Trophic chain. Mafuro ezvokudya. Trophic food chain

The trophic chain is a relationship at the level of nutrients between macro-and microorganisms through which the change of energy and matter takes place in ecosystems. Zvose zvinomera, zvipenyu uye zvisikwa zvinyoronyoro zvakanyatsobatanidzwa nemutemo we "zvokudya-mutengi".

Basic Definitions

The trophic chain is one of the most important properties of any ecosystem. Ichi ndicho chimedu chekudya. Inoratidzira imwe tsananguro yakakwana yezvipenyu. Izvi zvinoratidza kufambisa mune zvezvisikwa muhupenyu mukugadzirisa kudyidzana kwezvinhu zvinokonzerwa nemasikirwo emagetsi uye zvinhu zvakasikwa. Semuenzaniso: uswa-hare-hare - mbere - mabhakitiriya. Sezvo mutemo, pane chikara chikuru kumusoro kwepiramidi trophic. Izwi iro pachayo ndiro rinobva kune rechiGiriki izwi rokuti "kupamba", izvo zvinoreva "zvokudya". Iwe usati waona kuti chirongwa chezvokudya ndechei, unofunga kuongorora pfungwa dzakadaro sevatori, vatengi uye vaparara.

Vatori

Vagadziri vanoshevedza boka rezvipenyu izvo zvinokwanisa kugadzira zvinhu zvakaoma zvinokonzerwa nemaminera emiti. Izvi zvinosanganisira, munzvimbo yekutanga, autotrophs. Izvi ndezvirimwa uye zvinyoronyoro zvinyorwa, izvo zvinokwanisa kuburikidza nefotosynthesis kuti ichinje kunze kwemhepo yezuva kuti ive yenyama. Inounganidza mumasero uye inobatanidzwa mune metabolism. Mumamiriro ezviko, mienzaniso yevatori ndeye ferns, mosses, gymnosperms uye maruva. Mumugungwa iyo ipankton. Iyo duku duku yegorosi ndiyo muenzaniso wevatori vemarudzi ese emvura.

Consumables

Vatengi mapoka akasiyana-siyana ezvisikwa, vachidyisa chete nezvezvinhu zvakasikwa, izvo vatori vanogadzira. Munyika, vatengi vanonzi heterotrophs. Inogona kuva mhuka uye mhuka dzakanaka, zvipembenene. Kune vatengi vemitemo yakasiyana. Iko kukamukana kunobva pane chinzvimbo chezvipenyu muzvokudya.

Kune vashandi vekutanga vanotanga mhuka dzinokanganisa, zvipembenene uye shiri. Somuenzaniso, shanje rekudya kwemasango rinogona kusanganisira hare, mouse, roe deer, elk. Zvose izvi mhuka ndivo vatengi vekutanga. Zvisizvo zvinoratidza kuti vanodya varairi, ndiko kuti, mbeu. Chaizvoizvo, awa maitiro, masulates, nyoka, lizards uye amphibians akasiyana-siyana, pamwe chete nezvipembenene, hove, shiri duku.

Vatengi vemirayiro yechipiri uye inotevera ndeyezvipfeko zvakasiyana-siyana. Vanovaka mapuroteni avo kubva mune zvakasikwa zvezvipfuwo nemiti zvakabva. Iri boka rinosanganisira mabhesi, mhuri ye canine, feline, shiri dzinokanganisa, zvinokambaira uye nyoka. Munharaunda yegungwa iyo niche inobatwa nemapapiro uye dolphins.

Reedents

Vanononoka vanonzi microorganisms kushandisa zvigunwe zvehupenyu. Aya mabhakitiriya uye fungi. Vanorarama muvhu uye vanoita kuti zvirongwa zvekuora zvivepo. Izwi rinoreva izwi rokuti "kuparara" ndiro izwi rokuti "vanoparadza". Parizvino, bacteriophages inowedzerwa kune boka iri.

Mhando mikuru ye trophic chain

Kune mhando miviri mikuru yemaketani ezvokudya: kuchema uye mafuro. Ivo vane kusiyana kukuru. Nzvimbo yezvokudya zvekudyisa (kana yeketani yekudya) inovakirwa pahukama hwakaoma hwemazana akasiyana-siyana emiti, mhuka uye saprophytes. Nheyo yaro ndeyezvipotrophic zvipenyu. Ichi ndicho chimiro chikuru. Zvadaro kune mhuka dzakasvibiswa. Somuenzaniso, ungulates kana mapurisa. Mumakungwa nemakungwa zvinogona kuva zooplankton. Uye, pakupedzisira, pamusoro pezvokudya zvinokonzerwa nezvikara zvechipiri. Idzi ndidzo mhuka dzisingasviki musango. Somuenzaniso, mabhesi, vamiririri vemhuri yekati, shiri dzinodya nyama. Kunyanya iyo yakareba mafuro emaketani emakungwa. Pano, vatengi vemutemo wechitanhatu uye wechinomwe vanowanikwa.

