The unhu ndirori: pfungwa uye zvivako

Basic Dzidziso uzivi - nyaya uye mweya. Vanongofungidzira uye materialists vane tsanangudzo dzakasiyana wavo zvaanoreva, asi anobvumirana pamusoro chinangwa nokuvapo nyaya. Ndicho yavambwa chaiko. Panyaya iyi, vazivi vanoti unhu nyaya - sangano, nzvimbo uye nguva. Idzowo kwayo chaizvo uye specificity.

pfungwa

Tsanangudzo yacho kwouzivi rinoti kuti mhando iyi chinangwa chaichoicho, zvose kuti ariko tisingatungamirirwi pfungwa dzevanhu. Basa, anoti, marudzi chiripo dzinokurukurwa munyaya, rinorondedzerwa so pakatarisana chomudzimu. It rinosanganisa zvese zvisina upenyu, kusiyana upenyu chaihwo, mweya. In uzivi, nyaya zvinonzwisiswa sezvo unhu, kuzvizivawo nokuda pfungwa, asi anoramba zvachiri, zvisinei nokuziva kwake. Saka chinangwa zvinhu.

Ontology conceptualize mhando uye basa nyaya zviripo. Abvunzwa pamusoro zvinomirirwa nyaya kwakatungamirira kuti chidzoke vaviri yose nezvemaitiro uzivi: idealism uye pfuma. Muchiitiko chokutanga, zvinofungidzirwa kuti pfungwa iri nesekondari nyaya. Nyaya yechipiri anoonekwa somunhu musimboti woupenyu rokutanga. Nyaya iripo mune yaive siyana, ane zvivako zvakawanda uye unhu, avo marongerwo uye mabasa. Asi nemashoko pose, pane nokudenga unhu nyaya. Zvisinei, asati paiva crystallization pfungwa pamusoro ehupfumi pamusoro peshoko, uzivi yasvika refu nzira kufunga nezvokuva chiitiko ichi.

Evolution pfungwa

Philosophy rakaumbwa somunhu zvoupenyu kunzwisisa zvinhu zvakadai munhu, zvisinei. Chinangwa nyika unhu akava nyaya Kufungisisa nevafungi vekare. Muvambi wegadziriro maonero pamusoro hunhu uye basa mai rokutanga aiva muzivi wechiGiriki Thales. Akataura kuti chinokosha muupenyu ndiyo mvura ave zvinhu chaichoicho. Akanga ari kubvongodzwa, kuchinja nyika kuti nguva yavo waivako zvivako. Aigona kuchinja chimiro, asi ayo chaizvoizvo kumbochinja. Mvura kuzvizivawo kuburikidza pfungwa, uye ayo kuchinja harina nemhaka. Saka Thales akataura zvakawanika yokutanga pamusoro chinangwa hunhu yacho yayo yose sezvakaita.

Gare gare, Heraclitus uye Parmenides kuwedzera kunzwisisa chinangwa unhu hwakanaka, isa mibvunzo yakawanda matsva. Maonero Democritus, mabhomba ake dzidziso akava kunobva kufungisisa pamusoro kufamba sezvo chikuru chokufunga kuva. The dambudziko kushora akanaka uye zvinhu nyika akazviratidza kuonga Plato. Chero chinhu munyika ndiwo mugumisiro kubatana nepfungwa uye nyaya. Uye ipapo unokosha hwedzidziso yekurarama mubvunzo: chii chinonzi nyaya? Uyu mubvunzo yakawanda pfungwa Aristotle chose. Akanyora kuti nyaya - kunonzwisiswa sensually fuma Hwokunyorwa kweBhaibheri neimwe chinhu.

