Nzira yekuita zvevanhu: izvo zvinokosha

Socium iri kuramba ichikwezva kune vanhu vanogadzirira vanogona kukwikwidza makwikwi uye vane mafambiro, njere, uye kukwanisa kuzvigadzirisa-nekugadzirisa nekuramba vachigadzira kuzvimirira.

Kufarira mukuratidzwa kwakasiyana-siyana kwehupenyu hwevanhu uye kuoneka kwehupenyu kunonyanya kuoneka mukuraira kwevanhu kwepfungwa uye kudzidzira. Achitenda kwaari, munhu anoonekwa kubva pakuona kwekunaka kwake, kuvimbika uye chido chekuvandudza hupenyu hwake. Panheyo yehutungamiri hwakataurwa ihwohwo chiratidzo chevanhu kuvanhu vose uye kuremekedzwa kwekuzvimiririra kwomumwe munhu.

Nheyo huru dzezvemunhu

"Kubata kwevanhu" muchiLatin kunoreva "vanhu." Uye sechinangwa Humanistic approach Mufilosofi yakabuda muRenaissance. Akange akaiswa pasi pezita rokuti "Renaissance humanism". Iyi nyika inoona, pfungwa huru iyo ndeyokutaura kuti munhu inokosha kupfuura zvinhu zvose zvepanyika, uye nekuda kweizvi, inofanirwa kuvaka maitiro pamusoro payo.

Nenzira yakawanda, hukama hwevanhu nderwe nyika iyo inoratidza kukosha kweunhu hweunhu, kodzero yake yekusununguka, hupenyu hunofadza, kubudirira kwakakwana uye mukana wokuratidza unyanzvi hwake. Sehurongwa hwekukosha huripo nhasi hwakatora maitiro nenzira yezvakagadzirwa nemafungiro uye maitiro anosimbisa kukosha kwehupenyu hwevanhu huri pamwe chete uye kunyanya (kune munhu mumwe nomumwe).

Pamberi peiyo pfungwa "Nzira yevanhu Kumunhu "pfungwa" yevanhu "yakaumbwa, iyo inoratidza unhu hwakakosha hunhu sekugadzirira uye chido chekubatsira vamwe vanhu, kuratidza ruremekedzo, kuchengetedza, kuwirirana.Kutaura kwekuti, kuvapo kwemarudzi evanhu hakugoneki pasina vanhu.

Uyu unhu hwehuhu, unhu hwekuziva zvakananga nemumwe munhu. Munharaunda yemazuva ano, hupenyu hwevanhu hune hutano hwevanhu, uye munhu ndiye chinangwa chikuru chekusimudzira hutano, munguva iyo mitemo inofanirwa kuumbwa kuti zvizadzike zvizere nemikana yaro yose inokwanisa yekuwana hukama muhutano, mune zvehupfumi, mune zvekunamata uye hukuru hwemunhu.

Nheyo dzepamusoro dzekutaura kwevanhu kumunhu

Nhasi, kududzirwa kwehupenyu hwevanhu kunonyanya kusimbisa kuburikidza nekuvandudzika kwekugadzirisa kwehutano hwemunhu, uyewo pamweya wake, mune tsika uye mune zvekunaka. Nokuda kweizvi zvakakosha kuziva mumunhu zvaanogona kuita.

Chinangwa chekushushikana kwevanhu ndechidzidzo chakakwana chebasa, kukanganisa nekukurukurirana, izvo zvisingabhadhari, kuzvigutsikana uye zvinotarisirwa kune zviri kuitika munzanga. Chiyero, icho panguva imwechete chinoreva nzira yevanhu, Yakagadzirirwa nezvinodiwa kuti munhu azvizive iyeye uye nemikana yakapiwa iyi. Chinhu chikuru ndechokuti munhu azarurire, amubatsire kuti ave wakasununguka uye ane simba mukugadzira.

Muenzaniso wekuumbwa kwemunhu akadaro, kubva pakuona kwevanhu vepfungwa dzepfungwa, yakatanga kukura muU.SA (1950-1960). Yakatsanangurwa mumabasa aMaslow A., Frank S., Rogers K., Kelly J., Combsi A., nevamwe vasayendisiti.

Unhu

Nzira yekuita zvevanhu inotsanangurwa munyaya yakataurwa pamusoro apa kumunhu, ku- psychology yemunhu, yakanyatsoongororwa nesayenzi-psychologists. Zvechokwadi, hazvirevi kuti nzvimbo iyi yakadzidzwa zvachose, asi zviongorori zvidzidzo zvakakonzerwa mazviri.

