The zvoupfumi - ndechokuti pfungwa? The upfumi dambudziko 1929-1933, 2008 uye 2014. Zvinokonzera kuti zvoupfumi

Munhoroondo yose nyika munharaunda, upfumi vakawanda dambudziko, achiperekedzwa kuderera kwokugadzirwa, akawira mitengo, kuunganidza unsold zvinhu pamusoro pamusika, kuparara rwezvemabhengi ezvinhu, rakapinza kuwedzera kwemabasa, kuparadzwa ruzhinji huripo emakambani ane bhizimisi uye kutengeserana.

Chii - dambudziko? Ndezvipi zviratidzo zvayo? Chii kuparadza upfumi munyika uye isu vagari vanhuwo? Saka kana hakunzvengeki uye chii chinogona kuitwa? Ngatiedzei kupa kanenge anofungidzirwa mhinduro dzakawanda mibvunzo iyi.

Chokutanga, funga dambudziko sezvo neimwewo pfungwa.

Izwi iri rakashandurwa kubva muchiGiriki se "mutsindo kusuduruka", "munyika yose dambudziko", "guva ezvinhu" chero muitiro. Kazhinji, dambudziko - ane kusaenzana upi ezvinhu, apo wayo yezwi unhu hutsva.

basa Its uye nzendo

Nokuti zvose zvayo zvinorwadza nematambudziko anoita anobatsira mabasa. Akafanana chirwere chakakomba kuti yabata chipenyu muviri, kuti akazviunganidzira kupokana zvakavanzika, matambudziko uye regressive zvinhu kunoshayisa kubva mukati chero kutanga hurongwa, kana zviri mhuri, vanhu kana ayo munhu nhengo.

Nekuti nematambudziko hakudzivisiki uye kuti pasina kwavari hazvibviri kuenda mberi. Uye mumwe nomumwe wavo ane zvitatu zvikuru mabasa:

• kubviswa kana chinokosha kutendeutsa zvisingachashandi epasi vaneta zvinhu;
• muedzo simba uye utano kukurudzira nhengo dzayo;
• kubvisa nzira pakusika zvinhu kuti gadziriro itsva.

Warwo emuchina dambudziko anoenda mumatanho akawanda. The Isimba rakadini rinogona kubudiswa (zvakavanzika), umo ezvinhu vari achikura, asi haisati kubuda. Nguva dhirika, pakarepo Sharpening kuzvipokanidza, kutsanya uye simba kuparara scorecards. Uye danho easing yezwi chimwe chinhanho mwoyo uye duku zvakanyatsoenzana. Ya vatatu kwenguva hakusi chete, mugumisiro dambudziko hazvibviri exchange pachine.

Unhu uye Zvinokonzera

Nematambudziko anogona kuva zvarwo uye nemakanzuru. General - avo kuti vafukidze yose upfumi seboka, zvomunharaunda - chete chikamu chayo. Mira panyaya makro uye mikrokrizisy. The zita panguva anotaura pacharo. Nokuti pakutanga kunoratidzwa pamwero uye zvinetso zvakakomba. Chechipiri kukanganisa bedzi nyaya chete kana boka rayo.

Zvikonzero dambudziko akaputsa zvinogona chinangwa zvinobva cyclical zvinodiwa kuti akagadziridzwa, uye kuzviitira, zvichibva zvikanganiso enyika uye voluntarism. Uyewo, ivo inogona rakakamurwa kwokunze uye dzakawanda. Chokutanga chokuita zvinhu macroeconomic kubudirira mune zvoupfumi uye zvematongerwo mamiriro ezvinhu munyika, wechipiri - pamwe kurwara-pamuviri yokutengesa zano, zvikanganiso uye kurwisana musangano okuwana, kusagona uye inivhesitimendi itsika.

The zvemari uye zvoupfumi sezvo nomugumisiro wacho inogona yoku- kana kuparadzwa chokupedzisira mari uye zvoupfumi, kuvandudzika wayo kana kusvika inotevera dambudziko. Out zvingava inopinza uye dzimwe nguva isingatarisirwi kana nyoro uye refu. Izvi dzinongoita pakutsvaga mutemo dambudziko zvakanaka. ukapisa murwi All kunyatsobatsira hurumende masimba, paruzhinji masangano, vanhu uye tsika.

