Zvinokonzera zveupfumi nematambudziko. Nhoroondo zveupfumi nematambudziko

Modern vanhu kuita zvayo zvakanaka kuvandudza sandara uye zvinhu hwake. Zvinokwanisika kuita achishandisa mberi mune zvoupfumi kukura, kwete chete nokuda vasina kuroora, asi mumwe nomumwe nyika pose. History inoratidza kuti mumwe nomumwe nguva kubudirira inoguma duku kusagadzikana kwezvemari.

The pindana mamiriro hwenyika

Vakawanda pfungwa dzenyika dzinoti 2 inoti kupinda inoyerera kupinda upfumi neimwe nyika nguva nenguva.

• Balance. It kunoratidzwa nechiedzo evanhu kugadzirwa uye zviverengwe. Pamisika, pfungwa mbiri idzi vanozivikanwa se zvitengeswa uye kudiwa. Muitiro zvoupfumi kukura kunoratidzwa kutarisana inofamba nenzira yakarurama mutsetse. Mumashoko nyore tinogona kutaura kuti goho kuwedzera inzwi kuenderana nokuwedzera mukurima zvinhu.

• Disequilibrium. mhando iyi dambudziko overproduction mu munzanga. Normal kutaurirana akambokanganiswa, saka, sezvo ari kuenderana hwenyika.

Ndeipi zvoupfumi?

The zvoupfumi inogona kunzi kusaenzana zvakakwana zvoupfumi nemauto iro yokusafa kufirwa uye mitswe ukama hwakanaka, zvose mukurima uye pamusika ukama. Rinoshandurwa kubva pane rechiGiriki pfungwa «krisis» sokureva pakachinja. It chinoratidza yakakura kuparara kwoupfumi ezvinhu mamiriro, nokuti vakanga kuderera kwokugadzirwa uye pakakoromoka okuwana ukama, asi kusauka hombe nhamba makambani uye nokusimuka urovha inozivikanwa. Kuwa upfumi kunotungamirira vasanyanye nemitemo zvipenyu uye kwakakura zvinakire yose kwevanhu. Dambudziko chokuita pose zvokukura zvirwere. Mumwe zvinogona of Chiitiko - ndiye hurongwa uye hombe kuunganidza chikwereti uye nekusagona vanhu kuti abhadhare nguva yavo yakanakisisa. Huru zvikonzero zvoupfumi, nezvoupfumi vakawanda chokuita disequilibrium mune peya zvitengeswa uye kudiwa zvinhu uye mabasa.

Proximate zvinokonzera zveupfumi nematambudziko

Global chinodiwa kuti chidzoke ari pose dambudziko anganzi kupokana pakati basa uye non-zvibereko mhando chaiyo kugadzirwa kana pakati kugadzirwa uye kuparadzwa, pakati maitiro uye kunze nyika. Kana kusaenzana okuwana uye asiri kugadzirwa mauto kutyora noukama chinokosha-mari. In kubata wegadziriro uye zvakatipoteredza iri chiitiko njodzi kuti hazvigoni kudzorwa, pane kukundikana kushanda muvanhu. Zvinokonzera zvoupfumi nematambudziko, vanamazvikokota chokuita kudzamisa uye kukura pamwe, specialization, achitowedzera kusiyana basa uye kugadzirwa. Kunyange kunonoka kuchinja kubva chinokosha kurimwa kuti co-kushanda uye gadzira yave akasunda kuratidza omunzvimbo nematambudziko. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akawanda, dzemo hunhu nematambudziko kubatsirwa ne kwegadziriro munyika reserves Self-ndangariro mamiriro.

Background uye nezviratidzo dambudziko

Zvikonzero kuti kukonzera zveupfumi nematambudziko, vane simba guru kwokudiwa mari, rabva pamusoro indices, dzinoshandiswa nevakawanda kuti kuongorora kutengesa. The upfumi nyika nguva nenguva nezvinoda kusaenzana. Chiitiko kunoitika ose 8-12 makore. Izvi zvinoratidza pacharo mune zvakawanda matambudziko:

• Zvakaoma kutengeswa dzowokwake;

• undesired inopinza zvoupfumi zvakanyatsoenzana;

• kuderera mukurima;

• achifumira urovha;

• kuderera mune investor basa;

• dislocation anomukweretesa bhora.

pamusoro zvose zvinetso ari kunzwisisa munhau makadanirwa dambudziko overproduction.

