KuKaraganda, vagari: kwevanhu uye kwayo sezvamunoita

Imwe yenzvimbo dzakawanda dzeKazakhstan ndiro guta reKagaganda. Vagari pano vane tsika, mitauro uye zvechitendero zvakasanganiswa zvakanyanya, semamwe mune dzimwe nzvimbo dziri kuchamhembe kwenyika. Kuongorora kwemaitiro evanhu vari munzvimbo ino yepamatunhu kunofadza zvikuru. Ngatitsvakei kuti vagari veguta reKagaganda vari mifananidzo.

Geographical location

Guta reKaraganda riri munzvimbo yekati yeKazakhstan, nechinhambwe ichienda kumaodzanyemba-kumabvazuva, muKagaganda mabheji emvura, pakati pemvura yakadzika. Inosanganisira nzvimbo inenge 550 square meters. Km. Munzira yeKazakh zita racho rinonzi "Karaganda".

Guta iri ndiro nzvimbo yekutarisira nzvimbo yeKagaganda. Mukuwedzera, nzvimbo yacho inzvimbo yekambani uye yehupfumi yeharaunda.

Tichazotaura pamusoro pehuwandu hwevanhu veKagaganda huri pasi apa.

Nhoroondo shoma yeguta

Asi tisati taziva vanhu veKagaganda, rudzi rwemadzinza uye rwechitendero rweguta racho, ngationei kana izvi zvakagadziriswa uye kuti zvakagadzirwa sei. Izvi zvichatibvumira kuti tinyatsonzwisisa chinangwa chekuchinja kwevanhu munyika, pamwe nekudzidza kuti vanhu veKagaganda vakaumbwa sei.

Munguva yekare uye muMiddle Ages, steppes dzomusango dzakatambanudzwa munzvimbo iyo Karaganda yakasimuka. Vagari venyika idzi vakatungamirira hupfumi hwenyika, uye vaimiririrwa nemitauro inotaura chiTurkic. Muchikamu chechipiri chezana remakore rechi15, Kazakh Khanate akaonekwa munharaunda yemazuva ano eKazakhstan, mumiganhu iyo ethnogenesis yemazuva ano echi Kazakhs yakaitika. Mukati rezana remakore rechigumi nemana, nyika iyi yakazoputsika zvikamu zvitatu - Zhuz. Nharaunda ikozvino inotorwa neKaraganda yakabatanidzwa kuMiddle Zhuz. Muna 1740, Middle Zhuz inotora hutongi hweHurumende yeRussia, uye muna 1822 pakupedzisira yakabatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwayo.

Maererano nenhau, muna 1833, panzvimbo yeguta ramangwana, mukomana mufudzi weKazakh akawana malahle akaiswa. Icho chema chichava hupfumi hweKaraganda, asi izvi zvichaitika makore akawanda gare gare. Mairi emigodhi emigodhi muMambo weRussia kubva mubhedha reKagaganda yakatanga chete pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20.

Kugadziriswa kwekugara kwechigarire panzvimbo iyi, apo Karaganda yakaonekwa munguva yemberi, yakagadzwa muna 1906 uye yainzi Mikhailovka. Asi mushure mekudzoka, migodhi yemarasha yakamira, musha waiva usina chinhu.

Muna 1930, nekutanga kwekushanda, kubviswa kwemaminera munharaunda yacho kwakatangazve, zvichiita kuti kuve nekuonekwa kwevashandi vakawanda. Muna 1931 ivo vakabatana muKagaganda Workers 'Council. Ndiyo gore rino inonzi ndiro zuva rekutanga reKaraganda.

Zita rokuti "Karaganda" nzvimbo iyi yakanga isati yasvika pakatanga kugadzirwa kweguta, uye inofanirwa kubuda kubva mumusango weAcacia, iyo yakazara munzvimbo idzodzo, caragana. Kunyange zvazvo kune dzimwe nzira dzakasiyana dzedzimwe pfungwa.

