Tsika Psychology. Humanistic uye tsika kwepfungwa

Humanistic uye tsika mirayiridzo yakabuda pakati pezana remakore rapfuura muEurope pamusana pave kwouzivi uye mupfungwa vakafunga okupedzisira maviri emakore, kana, mune chokwadi, mugumisiro wacho sublimation pakati Rwako zvakadai, somunhu "uzivi woupenyu" Nietzsche kwakaita irrationalism ouzivi Schopenhauer, intuitionism pamusoro Bergson, ontology kwouzivi Scheler, Freud uye Jung psychoanalysis uye existentialism pamusoro Heidegger, Sartre uye Camus. Murugwaro Horney, Fromm, Rubinstein, mu pfungwa dzavo vavariro iri kuitika kunogona kuonekwa zvakajeka. Pretty nokukurumidza, kuti tsika nzira iri zvepfungwa zvava mukurumbira chaizvo muNorth America. Pfungwa dzakanga anotsigirwa vakakurumbira vamiririri "chimurenga rechitatu". Panguva imwe chete existentialism mune pfungwa kufunga nguva ino dzakabudirira uye humanistic ano, anomiririrwa zvakadai inozvikudza vanachiremba sezvo Rogers, Kelly, Maslow. Vose nemapazi simbi counterweight nechekare-chigaro nzvimbo mupfungwa sayenzi - Freudianism uye behaviorism.

Tsika-humanistic mirayiridzo nezvimwe kuitika

Akatanga tsika-humanistic (EGP) - D. Bugental - kazhinji akashorwa behaviorism kuti kunzwisisa itsanangudzo unhu, anozvidza munhu, ake nyika yomukati uye zvinogona kushandiswa kwemichina ine maitiro mapatani uye chido kudzora unhu. Behaviorists uyewo kubatanidzwa humanistic nzira kuti nokupa overvalued pfungwa unopa rusununguko, tichifunga kuti ive chinhu experimental kudzidza uye akaramba kuti hapana rusununguko, uye inokosha mutemo chokuvapo ndiwo tide-mhinduro. Kwevanhu chandagwinyira insolvency, uye kunyange njodzi yakadaro nzira vanhu.

By vateveri Freud vane kwevanhu vaivawo zvaanotaura, pasinei nokuti vakawanda vavo akatanga psychoanalysts. vakaramba Second dogmatism uye mupi werutemo pfungwa vaishora fatalism hunhu Freudianism, akaramba chavanoziva sezvo zvakasikwa tsananguro musimboti. Pasinei neizvi, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti tsika zvepfungwa unhu haisati pamwero rakafanana psychoanalysis.

Musimboti Humanism

Panguva iyoyo, hapana vabvumirana pamusoro rusununguko kubva Humanism uye existentialism, asi ruzhinji vamiririri nemafambiro izvi vanosarudza kudziudza, kunyange nomumwe anoziva commonality dzavo dzinokosha, nekuti chikuru pfungwa nzvimbo idzi - kuzivikanwa nomunhu rusununguko pakusarudzwa uye kuvakwa ivepo. Existentialists uye kwevanhu vanofadza kuti kuziva nokuva, anobata nayo vatendeuki uye kunochinja munhu kumutsa nayo pamusoro nyonganyonga uye anoshaiwa empirical kuvapo, anozivisa zvaari uye nokudaro achiita pfungwa pachake. Mukuwedzera, Mhedziso chiremera humanistic pfungwa haisi tiivistelmä dzidziso midzi muupenyu, asi nekusiyana, chaiyo maoko-zvakaitika ndiyo hwaro kunanga yesayenzi. Experience anoonekwa vanhu sechinhu chokutanga kukosha uye huru nhangaruvazhe. Uye humanistic uye tsika zvepfungwa vanoongorora tsika sezvo rinokosha zvinoriumba. Asi pano akataura musiyano nzira iyi nokuti kwevanhu kuchikosha tsika chaiyo ruzivo nezvakaitika uye negadziriso kwazvo chaizvo nematambudziko, pane kushandisa uye Implementation ose nenzira yakarongeka uye methodological templates.