Musimboti wacho zvoupfumi

Zvoupfumi - rakapinza, dzimwe nguva precipitous Kushatiswa emari imwe nyika kana nyika vomumusha. Zviratidzo zvacho - kutyorwa maindasitiri ukama, kuwedzera kwemabasa, kusauka akaitwa, zvinonyatsorehwa kuderera. Tuso - kuderera mararamiro uye zvakanaka.

The nematambudziko upfumi chiitiko wakaratidzwa overproduction kwenhumbi hama zvinoda kuchinja noumhizha mabiko ezvinhu, vakawanda layoffs nevamwe ukapisa murwi socio-upfumi hunhu.

Izvi zvinoitika sei?

Upfumi chero nyika nenzira chaiyo yenguva iri imwe mbiri inotaura.

1. Kugadzikana kana kugadzirwa uye kuparadzwa (azvaitwa - zvitengeswa uye kudiwa) iri hombe pachiyero. Panguva iyoyowo kukura kwoupfumi ari yakarurama.
2. The kusaenzana kuti chacho chakaipa inorwara pezvakaitwa zvoupfumi kuti anonamata dambudziko.

Zvoupfumi - pose kusaenzana mari uye zvoupfumi. Zvinonzi pamwe nokurasikirwa kwomuzvarirwo ukama nokure kugadzirwa uye zvokutengeserana, uye pakupedzisira inotungamirira kuti kusaenzana wegadziriro zvakakwana.

Chii chiri kuitika upfumi

Mukuona nesayenzi, mashoko zvoupfumi - ndiye kusaenzana kwezvinhu romugove uye kudiwa zvinhu uye mabasa.

Musimboti riri kuchengetwa zvakawandisa kugadzirwa zvinhu hama kuti kudiwa.

Modern nezvoupfumi zvaizobatsira sezvo dambudziko mamiriro hwenyika nayo chichatadza nechinzwano kwokunze kuchinja. Features nayo - nesimba, nguva uye kukura.

Panguva iyoyowo, sezvo yave akati, zvoupfumi zvingabatsira. Pakupedzisira, rinopa zvakasimbisa kukura upfumi, akatakura CATALYTIC basa. Pasi nawo, kunoderedza kugadzirwa mari, kunowedzera makwikwi, pave chinokurudzira kurasira zvisingachashandi achishandisa kugadzirwa updating itsva unyanzvi hwaro. Naizvozvo, dambudziko - chinhu chinokosha yokuzvidzora musika zvoupfumi.

Chii inokanganisa dambudziko

Kubva kudzikira, sezvo mutemo, kutambura kupfuura mamwe maindasitiri kugadzira zvinhu uye hunogara nzira. Kunyanya kuvakwa. Industries uchibereka nhumbi kushandiswa kwenguva pfupi, sei asina kudaro kunorwadza.

Nzira pakuti ayo chikonzero. Kubvisa zveupfumi dambudziko, hurumende inofanira kuzivisa chinangwa chikuru yezwi dzose ezvoupfumi vane kubhadhara zvose chikwereti, kuongorora mamiriro zvinhu uye maonero panguva imwe chete.

Zvino ngatiedzei kuona zviri kuitika munyika, pamwe mienzaniso yakananga. Ngationei kuyeuka zvikuru nomukurumbira pakati miedzo yakaomesesa, yakazununguka panguva yake upfumi hwenyika.

Ngatidzokerei zvakapfuura

Nematambudziko kwakaitika munhoroondo munzanga. Wokutanga yakarova US upfumi panguva imwe chete, Britain, Germany uye France, zvakaitika muna 1857. The zvakasimbisa wayo kukura kwakanga pokuwa pamusika wemari uye kusauka munhu muzvizhinji kuti njanji makambani.

Mimwe mienzaniso achashandira: Guru Depression (1929-1933.), Mexico (1994-1995.), Uye Asian dambudziko (1997), uye, hapana mubvunzo kuti Russian 1998 dambudziko gore.

On matambudziko 1929-1933.

The pose zvoupfumi kuti 1929-1933 zvakasikwa - cyclic kuvhunduka overproduction. To ichi chakawedzerwa, uye nhamba Kuchinja upfumi, mavambo izvo rakaenderana nguva hondo. Izvi zvakaita kuti nokukurumidza kuwedzera mukurima, achisimbisa nevhu rakawandisa, zvichiita kuti kutadza wokugadzirisa pashure kuguma mamiriro ezveupfumi dzaiva pamberi hondo.

Features hupfumi dambudziko makore iwayo akazviratidza chibatanidze zvose capitalist nyika pasina chaakasiya; uye zvose nzvimbo upfumi hwenyika. It rakasiyana nemamwe yemaguta kudzika uye refu.