Muna 1934 guta rakapiwa nzvimbo yeguta. Ichi ndicho chimwe chezviitiko zvekupedzisira izvo Karaganda akazviona. Vagari vomuguta pakutanga vakaumbwa kubva kune vashandi, kunyanya vaSlavic vemarudzi, zvikurukuru vokuRussia. Asi, mumakore akazotevera, guta racho rakatanga kutama uye Kazakhs kubva munzvimbo dzakapoteredza.

Muna 1936, Karaganda yakava nzvimbo yekutarisira nzvimbo yeKagaganda sechikamu cheKazakh SSR.

Mushure mokunge Hondo Yenyika Yakakura, mafekitari akavakwa muguta, zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvivako zvekugadzirisa zvakavakwa nokukurumidza, mudziyo wengarava wakaramba uchivandudzwa.

Mushure mekuparadzwa kweSoviet Union, zvivako zvekudhinda muKagaganda zvakaderera zvikuru, izvo zvakange zvisingabatsiri pamamiriro ezvinhu evanhu muguta. Pamusana pokuvharwa kwebhizimisi, mhuri dzakawanda dzinotamira kune dzimwe misha.

Population population

Iye zvino ngationei kuti vangani vari mu Karaganda? Nhamba yevagari vatiri ikozvino uye ichazofungidzirwa. Kana iri zuva razvino, uye mumasimba.

Chokutanga pane zvose, tichawana kuti vangani vanogara muguta nhasi. Maererano nenyanzvi, vanhu vari muKagaganda muna 2016 inenge 496.2 mamiriyoni evanhu. Panguva iyo iri chiratidzo chechina munyika iyo ichitevera guta guru reKazakhstan - Almaty, guta guru - Astana uye imwe nzvimbo inzvimbo-Shymkent (Shymkent).

Kuwanda kwevanhu

Iye zvino tinoziva huwandu hunoratidza huwandu hwevanhu veKagaganda muna 2016. Uwandu hwevanhu vanorarama panguva ino muguta ndeye 846 vanhu pa 1 sq. Km. Km.

Asi pane zvakawanda kana zvishoma here? Ngatifananise huwandu hwehuwandu hwevanhu vane chiratidzo chimwechete kumusha mukuru weKazakhstan - Almaty. MuAlmaty, huwandu hwehuwandu hwevanhu vanhu 2346 vanhu. Per sq. M. Km., Iko, sezvatinoona, inowanzoita huru kupfuura yeCaraganda. Vagari vomuguta rino, saka, vanogona kutaridzirwa sevakasunungurwa. Asi zvave zvakadaro nguva dzose here? Kuti uwane, iwe unoda kuziva kuti vanhu veKagaganda vaiva mumakore akapfuura.

Dynamics of population change

Sezvatakaona, vanhu veKagaganda (2016) inenge 496.2 mamiriyoni evanhu. Asi zvakaitika sei kare?

Muna 1959, guta racho raive nevanenge 397.1 mamiriyoni vanogara, mumakore mapfumbamwe - 523.3 mamiriyoni vagari, mumakore makumi maviri (1979) vanhu vakawedzera kusvika nehafu - 578.9 mamiriyoni. Pakazosvika 1989, muguta reKaraganda (Kazakhstan), vanhu vakanga vasvika pakureba kwavo munhoroondo - 613 800 vagari.

Asi zvino nhamba yevagari vemo yakatanga kuderera zvakasimba. Saka, mugore ra1991 rakawira kumatanho evanhu 608.6 zviuru, mune mamwe makore masere akawira 436.9 000. Muna 2004, pasi pekuwa kwakasvika - 428.9 zviuru zvevanhu. Nokudaro, kwemakore gumi nemana ekudengenyeka kwenhamba yevanhu vanogara muguta iri yakaderera kusvika anenge 185 zviuru zvevanhu.

Asi kutanga gore raitevera chizvarwa chakatanga kukura zvishoma nezvishoma. Muna 2005, yakasvika 436.0 vanhu zviuru, muna 2010 - 465.2000, muna 2012 - 475.4 000. Vanhu veKaganda muna 2016 vakawana nhamba ye 496.2 vanhu. Ichi chikamu chikamu makumi matatu nemakumi matatu nezviviri kupfuura muna 2004, asi 112.4 pasi pe1989. Kuti zviratidzo zvakasimba zvakadaro zvinowanikwa muhuwandu hweKaganda. Nhamba ye 2016 haina kusvika kusvika kumazinga a1970.