Iyi nhungamiro yepfungwa yakasimuka semhando yeimwe nzira yekuyerera inoshandiswa iyo yakazara kana zvishoma inoratidza hutano hwepfungwa hwevanhu nemhuka yemhuka. Dzidziso yehutano, inoonekwa kubva mumaonero emitsika yevanhu, inonzi inonzi psychodynamic (panguva imwechete, interactionist). Iyi haisi yekuedza kwebazi repfungwa, ine sangano rakarongeka uye rine simba uye rinofukidza nguva yose yehupenyu hwehupenyu. Anomurondedzera semunhu, achishandisa mazwi emukati uye maitiro, pamwe nemitemo yekuita.

Vatsigiri vehutano Munzira yekuita zvevanhu, kutanga kwezvose maonero, kunzwisisa uye kutsanangurwa nemunhu wezviitiko zvehupenyu hwake ndeyechido. Kunyanya kunopiwa kuitika kwevanhu, uye kwete kutsvaga kutsanangurwa. Nokudaro, rudzi urwu rwetano kazhinji runonzi phenomenological. Iyo tsanangudzo yemunhu uye zviitiko muhupenyu hwake inonyanya kuitika iyezvino uye inorondedzerwa mumashoko akadai se "zvinangwa zveupenyu", "zvinoreva upenyu", "maitiro", nezvimwewo.

Humanism mune zvepfungwa dze Rogers naMaslow

Mune maonero ake, Rogers akavimba nekuti munhu ane chido uye kukwanisa kuzvisimudzira oga, sezvo akapiwa ruzivo. Maererano naRogers, munhu ari munhu anogona kuva iye mutongi mukuru.

Nzira yekufungidzirwa kwevanhu muhutano hwepfungwa Rogers anotungamirira kune chokwadi chokuti pfungwa huru yevanhu ndiyo "I", nemafungiro ose, pfungwa, zvinangwa uye maitiro. Nokushanda pavari, anokwanisa kuzvipa mararamiro uye anotsanangura tarisiro yehupenyu hwekuvandudza nekuvandudza. Munhu anofanira kubvunza mubvunzo wokuti "Ndini ani?" Chii chandinoda uye ini ndinogona kuva? "Uye zvirokwazvo kuzvigadzirisa.

Chimiro che "Ini" semugumisiro wehupenyu hwehupenyu hwehupenyu hunoita kuti munhu azviremekedze uye anzwisise zvenyika uye zvakatipoteredza. Izvi zvinogona kunge zvisina kunaka, zvakanaka kana kukakavadzana. Vanhu vane "I" dzakasiyana-siyana vanoona nyika nenzira dzakasiyana. Pfungwa yakadai inogona kushandiswa, uye izvo zvisingakodzeri zvinotsiviwa nekuziva. Iko yehugutsikane nehupenyu chiyero chekuzara kwemufaro. Iyo yakanamatira zvakananga nekubatana pakati peicho chaiyo uye chakanaka "Ini".

Pakati pezvaidiwa nenzira yekuita munhu mune zvepfungwa dzeunhu hunoparadzanisa:

• Self-actualization;
• Chido chekuzvitaura;
• Kupera kwekuzvitsvaga.

Kutungamira pakati pavo ndezvekutonga. Zvinounza pamwe chete pakati pevanyori vese munharaunda iyi, kunyange nemitoo yakasiyana-siyana mukuona. Asi iyo yakapararira kune yekufungisisa yakanga iri pfungwa yemafungiro aMaslow A.

Akacherechedza kuti vanhu vose vanozvipira vanobatanidzwa munyaya. Ivo vakazvipira kuna iye, uye nyaya yacho chinhu chinokosha zvikuru kumunhu (rudzi rwekuda). Vanhu vorudzi urwu vanoedza kusarudza, kunaka, kururamisira, mutsa uye kukwana. Aya maitiro anokosha zvinodiwa uye pfungwa yekuzvipira-kugadzirisa. Kune munhu akadaro, huripo hunoratidzika senzira yekusarudza nguva dzose: enda mberi kana kudzoka uye usarwisana. Kuzvigadzirisa ndeye nzira yekuvandudza nguva dzose uye kurambwa kwemafungiro, kubvisa zviratidzo zvenhema.

Chii chinonyanya kukosha nzira yekuita vanhu mune zvepfungwa

Nenzira, mazano eWoseport G. pamusoro pehupenyu hwake, A. Maslow pamusoro pekugadzirisa zvinhu, Rogers K. pamusoro pehutano hwepfungwa, mararamiro ehupenyu hwaBurer Sh., Uye pfungwa dzaMay R., zvinowanzoshandiswa kune nzira yevanhu.Zvirevo zvikuru zvekufunga kwevanhu mune zvepfungwa ndeyotevera:

• Pakutanga, munhu ane mavari simba rechokwadi rinovaka;
• Kuumbwa kwesimba rinoparadza kunoitika nekukudziridza;
• Munhu ane chinangwa chekuzvitsvaga;
• Panzira yekuzvigadzirisa, kune zvipingamupinyi zvinodzivisa kushanda kwevanhu.