A guru muchinangwa paumbwe vanoshorwa ezvinhu munyika kutamba mari, asi chete kana vari vanoonekwa senzira pakukurukurirana uye mudziyo yokuita mari. It kunooneka kare kuti kusaenzana hwenyika dziri munyika akatanga kuonekwa chete pashure mari-chinokosha muchimiro kurima wakatangwa pachiimbwa capitalism. Ndicho pakukakavara zvematongerwo enyika akaita makata muupenyu marudzi ndechokungoti zvakakodzera. Runotikurudzira pafungidziro the Chiitiko - iri kunetsana pakati socialized kugadzirwa uye pasiri capitalist uridzi. Conditions okuwana kumusika zvemupiro nhumbi zvinosiyana substantially nokuda nderwevaya ukoshi. Kugadzirwa yakakwirira vhoriyamu Kugadzirwa kunodzivisa inobereka simba munzanga, uye Kuzadziswa rakapa zvinhu - proportionality nzvimbo vanhu, izvo hakubvi pakutsvaga zvinodiwa vanhu vavo kukwanisa kubhadhara. The chikuru kupokana ndechokuti simbi kugadzirwa munyika chokubudisa vakawanda nhumbi kuti nyika munharaunda haakwanisi ukaparadza vose.

Basa capitalism pakugadzirwa dambudziko

Vakawanda zvinokonzera zvoupfumi nematambudziko chokuita zvakananga capitalism, sezvo ayo chikuru hunhu pazvikanganiso risingaperi kuwedzera okuwana. Nyanya Kufunga hurongwa vapfume kunomutsa dzose kusunungurwa zvigadzirwa zvitsva uye itsva. Kuenda mazuvaano zvokushandisa uye okusuma michina itsva sectors zvose yebasa. zviyero kwakadaro achishingaira kuti indasitiri kubudirira zvinokosha makambani uye mabhizimisi makuru kukurira rimwe nokururamisira yakakwirira azvipire makwikwi. Kudikanwa kuderedza mari iri kugadzirwa chinoshingaira kurwisa vakwikwidzi kunoita Entrepreneurs vakawanda miganhu mubayiro kukura. Izvi zvinotungamirira pakuti unopinza kuwedzera mukurima chikuru zvikuru kupfuura pakuwedzera private rinodyiwa. Kuti vamugadzirire kunetsana pakati kugadzirwa uye vatengi kugadzirisa zvinhu nyaya hwenyika, kuitira kuti basa musika yevashandi optimum quality, hurumende inoenda yose munzanga mari. The ano dambudziko rinogona kunzi hurongwa mugumisiro chikwereti kuwedzera.

dzakasiyana-siyana nematambudziko

Global nematambudziko anogona kunzi kwenguva pfupi nguva rikwanise nebope pakati upfumi ehurumende uye akazvimirira oga Entrepreneurs. Ndiyo makambani kunooneka kupfuura chenjera matambudziko munyika. Pakati pavo anomira panze:

• pokuwa mari ichaita;

• overproduction uye underproduction;

• dambudziko rokutengesa nhumbi uye mabasa;

• matambudziko ari noukama pakati counterparties mumusika.

izvi zvose akazoita solvency chavagari, saka, dzinosanganisira kusauka makambani akawanda akabudirira. Matambudziko ari macroeconomic pamwero kunoratidzwa unopinza kuderera GDP uye kuwa zvebhizimisi basa. Mitengo iri kukura exponential divi, urovha kunowedzera uye mararamire chavagari ipfupi kwazvo. Hwakazara migumisiro inosuruvarisa zvoupfumi nyaya chokuita mari dambudziko subsystem. Ndiwo musiyano pakati zvinodiwa itsva ezvoupfumi pakurarama uye chinonyanya kuchinja mari masangano. nematambudziko Economic, zvinokonzera uye pamigumisiro izvo dzinoiswa kwemakore akawanda, anogona kubuda diki zveupfumi matambudziko. Chikonzero ichi - kuvapo pedyo Links pakati zvemamiriro ezvinhu uye muitiro subsystems. Local chinetso zvikuru nokukurumidza kufukidza nyika yose, uye hazvibviri kubvisa zvimwe matambudziko ari chiitiko ane dambudziko prerequisites nokuti nyika yose. Zvinokonzera yose zvoupfumi kunogona siyana chaizvo, asi chinoshamisa cyclical zvakasikwa. Kana ukaita Visualization of zvoupfumi, sangano chichaitwa ari zononoka.