Zvinokonzera kuchinja kwakakosha muhuwandu hwevanhu

Iye zvino ngationei kuti sei masimba evanhu vari muguta reKagaganda ave achichinja zvakanyanya kudaro.

Kukura kwevanhu veKagaganda kusvika muna 1989 kubatanidza hakuiti mhinduro dzakakosha. Ichi chaive chiitiko chechisikigo. Uyezve, Karaganda iguta guru remabhizimisi, iro rakaramba richibudirira munguva yeSoviet, saka saka raida kuwedzera kwebasa idzva. Vanhu vakauya kuzoshanda kuKaraganda mabhizimisi kubva kumativi akawanda eU.SR. Yakanga iri kubasa kuenda kune dzimwe nyika, pamwe chete nehuwandu hwekuwanda kwevanhu , iyo yakaita kuti kuwedzera kwevagari vemuzinda uyu wepakati kubva muna 1959 kusvika muna 1989 inopfuura 1.5 nguva.

Asi kana kuwedzera kwehafu nehafu yenguva yemakore makumi matatu evanhu veguta racho hakuiti mhinduro dzakakosha, zvino zvakaitika sei kuti mumakore gumi anotevera, kubva muna 1989, nhamba yevagari vayo yakaderera anenge yakafanana nehafu yenguva? Chikonzero chei ichi chikwata chakafanana. Iko nguva ino chete, kwete kuwedzera kwenhamba yemabhizimisi nemabasa, asi kukanganisa kwekugadzira, kugadziriswa kwemafekitari nemafekitari, nekuda kwezvinetso zvekushanduka kwemazuva mushure mekudengenyeka kweUSSR uye kuchinja kubva pane zvakarongwa kuenda kune imwe yezvemarikiti, yakaita basa rayo. Kuvharwa kwemabhizimisi, kuderedzwa kwemaitiro kwevamwe vasara vakasara kuti vaite basa, kwakakonzera kusakosha kwebasa, izvo zvakatungamirira kubuda kwevanhu kune dzimwe nyika dzisina kuora mwoyo, uye kunze kwenyika, kunyanya kuRussian Federation. Uyezve, midzi yevagari vakawanda veKaganda vaibva kuRussia, uko ivo kana vabereki vavo vakauya kuzorera Kazakh SSR kubudiswa munguva yeSoviet.

Chimwe chinhu chinokosha chaiva kutengeswa kweguta guru reKazakhstan kubva kumaodzanyemba kweAlmaty kune guta riri kuchamhembe kwenyika - Astana (yaimbova Tselinograd). Guta idzva rakanga riri pedyo neKagaganda, nokuda kwekugadzirisa kwayo, vashandi vaida maoko avo, uye hupenyu huri muguta guru renyika pacharo pacharo rinotanga matarisiro makuru kwazvo. Nokudaro, chikamu chikuru chevanhu veKagaganda vakabatanidza ramangwana ravo neAstana. Kubatsirwa nekufamba kure kwaisafanira. Kusiyana neKaraganda, nekuda kwekuwana kwehuwandu hwehurumende, vanhu veAspana kubva muna 1989 kusvika nhasi kune zvakanyanya kuwedzera. Saka, kana muna 1989 guta iri raive ne 281.3 chete vanhu zviuru, zvino muna 2016 chizvarwa chaive 872.7 vanhu. Izvo ndezvemakore makumi maviri nemakumi maviri nemazana maviri pakange pane kuwedzera kwehuwandu kwevanhu vanopfuura katatu. Zvechokwadi, nekubatsira kwekuwedzera kwepanyama, zviratidzo zvakadaro hazvizoitiki. Chinhu chinokosha mukuwedzera nhamba yevagari vomuAgasana ndiko kuwedzera kwevanhu kubva mumaguta akaora mwoyo akadai seKagaganda.