Nheyo dzinokosha dzeiyo pfungwa:

• Congruence;
• Kubvuma kwakanaka uye kusingagumi kwezvako uye vamwe;
• Empathic kuteerera uye kunzwisisa.

Zvinangwa zvekutanga ndezvekuti:

• Kuvimbisa kukwana kwekushanda kweumwe munhu;
• Kusika kwemamiriro ekuzvipira-kugadzirisa;
• Kudzidza kupera, kusununguka, kutendeseka, ushamwari uye kugamuchirwa;
• Dzidzo yekunzwira tsitsi (tsitsi netsitsi);
• Kuvandudzwa kwesimba rekuongorora mukati;
• Kuvhura kune itsva.

Iyi nzira ine zvisingakwanisi mukushanda. Icho chinonzi psychotic nevana. Mhedzisiro yakaipa inogoneka nehuwandu hwehutachiona hwehutano hwemagariro evanhu.

Pamusoro pemitemo yenzira yevanhu

Nheyo dzemitemo yenzira yevanhu dzinogona kupfupikiswa muchidimbu:

• Nezvose zvinopera kuva, munhu ane rusununguko uye rusununguko nekuda kwekuziva kwake;
• Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha chezivo ndechimwe chiitiko chiripo uye chinotenderera chemunhu;
• Runhu hwevanhu hunogara huchiedza kurwisana nekuenderera mberi;
• Munhu mumwe uye akazara;
• Unhu hwakasiyana, hunoda kuzviziva;
• Munhu anotungamirirwa kune ramangwana uye inoshandisika kugadzira kuva.

Nheyo idzi dzinoita mutoro wezviito. Munhu-kwete chigadzikiso chisingazivi uye kwete muranda wezvimiro zvakaumbwa. Pakutanga, maitiro ayo akanaka uye akanaka. Maslow naRogers vaidavira kuti nzira dzinodzivirirwa uye kutya zvinowanzovhiringidza kukura kweunhu. Mushure mezvose, kazhinji kuzvidzora kunopesana neyo iyo vanhu vanopoteredza kupa. Nokudaro, inosangana nedambudziko - kusarudza pakati pekugamuchira kuongororwa kubva kunze uye chido chokuramba uri wega.

Kuvapo neHumanism

Nyanzvi dzezvepfungwa dzinomirira nzira yekuvepo-yevanhu ndeyeBinswanger L., Frankl W., May R., Bujengal, Yalom. Iyi nzira yakagadzirwa muhafu yepiri yezana remakore rechimakumi maviri. Ngatitangei mazano makuru edzidziso iyi:

• Munhu anoonekwa kubva pakuona kwehupenyu hwechokwadi;
• Anofanira kuedza kuzvitonga-kuzviita uye kuzviziva;
• Munhu ane mhosva yekuzvisarudzira kwake, hupenyu uye kugona kwezvaanogona;
• Munhu wacho akasununguka uye ane zvisarudzo zvakawanda. Dambudziko nderokudzivisa;
• Kuzvidya mwoyo kunokonzerwa nekusakwanisa kweanokwanisa;
• Kazhinji munhu haazvizivi kuti iye muranda wemapurogiramu nemaitiro, haasi munhu chaiye uye anorarama fake. Kuti uchinje hurumende iyi, munhu anofanira kuziva nzvimbo yako yechokwadi;
• Munhu anotambura neusuruko, kunyange zvazvo ari oga kubva pakutanga, sezvaanouya munyika uye anoisiya ari oga.

Zvinangwa zvinotevera zvinotevedzwa neve existential-manyanzvi nzira ndeyikuti:

• Kubudirira kwemhosva, kukwanisa kugadzirisa mabasa nekugadzirisa;
• Kudzidza kuva nesimba uye kukunda matambudziko;
• Tsvaga mabasa apo iwe unogona kutaura pachena iwe;
• Kukunda kutambura, kuve ne "peak" nguva;
• Kudzidzisa kusarudza kusarudzwa;
• Tsvaga zvinoreva zvokwadi.

Rusununguko rusununguko, kusununguka kwezviitiko zvitsva zvinouya - chiratidzo kune mumwe munhu. Iyi pfungwa inoramba kusawirirana. Unhu hunoiswa muhupenyu hwevanhu.

Humanism mu Dzidzo uye Dzidzo

Maitiro nemitemo inokurudzira nzira yevanhu mukudzidza, Inotungamirirwa pakuona kuti urongwa hwehukama pakati pe "mudzidzisi / mudzidzi" hunobva mukuremekedza uye kururamisira.