The chikuru chokutambudzika dambudziko

Nhoroondo zveupfumi nematambudziko (pamwe-refu vaongorori uye musayendisiti inozvikudza) vabvumirwe govera kukura nerimwe zvoupfumi munyika 4 nhanho huru:

• Rakafukidzwa Danho. Ndiyo nguva rakatanga matambudziko. Zvinokonzera kuti zvoupfumi vechokwadi kwatoitika, asi vari vasati runotsanangurwa zvakajeka. Period ane yakajeka kukura kunyika kugadzirwa uye kubudirira, izvo zvasvika Parainge.

• Kuunganidza kuzvipokanidza. Panguva iyi kuwa munzanga simba. Crisis pezvakaitwa vanotanga kuonekwa kuti vakanga imperceptible rokutanga danho.

• Temporary pakudzikamisa danho. Iri pfupi takanga tisisanakidzwi chipande, zvakajairika kuti zvose pamwero mukuru zvoupfumi. Zvinokonzera Migumisiro ingarwadza. Society ari kuda kuparara. Society iri stratified maererano nebasa zvizvarwa. mapoka Bright maviri vanhu vanogona kuonekwa. Vamwe chinyararire outstay nematambudziko tariro kuti nokukurumidza kuchava pamusoro, mumwe - vachishingaira kushanda kuvandudza mararamire avo, kutsvaka nzira yokubuda.

• Recovery. Pasinei nokuti upfumi nyika iri kusangana paanochinja, vanhu vane akaderedzwa. Izvi zvinova predosylkoy Kudzikamiswa kunyanya vemo subsystems. Panguva iyi mukuru kusunungurwa chirongwa avo ezvinhu atopiwa akakudziridza uye takagadzirira Implementation. Netariro revanhukadzi kunowedzera. Social simba akavandudzika.

US simba pamusoro paumbwe nematambudziko pose

History of zvoupfumi yaratidza kuti akaipa manzwiro munharaunda zvingabva matambudziko rakamuka United States. Zviri pachena kuti upfumi hwose hwenyika vari interconnected uye chinhu chinokosha vachida America. Kurema nyika GDP mune upfumi puraneti kunopfuura 50%. Hurumende zvinokonzerwa anenge 25% mafuta ayo rinodyiwa. Kwekurasira ruzhinji nyika inoti zviri nezvevavariro kuUnited States.

At moyo American upfumi chinhu chisinganzwisisiki mari ichaita, iyo, zvinosuruvarisa hunokonzera uye siyana nyika zvoupfumi nematambudziko. Panzira, mumakore achangopfuura mari hurongwa ehurumende yakatanga kushanda zvikuru pasina. Panyaya iyi, huru yesangano hwokurara kwete kubva maindasitiri uye kugadzira makambani, uye vari inowanikwa fiddling Currency. Saka, zvakanga aumba kubva "mari rouchenjeri sipo", uwandu chiri kakawanda bhuku zvigadzirwa neve maindasitiri zvekutepfenyura imwe mhando. Kune nyanzvi vanodavira kuti mhaka zvoupfumi hakunei chikwereti meltdown muUnited States. Chiitiko chete raiva dzakakurudzira kuti zvakakonzera nokuchinja zvoupfumi.

Anomukweretesa - danho kune dambudziko

Maererano nemitemo musika upfumi, kudiwa pave zvitengeswa. Muchiitiko chino, somugumisiro enderana overproduction akawana kuti pfungwa chinogona kukonzera kuti vade kuti achapiwa achishingaira rinotsigirwa chikwereti zvivako. Apo Bank akaramba vanokweretesawo vanhu, zvakanyatsorongwa achidzikisa kwavo kufarira rates kupa akanaka ezvinhu kuti pamwe, mari kuwana mumaoko sauka vanhu. Misa kunoshamisa kubhadhara kutungamirira ndechokuti garandi zvokudya, kunyanya pfuma, anotanga kutengesa. Zvinosuruvarisa, kuwedzera wedzerai uye kudiwa rutapudzo haana kubvumira kubhangi kuti vadzokere zvavo zvinhu. Under nokurohwa paricharova kuvaka zvekutepfenyura, uye kushayikwa liquidity anova kunokonzera matambudziko ari zvikuru upfumi chaihwo.