Detrital trophic chain is based on decomposition processes. Vanogara vaine mushroom kana kuti microorganisms-saprophytes.

Detrital trophic chains

Kukanganiswa kwakadaro kwemaketani kunowanzosvika mumasango, uyewo apo vazhinji vemaiti mashoma haatambidzwi zvakananga nemhuka dzakanaka. Asi panguva imwechete iyo inonyangarika. Inoshandiswa nefunguswe duku uye mabhakitiriya, anonzi saprophytes. Zvokudya zvose zvinodzinga trophic chain zvinotanga ne detritus. Dzinoramba dziine microorganisms dzinodziparadza uye dzinozvishandisa. Zvadaro kune detritophages nevashandi vavo - zvinotyisa zvezvipenyu. Kudzika maketani kunowanzoitawo mune zvisikwa zvegungwa nemakungwa, kunyanya pakadzika. Pano, mamiriro ezvinhu anoshandiswa umo nhamba yakawanda yezvikara zvisingararami, saka microorganisms inotora nzvimbo yawo.

Trophic levels

I trophic chain ine maverengi akawanda. Izvi zvinogona kuwanikwa nyore nyore mune chero zvipenyu zvepasi. Nhamba yekutanga inomiririrwa nevarimi. Wechipiri - vatengi vemirairo yakasiyana. Muchidimbu maketani, sekutonga, kune zvitatu zvakasungwa, mumaketani akareba pasina zvibvumirano. Asi zvipembenene uye mushroom zvichagara zviri zvekupedzisira. Chero chero chetatu chekudya chinoguma nevanokuvadza. Basa ravo guru mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana ezvisikwa ndiko kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakasikwa kune zvicherwa. Iyo yakareba kudarika ye trophic zvokudya yakasungwa mumakungwa nemakungwa. Icho chiduku pane zvayo chiri musango nemafuta. Nhungamiro yakadaro yakabatana ye trophic yakawanda inoumba chikafu chezvokudya.

Zvakakosha kujekesa kuti chain chain haisi nguva yakakwana. Izvo zvingasava nehumwe hukama. Dzimwe nguva "vanobuda" kune chimwe chikonzero kana chimwe. Chokutanga, kwete nguva dzose muketani ndivo vadyara-varairi. Havasipo mune mharaunda iyo yakaumbwa pamusana pekurima miti uye (kana) mhuka inoramba iripo. Muenzaniso unotyisa ndiwo marara emashizha ari mumatanda. Chechipiri, mu trophic zvisungo zvingasava ne heterotrophs, ndiko kuti, mhuka. Zvimwe vangave vashomanana. Semuenzaniso, mumasango akafanana achiwa michero nematavi, kupfuudza vatengi, pakarepo vanotanga kuora. Muchiitiko ichi, varimi vanokurumidza kutevera vaparara. Munharaunda imwe neimwe yezvisikwa, zvikwata zve trophic zvinoumbwa, zvichibva pane zvakatipoteredza. Pasi pemamwe mafungiro, kunyanya kubva kumunhu, maketani aya anogona kuwedzera kana, sezvaanowanzoitika, kuderera nekuda kwekuparara kwehumwe hukama.

Mienzaniso ye trophic chain

I trophic chain, zvichienderana nehuwandu hwekubatanidza iyo inosanganisira, inogona kuva yakajeka uye yakawanda. Muenzaniso weketani yakakwana yakazara, umo vatori, vatengi uye vaparara varipo, vanogona kutarisa nenzira inotevera: aspen-beaver-mabhakitiriya.

Dzimba dzakawanda dze trophic dzine nhamba yakawanda yehukama. Asi kazhinji nhamba yavo haina kudarika 6-7 mune zvisikwa zvezvisikwa zviripo. Maketani akareba akadaro anogona kuwanikwa mumakungwa nemakungwa. Mune zvimwe zvacho zvisikwa zvipenyu, zvibatanidza zvinowanzowanikwa 5. Pane mienzaniso mizhinji yekugadzira mutsara wezvokudya kune zvakasiyana-siyana:

1. Algae - roach-perch-burbot - mabhakitiriya.

2. Plankton-coral-pomatsentrovye hove-white shark-mabhakitiriya.

3. Gorosi - dhonho - frog-so-tambo.

Izvo zvose izvi mienzaniso yezvipfuwo zvinodya mhuka. Asi kune dzimwe mhando dzehukama. Semuenzaniso, ketani yezvipembenene. Zvinotaridzika sezvi: uswa - mhou - tapeworm - mabhakitiriya. Dzimwe nguva kubva paketani kunogona kudonha mutengi: Currantum - yakaoma mushroom-phage. Mhuka yekudya yakasiyana nekusiyana kweruzhinji mukuti ukuru hwezvisikwa zviri mukati mavo zvinowedzera sezvo chiyero chekubatana kwechikwata kuchiwedzera. Asi mune basa rekuparara kune huri saprophytes mumatambudziko ose. Zvisungo zvinoputika zvinotarisa zvakasiyana-siyana: mashizha emashizha - michina yakawanda fungi - mabhakitiriya.