Munyaya inotevera mazana emakore, hurukuro pamusoro penyaya dzakanga chete vari akapoteredza pavanotaurirana pakati pfuma uye rondedzero dzokufungidzira dzinowanzoguma pfungwa. Chete chidzoke sayenzi kamwe zvakare akaita zvokukurumidzira kufungisisa pamusoro tsanangudzo yacho. Pasi payo kutanga kunzwisisa chinangwa chokwadi aripo maererano nemitemo yayo, pasina Maonero evanhu. Vazivi, kuvimba zvinowanikwa nesayenzi dzinotanga kunzwisisa zvivako uye siyana chinangwa nyika. Vanotora zvinhu ehupfumi akadai urefu, inertia, vakawanda, indivisible, impermeability. More achangobva kupfuura vari wefizikisi chakaunzwa wokufambisa pfungwa ouzivi zvakadai somunda, maerekitironi uye m. P. hwaJehovha nyaya uzivi kuva kukosha kufungisisa. Zvakawanikwa Physics ano kupfumisa nokurebesa izvi pfungwa iri ontology, dzidziso itsva pamusoro zvivako uye maumbirwo nyaya. Nhasi ari kuwana yokukurumidzira dambudziko kuwirirana pakati pfungwa "nyaya" uye "simba."

ehupfumi

Richirondedzera yacho vazivi munobuda nokurondedzera ehupfumi ayo. Izvi zvinobvumira kuti kunzwisisa chaizvo ari chinonakidza. The chikuru pfuma kwenyaya - the zvinhu sezvazviri kuti ivepo. It haachinji chimiro chayo uye zvivako zviri Maonero evanhu uye pasina izvozvo, zviri pasi mitemo kuvapo chaiko. A yechipiri pfuma chaiyo zviri rokuti "nyaya" riri hurongwa. Basa kunoratidzwa ne yakarongeka uye STRUCTURAL kutsunga. Chimwe nokudenga pfuma kwenyaya - basa. Zviri pasi kushandura uye kukura, ane simba. Uyezve, nyaya inoitika kugona kuronga uye kufungisisa. Chinokosha kunonzi informativeness. It anokwanisa kuchengeta nekufambisa mashoko nezvemavambo kwayo, budiriro, mamiriro.

ehupfumi Universal nyaya vazivi vanodavirawo wake indestructibility, uye haagoni kusikwa. Haikwanise bvisa kana kuwedzera nzira yaizivikanwa murume, nyika andinenge. Amai haana mavambo kana magumo, hazvina akasikwa munhu, haana akatanga uye hahungatongogumi. An chinokosha pfuma yacho mupi werutemo zvayo, zvose zvinhu uye zvinhu zviri munyika kuvimba STRUCTURAL ukama mukati maro. Zvose zviri zvinhu nyika iri pasi mitemo chinangwa, zvose ane chikonzero uye kushanda. Kusiyana nyaya - ndiwo mumwe chinokosha chinhu. Nyika haigoni kuva mbiri dzakafanana zvinhu, chinhu chimwe nechimwe chine akasiyana sezvamunoita. Kuwedzera kune zvivako izvi shoko vari dzinounzwa dzakananga hunhu kuti vari kuri mairi, zvisinei muchimiro ariko. Properties anoti nyaya uye kudzidza - chinokosha nzvimbo uzivi ano.

unhu

Nyaya ontology uye epistemology ndiyo nyaya. Anoti uye zvivako kwake kugara, nokudenga, zvisinei muchimiro ariko. VaGiriki vekare vakaona kuti nyaya iri kufamba yaingowanikwa. Pano tine haurangariri chete mumuviri kufamba, asi volatility chinofashukira kubva fomu mumwe.

Nyaya nokusingaperi munguva, nekuti haina kutanga kutanga uye magumo pfungwa. Uyezve, ane spatial mativi. Reflections vazivi of nokudenga zvatariswa yacho kwakaita kuziva zvayo zvinokosha hunhu. Vakazvimiririra pane mamiriro ayo, riri munyika yose nechigadziko pfuma. Key unhu nyaya - sangano, nzvimbo uye nguva, ndiyo nyaya iri-Kunyatsoongorora kwouzivi uye kufungisisa.

