The zvomudumbu hurongwa mhuka: ari STRUCTURAL zvinhu

Mhuka - imhuka kuti zvokudya vadzo nomukaka. Ndivo inonyanya zvikuru yakarongwa. Excretory, dzokubereka, zvomudumbu, kufema uye kweropa gadziriro mhuka, kupfuura kunzwisisa mamiriro tichienzanisa nedzimwe enderana dzakabatana. Asi vainyatsotarisirwa inofanira kubhadharwa kuti nemamiriro ndiyo zvomudumbu hurongwa.

Nutrition uye kugaya

Food - mumwe mukuru zviri zvipenyu. Izvi kunoratidzwa kushandisa kuti muviri zvinhu zvavo kuchinja uye excretion kubva unprocessed zvokudya residues. In kushandiswa nhengo kunoitika kugaya - anotsemura yakaoma Organic zvinhu (mapuroteni, lipids, makabhohaidhiretsi) kupinda nyore, izvo zvinogona nyura kupinda ropa. Sei biopolymers dziparare kupinda chinoumba kwayo nhengo? Chokwadi chokuti mamorekuru yavo guru kwazvo uye haagoni kupinda kubva zvomudumbu mugero kupinda ropa. The zvomudumbu hurongwa mhuka - hakuna anosara. It ane uwandu zvinhu kusiyanisa nevamwe chordates.

The nemamiriro zvomudumbu wemuTesitamende mhuka

Ino nhengo ine zvikamu zviviri: gwara uye mumasero. Upfu yokutanga ozeyewa, kuti zvokudya zviri wefodya unopinda muropa, uye vakasara ayo unprocessed kuenda panze. Alimentary Canal zvinosanganisira zvinotevera zvikamu: buccal mhango, pharynx, yegurokuro, dumbu, zviduku ura, nokugumisa horo. Therethrough uye anobvisa undigested ungwandangwanda. Zviri nemamiriro zvomudumbu ezvinhu mhuka dziri pamberi simbi. Ichi chinokosha zvomukati, izvo makemikari - chaivo catalysts anosimudzira chirongwa cleavage ose biopolymers.

Zvakakurukurwa kugaya mumuromo

Masangano mammalian zvomudumbu hurongwa, uye zvakawanda zvakananga gwara kunotanga nomumukanwa mhango. Dama uye muromo fomu preoral mhango. Ndiyo apo marudzi maviri chikafu kugadzira. Mechanical kuitwa pachishandiswa kusiyaniswa mazino uye rurimi, kemikari - enzayemu of mate mumasero. Pano achanamatira chete mhando Organic zvinhu - polysaccharides, makabhohaidhiretsi dzakaoma kusvika nyore shuga.

Kusiyanisa mazino kunoenderana mhando yezvokudya uye nzira kwayo kugadzirwa. Zvikara ndivo kupfuura dzakabudirira incisors, nokuti herbivores anowanzoramba molars sandara chimiro, uye hove huru mazino zvisipo zvachose.

Kugaya mudumbu

Bolus pamuromo kuburikidza yegurokuro kuti mudumbu zvinofamba - kupfuura rakawedzerwa chikamu yose gwara. Masvingo aro tsandanyama dzinotanga ndizvipete, uye zvokudya zvakasiyana. Pano zviri pachena, uye makemikari kugadzira. Zvomudumbu, kweropa nyika mhuka zvine chokuita. Gastric muto inotanga pasi mapuroteni uye lipids kupinda monomers - zvinoriumba. Chete nenzira iyi vanopinda ropa.

Kugaya ari dumbu

The zvomudumbu maitiro ari mammalian ura anopfuurira: zviduku. Zvishoma ozeyewa mudumbu, zvokudya anopinda migove kadiki chikwata chake chokutanga. Pano pane wokupedzisira kugaya uye Absorção de Água kuti zvinhu zviri muropa uye node. Wokutanga ari ura duku rinonzi duodenum. It rakazaruka ducts pamusoro rwatata uye chiropa. ura Large - chikamu chokupedzisira zvomudumbu hurongwa. Pano dzakawanda mvura wefodya uye kuumbwa chetsoka, reflexively kutamira kure mugaranhoko.

zvomudumbu shwanu

The zvomudumbu hurongwa mhuka kunoratidzwa pamberi simbi. Ichi ndicho muviri, izvo makemikari. The zvokuudzwa mhango matatu yegwara mate mumasero. Ivo secrete munhu slimy fuma Hauoneki. The Zvinoumba mate vari mvura, makemikari amylase uye maltase uye madzihwa mucin. Mumwe nomumwe wavo anoita ayo ushande. Water wets chikafu lysozyme inactivates zvigare uye anoporesa maronda, amylase uye maltase unodokwairira carbohydrate mucin ane kudzivirirwa migumisiro.