Ngatimboonai zvinokonzera mari dambudziko makore iwayo zvizere.

Zvaiitika munyika

Nokuti nguva kutsiga 20-ies akava anozivikanwa kunowedzera kukura centralization uye mumisasa kuti guru uye kugadzirwa, izvo zvakaita kuti vawedzere chepamusoro simba. Muchiitiko chino, murau hurumende simba zvikuru. Tsika sectors hwenyika (shipbuilding, marasha migodhi, chiedza indasitiri) kukura kushoma wapera, vakawedzera urovha. mukana pamusoro-akabuda mune zvokurima.

The zvoupfumi cha1929 chakaita kuti mismatch pakati yakaderera rokutenga simba chavagari guru kugadzirwa vachikanganisa. Unorema guru paakapiwa mu pamusika wemari zvokufungidzira kuti zvakawedzera kusagadzikana pakati zvoupfumi ezvinhu.

The United States sezvo huru dzakawanda chikwereti vakatongerwa zvemari kuvimba vakawanda nyika dzokuEurope. Kushaya pachako mari vakawanda vavo akabvunza vakasununguka mukana kwenhumbi anogadzirwa US pamusika, asi yakabuda rakawedzera makwikwi uye kuwedzera tsika mabasa akaita chikwereti kunyika vokuUnited States.

Chronicle of Depression Great

Sezvo zvoupfumi kuti 1929-1933.? Zvino "China dema" (24 October 1929), kana kuchinjanisa yamuka isina kumboitika nokutya muUnited States. Kukosha migove of New York Stock Exchange ikaurawa hafu (kunyange kana kupfuura). Iri raiva rimwe kuratidzwa nonoka dambudziko kumboitika udzamu rokutanga.

Tichienzanisa pre-dambudziko pamwero 1929, bhuku US maindasitiri zvigadzirwa akawira 80,7% muna 1930. Dambudziko kwakatungamirira unopinza kuparara pakati mitengo, kunyanya nokuda zvokurima zvigadzirwa. The kumboitika kukura kusauka uye kuparadzwa zvava yezvokutengeserana, maindasitiri uye zvemari mabhizimisi. The dambudziko yakarova zvozomupinza simba, mukuwedzera, uye pamahombekombe.

Chii chinofanira kuitwa?

Britain-French bloc akaona dambudziko pamusoro yokugadzirisa kubhadhara Germany. Asi gwara rakakundikana - zvemari vachikwanisa muGermany haana vakwikwidzi zvakakwana yokurambidza nezvaanogona yaro dzakawanda zvokutengeserana. Utungamiri munyika sabotaged ari yokugadzirisa kuti waida kwake zvose zvikwereti zvitsva uye kunyange zvakawanda kunogumbura kusagadzikana pakati international mari hurongwa.

The zvoupfumi pakati 1929-1933 inozivikanwa seimwe yakaipisisa iri yose upfumi. Zvakanditorera makore mashoma kudzikamisa nyika ino. nyika dzakawanda dzakaona kwenguva refu migumisiro yose zvoupfumi nenyonganyonga, vakaburukira munhau.

Crisis muna 2008

Zvino funga mukuru mitemo uye zvechadenga akadzidza pfungwa iri muenzaniso inozivikanwa zviitiko dzakadai zvoupfumi ra2008. chimiro chake ane zvitatu zvinokosha zvinhu.

1. The yose dambudziko kwakaitwa zvinenge zvose kunyika uye nzvimbo. Panzira, ndine simba zvazvinoita munzvimbo vanobudirira uye mira sei zvishoma. MuRussia, sezvo vakawanda matambudziko akacherechedza munzvimbo uye nzvimbo ezvoupfumi tiguu, mu lagging munharaunda kuchinja vakanga akanzwa usingashandi.
2. The zvoupfumi ra2008 aiva STRUCTURAL hunhu, inosanganisira updating pamusoro muzvigadzirwa mujinga upfumi hwenyika.
3. The dambudziko raiva itsva hunhu, somugumisiro iyo ndokwaanosimbiswa uye zvikuru kushandiswa zvakagadzirwa zvemari sezvo itsva musika zviridzwa. Ivo akanyatsosiyana achinja chinhu pamusika. Mutengo mafuta, kwaienderana achinyanya nhamba romugove uye kudiwa, uye saka zvishoma raitungamirwa Vagadziri, akanga zvino kuumbwa mune misika yemari mabasa nevaichinja vanotengesa mari zviridzwa chokuita ayo zvitengeswa.