MuKagaganda pachayo mumakore makumi mapfumbamwe emakore ekupedzisira nehafu yekutanga yezana remakore rokutanga rezana remakore rino, vanhu vari kuwedzera kuderera. MuSoviet nguva, guta racho raiva rechipiri rakapararira muKazakhstan, rechipiri chete kune guta guru reKazakh SSR, Alma-Ata. Pasinei nekudonha kwekuwanda kwenhamba yevagari, iyi mamiriro eKaraganda inogona kuchengetwa kusvikira kutanga kwemireniyamu itsva. Asi pakutanga kwema2000, guta iri revanhu rakagara misha miviri panguva imwechete: Shymkent uye itsva, Astana. Nokudaro, mazuva ano Karaganda anowirirana nechina muKazakhstan mune ichi chiratidzo.

Izvi ndezvekuti shrinkage inokurumidza yevanhu vanogara muKaganda muguta rino iyo yakanyanya kuwanda kwehuwandu hwevanhu, pamusoro pedu yatakataura zvishoma. MuSoviet nguva zhinji vanhu vakawanda vanobva kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzenyika vakauya kuzogara muguta, yakavakwa uye ikawedzerwa. Asi mumakore makumi mapfumbamwe nemakumi masere ekufamba kwevanhu kubva kuKagaganda kwakatanga, asi panguva imwe chete miganhu yeguta yakaramba iri yakafanana, iyo yakaita basa rinokosha pakuti uwandu hwevanhu panguva ino hwakanyanya.

Kuwedzera kuwedzera kwenhamba yevagari veKaganda

Kuwa kwehuwandu hwevanhu vaigara muKagaganda haikwanise kugara nokusingaperi. Muna 2004, vanhu vanosvika 428 900 vakazosvika. Kubvira kubva muna 2005, mamiriro evanhu vari muguta ari kutanga kuvandudza, uye vanhu vari kuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma. Izvi zvinowanikwa kusvikira panguva ino. Ichokwadi kuti kuwedzera kwevanhu hakusi kufamba kwakadaro sekufanana kwekuwa kwayo, asi zvisinei izvi ndizvo zvakanaka. Chii chaive chikonzero chekuchinja kwevanhu ava?

Chokutanga pane zvose, kuwira mukugadzirwa, sezvavanotaura, kwasvika pasi. Kushanda kwemabhizimisi zvishoma kana zvishoma kunogona kugovera vakasara vagari veguta vane mabasa. Ikoko kwakanga kusina urombo hwakadaro hwakaipisisa sezvakaitika kare, izvo zvakakonzera kubuda kukuru kwevanhu. Iye zvino nhamba yevagari vemuguta, uye nhamba yemabasa aive akagadzirira kupa mabhizinesi, akawanda kana zvishoma. Izvo zvakashanda sechinhu chakakosha chekuvhara kubuda kwevanhu kubva muguta.

Chimwe chechipiri chakakonzera kubatsiridza mamiriro ehupenyu muKagaganda chaive kuvandudzwa kwemamiriro ehupfumi mugore ra2000, kusiyana nema 1990, munyika yose. Kuvonga izvi, zvose zvinotanga kuitwa mumasangano zvakatanga kugadzikana, kusvika kune zvisikwa zvepanyama, kusanganisira vanhu.

Ichokwadi kuti kuwedzera kwenhamba yevagari vomuKaganda panguva ino inonyanya kukonzerwa nekuwedzera kwekuzvarwa, kureva, kusiyana kwakanaka pakati pekubereka nekufa, uye kwete pamutengo wevanhu vanoenda kune imwe nyika, sezvakange zvakaita muSoviet times. Kunyange zvakadaro, kunyange kuwedzera kwakadaro kwakanyanya kunaka, izvo zvinoratidza kuti Karaganda ane ramangwana.

Mahedheni akaumbwa

Takadzidza vanhu veguta reKaraganda. Kuumbwa kwemapoka emadzinza hakusi kukosha kwekunzwisisa mamiriro ezvinhu evanhu munzvimbo. Ngationei kuti nyika dzipi dzinogara muKagaganda.