Human hunhu muna SE uye ES

At chinoumba iri humanistic nzira (GP) ndiro yokuti musimboti evanhu, izvo rinobatanidza dzakasiyanasiyana dzenzvimbo ayo uye vakasiyana nevamwe nzvimbo zvepfungwa. By Roy Cavallo, musimboti vanhu kuti nguva dzose kuva nedanho raro inotungamirwa. Mukuita wokuva munhu zvionera, kushingaira, vaikwanisa nokuzvidzora kuchinja uye zvakasikwa kwadzakabva, pfungwa pamusoro pezviri sarudzo. Anzvenge chichiitwa paumbwe kungoramba roupenyu nderechokwadi, "munhu pamunhu."

Tsika kusvika wepfungwa (EP) Humanism inozivikanwa, kupfuura zvose, munhu Qualitative tinyatsonzwisisa musimboti wacho uye tarira hunhu kunobva nokuumbwa kwacho. Maererano existentialism, musimboti wacho haasi kupiwa zvakanaka kana kunaka - zvakanga pakutanga kwazvakarerekera. Unhu uyewo kuno- mubishi kutsvaka panze nemamwe kuzivikanwa kwayo. With zvose zvakanaka nezvakaipa zvinogona, munhu anosarudza uye kusarudza kuti pachake basa.

kurarama

Kuvapo - kuvapo. Its chikuru chepfungwa - kushaya yokufanorongerwa, predzadannosti kuti zvinogona kukanganisa munhu, kusarudza sei zvichaita munguva yemberi. Kunze Kumbomira ramangwana, redirecting mutoro pamafudzi vamwe, rudzi, nzanga uye hurumende. Murume anozvisarudzira - pano uye ikozvino. Tsika zvepfungwa anosarudza kutungamirirwa kukura wacho chete kusarudza kuti anoita. Munhu zvakatinakira zvepfungwa kana musimboti unhu sezvo yakanaka yakapiwa pakutanga.

Kutenda munhu

Kutenda unhu - inokosha yokugadza, izvo chinosiyanisa humanistic nzira zvepfungwa nevamwe dzenzvimbo. Kana hwaro Freudianism, behaviorism, uye vazhinji vanodzidziswa vanachiremba Soviet ndiyo inonzi unhu, uye tsika mirayiridzo zvepfungwa, nekusiyana, anoona munhu nemaonero nokutenda maari. Munguva dzekare Freudianism pakutanga kunaka hunhu wacho, chinangwa simba pamusoro payo - kururamiswa uye muripo. Bihevioristy dzinoongororwa hunhu hwevanhu uye kusatsigira sei nayo nokuumba uye kururamiswa. Kwevanhu ona chete vanhu kana mirawo zvakanaka uye ona chinangwa nekufemera rubatsiro ari actualization ari munhu (Maslow, Rogers), kana kunzwisisa ukama hunhu sezvo quasi-akanaka uye chinangwa chikuru mupfungwa kwechirwere kuona rubatsiro pakusarudza (tsika zvepfungwa uye Frankl Bugental). Saka, maererano ake kudzidzisa Institute of tsika zvepfungwa anoisa pfungwa munhu kwevanhu upenyu sarudzo. Unhu chinoonekwa sezvo nomuzvarirwo kwazvakarerekera.

The chinetso tsika kwepfungwa

Hwaro humanistic kusvika akaisa pfungwa vakanzwisisa ukoshi kuti munhu "anosarudza pachake", vachibvumira kiyi zvoupenyu. Tsika zvepfungwa romunhu rokuzivisa ndiro rine chokwadi chokuvapo kwevanhu munyika. Munhu kubva pakuberekwa nguva interacts munyika uye anowana maari zvaireva ake ariko. Nyika ine zvose kutyisidzira uye zvakanaka inotsiva uye mikana vanhu vanogona kusarudza. Kudyidzana nenyika inobereka iri munhu anokosha tsika matambudziko, mupfungwa uye kufunganya, kutadza kurarama zvinoita kuti ive kusaenzana mupfungwa wacho. The matambudziko dzaisiyana, asi schematically inogona kuderedzwa mina mikuru "nodes" pakati polarities, umo chirongwa kukura munhu zvinokosha kuti sarudzo.