Nyika munharaunda aifanira kubvuma chokwadi kusimbiswa rakapotsa chakaita paumbwe inokosha nemiitiro. Panguva iyoyowo, vezvematongerwo enyika uye zvoupfumi vepamusoro varasikirwa kudzora kufamba zviridzwa zvemari. Naizvozvo, dambudziko iri anonzi "bongozozo motokari pachavo creators dzavo."

Sezvazvakanga zvakaita

Muna September 2008, nyaya idambudziko kuti mahofisi zvose pasi pose - Falls NYSE. Munyika nokudonha wemari. hurumende yeRussia Inongovawo Exchange anovhara. Muna October wegore iroro zvinova zvachose pachena kuti munyika yose dambudziko hakudzivisiki.

Kuparadzwa mabhanga pakukura munyika anova aval. Peta zvirongwa chikwereti, achifumira mubereko prices pamusoro zvikwereti. Steelmakers kumisa kwebhosvo yamavira, mafekitari, vakaisa kure vashandi. Nokuda kwokushaya mari "refu" uye zvikwereti akarega kuvaka, midziyo itsva akatenga, injiniya indasitiri inowira vadhakwa. Akawira kudiwa rendi ipfupi mari simbi uye mafuta.

Upfumi chikara denderedzwa: hapana mari - hapana muripo - hapana basa - hapana Kugadzirwa - Hapana zvigadzirwa. The kutenderera ari kuvharwa. Pane here chinonzi dambudziko liquidity. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, vatengi vacho havana mari, nhumbi havasi yakabereka nokuda kwokushayiwa kudiwa.

The zvoupfumi pamusoro 2014

Mberi kusvika kuitika. Pasina mubvunzo, tose tiri kunetseka ezvinhu munyika chokuita ichangoburwa zviitiko. Achifumira mitengo, depreciation pamusoro Ruble, kuvhiringidzika munzvimbo yezvematongetwo - izvi zvose anopa kodzero kutaura nechivimbo kuti tiri kusangana chaiyo dambudziko.

MuRussia, 2014 zvoupfumi - mumwe kudzikira mune upfumi munyika nokuda unopinza kuderera mune simba mitengo uye nokuiswa zvoupfumi zvirango kuzorwa Russia kubva kunyika dzokuMadokero. It kwakaratidzwa mu inokosha depreciation yeRussian Ruble, kuwedzera mitengo uye vasanyanye kukura chaiko mari pakati vokuRussia.

Ndezvipi zvinhu zvayo?

Sezvo kutanga 2000s muRussia paiva chokutanga kuvandudzika chinhu zvekutepfenyura. Active kukura wenyika mitengo yemafuta panguva zvakawedzera kutsamira hwenyika kubva simba kugadzira maindasitiri, uye basa kwokunze ezvinhu.

A donhwe mitengo mafuta nokuda vasanyanye kudiwa, kugadzirwa kukura kwaro US, kuramba dzimwe nyika kuti kuderedza zvitengeswa. Izvi zvakaita kuti vasanyanye zveminda kuti kutengeswa simba, nekurangarira inenge 70% of vanosvika mudzimba kunze kwenyika. Nemigumisiro yakaipa pokuwa mune mitengo vakanzwa uye dzimwe kwekurasira nyika - Norway, Kazakhstan, Nigeria, Venezuela.

Matangiro Ayakaita

Chii chinokonzera ari zvoupfumi muna 2014? Chii chaizvo chaiva chikungiso? Nokuda annexation pakati Crimea kuRussia, kuti dzeEU vaiona somunhu annexation, kuzorwa Russia zvirango vakanga zvavakatemerwa, chinoratidzwa kurambidza pamwe chete mupomerwi indasitiri emakambani, nemabhengi Makambani maindasitiri. Crimea akanzi zvoupfumi blockade. Akumbirwa President kweRussia vakaisa zvirango kuzotirwisa - mhaka pamusoro kota matambudziko emari munyika.

Saka, panguva iyo nyika iri kusangana zvoupfumi uye enyika dambudziko.

In yokutanga yezana gore rakaramba kurega kunotanga, kuita muna 2014 zveupfumi akawira pasi projected mitengo panzvimbo vakaronga 5% asvika pachiyero 11,4%, GDP ikaurawa 0.5% nokuda gore, yakanga kwete 2008. The kuwa Ruble December 15 aiva zvinyorwa, kuti zuva chainzi "Monday dema." Vamwe Exchange mahofisi vakasarudza kuisa shanu-digit vanoratidza Exchange iri huye kukura kunyange vakawanda pavari.