Marudzi mazhinji kwazvo muKaraganda ndiRussia uye Kazakhs. Vanhu vokuRussia vari kutungamirira nhamba. Nhengo yavo muhuwandu hwehuwandu hweguta rino ndewe 45.6%. Chikamu cheKazakhs chika 36.3%. Munguva dzeSoviet, nhamba yeRussia yakanga yakanyanya kukura, ichiverengera vanhu vanopfuura 50% yevanhu. Asi munguva yekuzvimiririra kweKazakhstan, chikamu chakakura cheRussia chakasimuka kuRussia, uye vana kubva mumichato yakavhengana, kana vaiwanzozvida kuzviti ivo vokuRussia, iye zvino kazhinji kacho "nyika yeKazakh" yakaratidzwa mune zvinyorwa.

Imwe yerudzi rukuru kupfuura mamwe ose muKagaganda ndiVaUkraine. Icho chiduku zvikuru muhuwandu kupfuura mapoka maviri apfuura. Panguva ino, mugove wevaUkraine muhuwandu hwevanhu veguta iri 4.8%. Munguva yeSoviet, ivo, kufanana nevaRussia, vakanga vakakura zvikuru.

Zvadaro tevera maGermany (3.3%) uye vatatari (3.1%). Izvi ndezvizvarwa zvevanhu ivavo vakadzingwa kubva kuVolga neCrimea panguva yekudzorerwa kweStalinist.

Zvinonyanya kuderera muKagaganda, Korea (1.6%) neBelarusians (1.2%).

Guta racho rinewo Poles, Chechens, Bashkirs, Azerbaijan, Mordovians, uye mamwe marudzi akawanda. Asi nhamba yavo haina kusvika kunyange 1% yehuwandu hwevanhu.

The Religion

MuKagaganda, pane masangano akawanda ezvitendero. Kunyange zvakadaro, iyo huru ndeyeiri: Orthodox ChiKristu neIslam. MuKagaganda, kune machechi eOrthodox anoverengeka, kereke yevahedheni, uye kereke, iyo ndiyo iyo nzvimbo yeCaraganda diocese. Kune misikiti minomwe iri muguta kugadzirisa zvinodiwa zvechitendero zvevaMuslim vazhinji veKagaganda.

Pakati pemamwe maitiro echitendero, Katurike uye maPurotesitendi anopisa anofanira kusiyaniswa. Muguta mune maChechi yeRoma uye maProtestanti. Pamusoro pezvo, Karaganda ndiyo nzvimbo yeCatholic Catholic Diocese yezita rimwechete. Muguta rino ndiyo chete seminari yemweya yakakwirira muCentral Asia. Pakutanga, maKaturike nemaPurotesitendi muKagaganda akanga akakura zvikuru, asi maererano nekubuda kwevanhu veGermany mushure mekuparadzwa kweU.SR muGermany, uye chikamu munharaunda yeVolga, nhamba yevatsigiri vesangano rechitendero yakaderera zvikuru.

Vateveri veimwe zvitendero muKagaganda vashoma vashoma.

Demographic tarisira yeguta racho

Muchiitiko chekudzidza mashoko acho, takadzidza kuti vagari veKaraganda muna 2016 ndeye 496.2 mamiriyoni evanhu. Isu takadzidzawo madzinza uye zvechitendero zvakagadzirwa nevanhu veguta racho. Zvisiyana, kuchinja kwehuwandu hwevaruzhinji mumagetsi kwakadzidzwa.

Zvechokwadi, makore makumi mapfumbamwe emakore ekupedzisira akanga ari kure nezvakanakisisa munhoroondo yeguta racho. Kudonha kwekugadzirwa kwakaita kuti kuve nehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwevanhu uye dambudziko revanhu vari munzvimbo iyoyo. Asi, kuenderera mberi kwekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwevanhu, kutanga muna 2005, pamwe nekusimudzika kwevanhu vakuru vanoona zviratidzo, vanobvumira kutarisa netariro mune ramangwana reguta rino rinokosha.