Nguva, upenyu uye rufu

Rufu - zvikuru nyore kuziva, nokuti chinonyanya pachena kusingadzivisiki pakupedzisira chokwadi. Kuziva kwaaizoita rufu anozadza murume nokutya. Chido chokurarama uye mawa kuziva nezvokuvapo nguva - chikuru kurwisana, izvo inodzidza tsika zvepfungwa.

Determinism, rusununguko, basa

Kunzwisisa rusununguko muna existentialism kuri zvakawanda. Kudivi rimwe, munhu ruchigona kushaya zvokunze mamiriro, musi mumwe - anotya wake asipo. Pashure pezvose, dziripo kwakarongerwa, vaiteerera kwokunze zvakasikwa urongwa nyore. Asi, Ukuwo, tsika zvepfungwa anoomerera kuti murume pave nyika yake, uye ndizvo zvizere mhosva nayo. Kuziva kushaya akagadzirira templates uye maumbirwo unotanga kutya.

Dialogue, rudo uye kusurukirwa

At mwoyo kunzwisisa oga ndiye pfungwa tsika nevamwe, kureva, yokuzviparadzanisa nyika uye vanhu. Murume anouya munyika oga uye sezvo kunosiya. The kunetsana kunotangira pakuziva kwavo kusurukirwa, rumwe rutivi, uye vanhu kudikanwa pakukurukurirana, dziviriro, kuva chinhu chikuru - rumwe.

Chinangwa uye zvinoreva upenyu

Chinetso yokushaya chinangwa muupenyu kunobva vatatu nodes vokutanga. Kudivi rimwe, ari kuramba ruzivo rwomunhu pachake anosika rake rinoreva, musi mumwe - anoziva ayo voga, kusurukirwa uye pedyo rufu.

Nderechokwadi uye conformism. waini

Vanachiremba, kwevanhu, kwakavakirwa musimboti zvokuzvisarudzira, kusiyanisa huru polarities maviri - nderechokwadi uye conformism. In echokwadi nemaonero munhu anoratidza yavo yakasiyana unhu, anoona iye somunhu anogona kunyengedza vanhu vavo pachavo ruzivo kuburikidza sarudzo, nekuti nzanga vakasikwa sarudzo dzakaitwa nevanhu, saka, unogona siyana somugumisiro ravo. Authentic mararamiro dzinoratidzwa munyika wezwi, utsanzi, kuwirirana, unyanzvi, ushingi uye rudo.

Man Zvisinei, externally nezvatinovavarira vasina ushingi kutora basa nokuda sarudzo dzavo, anosarudza nzira zvinodiwa, kutsanangura pacharwo sechituso muiti evanhu mabasa. Zvinoenderana kumorwa pachena templates, munhu akadaro kufunga stereotypically, haagoni uye haadi kubvuma sarudzo yake uye kumupa chinhu zvemukati kupima. Conformist anotarira kare, kuvimba makagadzirira akagadzirwa paradigm, raachatumidzwa ane kushaya chivimbo uye maturo. Pane chinhu kuunganidza hwedzidziso yekurarama mhosva.

Value-inobva kusvika kune munhu uye kutenda munhu kwayo simba hunomugonesa kuongorora zvakadzama. On heuristic mirayiridzo runoratidzwa kuvapo zvakasiyana siyana pamakona mairi. The chikuru kwavari - the zvetsika tsika, tsika-Analytical uye humanistic tsika zvepfungwa. Mei uye Schneider uyewo secrete tsika-integrative kusvika. Uyezve, pane nzira dzakadai dialogical kurapa Friedman uye Logotherapy Frankl.

Pasinei zvinoverengeka Conceptual kusiyana, unhu zvakatinakira kuyerera humanistic uye tsika yokubatana ari kutendeseka pakati munhu. An chinokosha mukana nezveizvi ndechokuti havatsvaki kuti "husava" munhu, akaisa matambudziko chinokosha pakati ake achengetedzwe, usabvisa zvakaoma nyaya pokuita kuti munhu munyika yake yomukati hunhu. Kuziva kuti vanhu kunokanganisa paumbwe unhu uye ivepo mairi, tsika zvepfungwa hwakada chokuita nhoroondo, tsika zvidzidzo, evanhu, uzivi, magariro zvepfungwa, uyewo kuva coherent uye zvinovimbisa bazi ano sayenzi pamusoro munhu.