The Zvinoumba gastric muto zvinosanganisira hydrochloric acid, mukuvhiringidza putrefactive pezvakaitwa uye mutange locomotor basa. Zvimwe zvinhu zviri makemikari pepsin uye lipase, izvo azvaitwa wakanamatira mapurotini uye lipids. Hydrochloric asidhi iri mishonga kushingaira fuma, zvinogona kukanganisa mudumbu lining. Kubva ichi zvaakaita chinodzivirira madzihwa (mucin).

Rwatata secretes zvomudumbu facial, makemikari zvinosanganisira trypsin, amylase uye lipase. Ivo pakupedzisira wakanamatira chero makemikari fuma.

Great uye basa chiropa. Zvinonzi kuramba kuumbwa bile. Kamwe ari ura diki, izvozvo emulsifies kwemafuta. Musimboti izvi ndiko kuora pamusoro biopolymers izvi kupinda mumate diki. Zvazvakadaro, vari kukurumidza ozeyewa uye yokuita zvinoitwa muviri. Activation pakati makemikari, vakawedzera gwenya basa ura, putrefaction chemabhazi - asiwo Zvaiitwa chiropa.

Ndezvipi makemikari

Zvino zvakawanda pamusoro pezvakaita uye mashandiro chiito kuti makemikari. Sezvo zvoutachiona catalysts, ivo rikurumidze nemakemikari. The zvomudumbu chomunda mhuka iri chaizvoizvo chete nzvimbo kuitwa makemikari.

Feeding tsika mhuka

A seti kwemakemikari transformations pakati zvinhu kubvira nguva yokuwana zvinowana inonzi muviri. Uyu inodiwa zvimiso kukura, kukura, uye chete kuvapo dzavamwe vapenyu muviri. Mapoka akasiyana mhuka munzira dzakawanda dzakashandisa kugadzirwa kwezvokudya. Zvikara kurwisa mhuka kurukutika. Kuti vaite izvi, vane zvakanaka dzakabudirira mazino, dzinova incisors uye canines. Uye vazhinji herbivorous uye Mbeswa mhuka. Kufarira zviri ruminants. Dzavo zvomudumbu kwava kunyanya kunzwisisa. The incisors hatisi zvachose kubva pamusoro, ivo chikatsiviwa muchinjikwa chinotenderera zino uye meno underdeveloped. maumbirwo ichi kwemeno vaifanira kutsenga uswa - chingamu. Twiza, mhou uye nondo - anowanzoramba dzinomiririra boka iri mhuka. dumbu ravo muzvikamu zvina. Inonzi rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum. In maviri zvokudya rikamunya muchindwi yokutanga uchiora kupinda hwakasimba uye zvokunwa nhengo. Chingamu burped kubva mudumbu shure mumuromo uye rikamunya muchindwi zvakare. Zvadaro nokungwarira kupatsanurwa zvokudya pakarepo anopiwa dhipatimendi wechitatu - bhuku, uye ipapo - ari abomasum. In ichi yokupedzisira dhipatimendi akanga pasi zvinoitwa gastric muto, uye pakupedzisira rwakakamukana.

mhuka Non-ruminant akadai dzomusango, nguruve uye mvuu vari nyore chete-yokuvata dumbu uye zvomudumbu hurongwa mureza.

Kubata zvokudya, shandisa mimwe mhuka richiripo. Saka, kuti nzou anoisa chikafu mumuromo achishandisa hunde. Uye zviremwaremwa kuti zvokudya pamusoro nekita, kuva flattened chiso uye rurimi ari muchimiro bhurasho. A mudziyo unokosha iri uye kune wemari chikafu. nemakonzo Vakawanda kuchengetera nezviyo padama pouches.

The zvomudumbu hurongwa mhuka ane kunzwisisa mamiriro riri kunyanya novimba hunhu zvokudya uye mhuka nzvimbo.