Saka, mukudzidziswa kwaK. Rogers mudzidzisi anofanira kusimudzira simba romudzidzi pachake kuti agadzirise matambudziko ake, uye kwete kusarudza iye. Iwe haugoni kuisa gadziriro yekugadzirira. Chinangwa ndechekusimudzira basa rega rega kuti richinje uye rikure, uye hazvina kukwana. Chinhu chakanyanya hachisi chairo chechokwadi uye maonero, asi kuchinja kweunhu hwevadzidzi semugumisiro wekudzidzira kuzvimiririra. Basa rekudzidzisa ndekukudziridza mikana yekuzvidzivirira uye kuzviratidza, kutsvaga munhu mumwe chete. K. Rogers akatsanangura mamiriro ezvinhu anotevera ayo basa iri rinoshandiswa:

• Vadzidzi vari mugadziriro yekudzidza vanogadzirisa matambudziko anokosha kwavari;
• Mudzidzisi anonzwa congruent kuvadzidzi;
• Anobata vadzidzi vasingatendi;
• Mudzidzisi anonzwira tsitsi kune vadzidzi (kupinda mukati memukati yemukati wemudzidzi, kutarisa mamiriro ezvinhu kuburikidza nemeso ake, achizvichengeta pachake;
• Mudzidzisi - mubatsiri, anokurudzira (inogadzira mamiriro ezvinhu akanaka kune mudzidzi);
• Anokurudzira vadzidzi kuchisarudzo chetsika, kupa zvinhu zvokuongorora.

Munhu akakwidzwa ndiye akakwirira zvikuru, ane kodzero yekugara zvakanaka uye mufaro. Nokudaro, nzira yevanhu yekudzidza, iyo inotsigira kodzero uye rusununguko rwemwana, kugovera kumusana wekugadzirwa kwayo uye kuzvidzivirira, ndiyo inonyanya kukosha pakudzidzisa.

Iyi nzira inoda kuongorora. Mukuwedzera, zvakakosha kunyatsonzwisisa zvinyorwa (zvinopesana zvinopesana): hupenyu nerufu, nhema nekuvimbika, utsinye uye kufarira, ruvengo nerudo ...

Dzidzo yemitambo uye vanhu

Parizvino, nzira yevanhu yekurovedza mutambi wacho isingabatanidzi nzira yekurovedza nekudzidziswa, kana mutambi wacho achiita senyanzvi yekugadzirisa mugumisiro wakatarwa pamberi pake.

Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti kazhinji vatambi, pakuwana kukwana kwenyama, kunokonzera kukanganisa kwakanyanya kune psyche uye hutano hwavo. Izvi zvinoitika kuti mitoro isina kukwana iri kushandiswa. Izvi zvinoshanda kune vechidiki nevatambi vakura. Somugumisiro, nzira iyi inotungamirira mukuparara kwepfungwa. Asi panguva imwe chete, zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti mikana yekuva unhu hwemutambi, maitiro ake, mafungiro emweya, nekuumbwa kwekukurudzira hazvigoneki. Iyo nzira inofanirwa nekutaridzika kwayo inogona kuzadzikiswa zvizere kana maitiro emutambi wacho uye mutyairi akachinjwa. Kuiswa kwakadaro kunofanira kunge kwakawanda.

Kuve munhu wemitambo yeunhu hunhu hune hutano hwakaoma uye hwakareba. Inofanirwa kuve yakarongeka uye inoda mutungamiri (mudzidzisi, mudzidzisi) kuti azive teknolojia yekukwirira kwakakwana. Iyi nzira inowedzera kuiswa kwevanhu -kukudziridzwa kwemunhu, hutano hwake, hutano hwepanyama kuburikidza nemitambo uye mutsika.

Kutungamirirwa neHumanism

Nhasi, masangano akasiyana-siyana anoedza kugara achivandudza hutsika hwevashandi vavo. MuJapan, somuenzaniso, chero bhizimusi (rakasimba) ndeyevashandi varo kwete kwete nzvimbo yekuwana mari yekurarama, asiwo nzvimbo inobatanidza vamwe vashandi pamwe chete. Kwaiye, mweya wekubatana uye kubatana kunoita basa rinokosha.

Sangano iri kupfuurira kwemhuri. Nzira yekuita vanhu kune vatungamiri inoratidzika senzira inogadzira izvo zvinoita kuti vanhu vaone zviitiko, vanzwisise, vanoita maererano nemamiriro ezvinhu, kupa zvinorehwa uye zvakakosha kumabatiro avo pachavo. Ichokwadi, mitemo inoreva, uye chiito chikuru chinoitika panguva yekusarudza.

Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chesangano chizere nechinangwa chokufananidzira uye chinobatsira kusika chaicho. Nzira yekuita vanhu inotarisa kune munhu, kwete pane sangano. Kuziva izvi, zvakakosha zvikuru kukwanisa kubatanidza mukati mekukosha kwehurongwa hwekushandura uye kuchinja mune mamiriro matsva emabasa.