December 16 akatonyanya yakanyanya donhwe National mari - euro akamira 100.74 rubles, mari -. 80.1 rubles. Zvino paiva nevamwe kunosimbiswa. Ndokuguma gore pa mwero 68,37 uye 56,24 azvaitwa.

Kwakaderedza capitalization of pamusika wemari, kuti RTS indekisi wakawira panzvimbo yepasisa, hurumende akadonha vakapfuma vokuRussia nokuda kuderedza pakati zvinhu. Russia ndechokuti Rating munyika zvakazoonekwa kuti downgraded.

Chii chinoitika zvino?

The zvoupfumi pamusoro 2014 kuri kuwedzera. Muna 2015, zvinetso munyika zvakafanana. Kuramba Kusagadzikana uye kwakaderera yacho Ruble. The bhajeti dhefisiti vanotarisirwa zvikuru oneka, ndiye chinoshanda GDP kuwa.

Nemhaka zvirango, makambani Russian varasikirwa refinancing mikana uye vakatanga kukumbira rubatsiro kubva hurumende. Asi mari zvachose, "Central Bank", uye dura Fund yaiva shoma pane yose chikwereti kwokunze.

Vakawedzera mitengo motokari uye zvemagetsi, kushingaira kutenga voruzhinji vari kutya. Kunwisa kudiwa panguva pakupera 2014 nezvaiva fenicha muzvitoro, musha midziyo yemagetsi, zvishongo. Vanhu vakamhanyira kushandisa mari pachisara tariro rokuponesa kubva depreciation.

Panguva iyoyo zvakanga Akadonhedza kudiwa zvinhu mashandisiro nezuva, zvipfeko uye shangu. Nokuda kuwedzera mitengo, vokuRussia vakatanga tichengetedze kutenga zvinodiwa nemhuri zvinhu kana kuti kutenga yakachipa pashiri. Vagadziri vazhinji vatorwa mbatya uye shangu nomukurumbira pezvitsiga vakamanikidzwa dzima remapazi ayo muRussia nokuti yokushaya kudiwa. Part of chitoro yapera. Nokudaro, dambudziko munyika uye zvisina kunanga kutsikwa dzimwe makambani.

Sezvineiwo zvakawedzera mutengo zvokudya. Pamberi kutanga 2015, vakawanda, dzakawedzerwa nezvorunyerekupe ane kungangoitika yose mutengo hikes, tora kutsvaira kubva echiShinto munyu neshuga.

mabhanga mazhinji akambomisa issuance kuti mutengi uye chikwereti zvikwereti, kunyanya refu-refu, nokuda kujeka mamiriro ezvemari.

Zveupfumi Dambudziko yakarova zvakanaka zvavo vomunyika. Ungaderedza mari chaiyo, vakawedzera urovha. Akanga kunyanya kuomera vanhu vane zvirwere zvakakomba kuti zvinoda zvinodhaka zvinodhura kana kurapa kumwe.

Panguva iyoyowo nenhumbi Russian akava nyore kune dzimwe vashanyi. Vakatanga kutenga kugara Belarus, Kazakhstan, kuBaltic States, Finland uye China.

Pane akanaka?

Gore rakapera, hurumende yeRussia vakaedza kufurira munyika zvoupfumi. "Central Bank" akawedzera ayo anokosha chimbadzo katanhatu mugore, yaiitisa wokumwe kuchinjanisa kupindira kudzikamisa Ruble chinzvimbo. Vladimir Putin akaita yakarumbidza kupfuura vamiririri bhizimisi kubatsira hurumende kuburikidza kutengeswa yemuraudzo mari pamusika mudzimba Russian.

"CBA" akachema ezvinhu currency mortgages, State Duma ari kuronga matanho kubatsira anokwereta kutarisana nematambudziko nokuda Gengi nokufamba.

Asi nezvoupfumi 'Zvaifungidzirwa ya2015 regai kusiyana netariro. Dambudziko kuramba hasha, achidzikisa kwayo kumhanya kusvikira kuchengetwa. Tose tichiri nguva refu kubata nezvinetso. Zvazvinosarira kuti titore matanho kuponesa, kushomeka mari uye kuedza zvodii kuchengetedza huripo mabasa uye mamwe manyuko mari.