Pasinei zvinhu sezvazviri kuti zvikwereti, sezvo chinodiwa kuti paumbwe dambudziko, zvinokonzera kuti Chiitiko dzinopesana chaizvo. Impact pamusoro Nguva yose panowanikwa dzakafanana zvinhu dzakasiyana nguva zvikamu kuitika nenzira dzakasiyana. Uyezve, mumwe nomumwe nyika, inozivikanwa neDare pachedu maitiro okukura. Vazhinji nyanzvi richibatanidza cyclical mananara kubva mune zvesayenzi uye kugadzira kugadzira States. The vanoshingaira Chikamu guta hwomuviri vakwegura kwemakore 10-12. Izvi zvinotungamirira kudiwa kuvandudzwa yayo, kuti ari chiratidzo yechipiri kuna kumutsidzirwa upfumi basa. Basa iri achapesana kukura ari mamiriro anogona kuridza pakatanga midziyo chitsva pakuburitswa uye kukura michina mitsva kuti vane ukama anomukweretesa zvakananga. Ndiwo hwaro zvose hupfumi kutenderera. Sezvo chikamu nguva, nguva ichaitika guru kukwegura vakatanga kuti ndizvipete. Muzana remakore rechi19, nguva yakanga yava kusvika kwapera makore 10-11 makore 7-8. Pashure pehondo, kuratidzwa nematambudziko ose hukuru zvose kaona 4-5 makore ose.

A zvishoma pamusoro dambudziko munyika zvenyika

Chinenge kusimukira ose anotarisana dambudziko. Vane chinokosha mberi. Kugadzikana uye imbalances ari upfumi nyore vasingasiyani. matambudziko capitalism vasati pakamuka somugumisiro underproduction, nhasi kunzwisisa chokuita overproduction. Kubva pakutanga zvoupfumi vakatarisana vagari England kare 1825. Zvaive munguva iyi, nyika yakatanga kudzora capitalism. Akatevera nezvinetso Britain uye America muna 1836. Nechekare muna 1847 dambudziko yakarova chinenge ose nyika muEurope. Kubva pakutanga, mambakwedza capitalist yakadzika kuderera munyika yokutanga ndohwavo 1857. Great kunzwisisa hwenyika nyika yaigona kuonekwa kubvira 1900 kusvika 1903., uyewo makore 1907 uye 1920. Mumwe akanga chete kugadzirira zvikuru yakaoma munhau yenyika. Typical zvinokonzera hupfumi dambudziko 1929-1933 zvakakonzera nokuderera sectors ose munyika upfumi. Chete iri US akaenda kusauka haana asingasviki zviuru 109 makambani. Depression mushure kudzikira yakanga kuramba tichishanda. Against hauna magumo. Pashure 4 Makore yenjodzi, pashure pfupi vapore, iye akapinda kuderera itsva, zvinobudirira achikwakuka kupora rwakazara. Panguva ino, bhuku yose maindasitiri kugadzirwa rakadzika neinopfuura 11%. Mune US, nhamba iyi yakasvika 21%. Kuwanda zvinoberekwa mota ikaurawa 40%. Development uye kusembura matambudziko kwedzimwe Yechipiri World War, kubvira muna 1939 kusvika 1945. Pokupedza vaimbopota akacherekedza veko zvoupfumi, izvo yakarova kwete America asi Canada. Mune US, maindasitiri kugadzirwa yakawira 18.2%, Canada - pa 12%. Capitalist nyika akacheka kugadzirwa nenzira 6%.

Rinotevera pose dambudziko havazofaniri kumirira refu. Capitalist nyika vakatanga kurwisana mhinganidzo dzatinosangana nadzo upfumi yatova 1953-1954, uye muna 1957-1958. Imwe nguva dzakaoma zvikuru kukura vanhu kare anoreva 1973-1975 biennium. A pachena kuchiitwa nguva ino nguva munhau - refu azvipire mitengo. anokosha maindasitiri varohwa. Matambudziko zvakakanganisa simba zvekutepfenyura, chinokosha yokurera, mari hurongwa uye kurima.