XIX remakore. Chete mumakumi emakore achangopfuura basa rake rave kudzidza zvakadzama, uye mwero kukosha zvaakaita, anova zvakawanda pachena.