mamiriro

Vazivi yekare zvinomutsa mibvunzo inokosha: Zvaita, kana magumo, kubva apo zvinobva? Kubva kutsvaka mhinduro Ndakazvarirwa ontology, izvo wakarurama ariko chaiwo zvechadenga yacho. It zvakare akagadzira yokungotaura mamiriro ayo munguva dzazvino zvave zita unhu nyaya. Asi mhinduro rokutanga kusvika mubvunzo ayo mamiriro kwakapiwa asi sezvo chikamu chezvinhu muuzivi. Mabhomba dzidziso Democritus akapikisa kuti nyaya rinoumbwa duku nezvimedu - maatomu, zvisingagone kuonekwa yevanhu ziso uye izvo zviripo akasununguka nzvimbo. The maatomu vari kuchinja, asi zvinhu zvavari dzikarongwa umo, shanduka uye tigone kushanduka.

With veMubatanidzwa pfungwa yesayenzi nemamiriro nyaya zvakachinja, pfungwa wevapenyu uye nonliving nyaya, imwe neimwe ine yayo marongerwo. World zvisina upenyu ine zvese avo sezvo nezvimedu, maatomu, zvinhu zvine maatomu akafanana, mamorekuru, mapuraneti, nyeredzi maitiro, nyeredzi, mapoka enyeredzi, Galactic hurongwa. Wildlife ine masero, acids uye mapuroteni zvisikwa zvipuka zvine masero akawanda vagari biocenosis uye biosphere. Vazivi uyewo akatanga pfungwa evanhu nyaya, umo chidziro chinosanganisira genus, mhuri, dzinza, vanhu.

Kukura sayenzi zvakakonzera chidzoke imwe pfungwa iri maumbirwo yacho, pane kunge dzoga Microcosm, macrocosm uye megaworld. The chikero idzi siyana takatsunga kuburikidza huru unhu nyaya: nguva uye nzvimbo.

Movement: mhando uye zvivako

Kufamba kwenguva - nyaya achinja dzave kuzivikanwa munguva dzekare. Kunyange ipapo, vanhu vakaona kuti vari kunze kwenyika hapana zvachose - zvose kuchinja, runoyerera kubva chimiro mumwe. Kunzwisisa Fani iyi zvakakonzera chidzoke maviri pfungwa waro chaizvo yepakutanga. In nhete pfungwa kufamba munhu spatial kufamba zvinhu kubva imwe pfungwa kuenda kune imwe, muchiitiko ichi hakuna kuchinja chinhu. Mupfungwa iyi, sangano - ndiye zvinyorwa zvokupikisa rugare. Broadly kutaura, sangano - ndiyo chinhu nechimuko, simba rinomutsa maumbirwo ayo uye zvivako. Uye ichi ndicho kwomuzvarirwo mamiriro nyaya. Kungofanana vose unhu nyaya, kufamba tinoberekwa nawo pakutanga, majini. Ndiwo maitiro chero zvinhu chimiro. Uye hazvibviri pasina nyaya, hapana mambure kufamba. Ndipo kwayo attributive hunhu. Nyaya tinoberekwa kukura, riri sangano, iye anogara anoedza kuti kunzwisisa, kutamira kubva repasi kwakakwirira. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti sangano ane chinangwa, shanduko inogona kuita tsika.

Movement sezvo chizenga pamusoro peshoko ane nhamba zvivako, ndivo kazhinji havana chokwadi. Chekutanga nayo kunoratidzwa kwakakwana uye hama. Dzinofanira chokuita chokwadi kuti sangano tinoberekwa chero nyaya, hapana munyika hakusi pa zororo. Muchiitiko chino, chero chaiyo kufamba munogara vakazvipira rugare, zvirokwazvo ndiko, uye ndipo ayo relativity. Amise, munhu kufamba vasapinda itsva chimiro, uye chinhu mutemo neMhedziso. Uyewo, sangano iri zvose inoratidza uye chinopfuurira. Ini discontinuity chokuita mano nyaya nhengo kupinda munhu zvitarisiko, semuenzaniso mapuraneti, mapoka enyeredzi pamwe t. D. A chamazuva kukwanisa kuzvidzora kuronga kupinda chinokosha hurongwa.

mufambo siyana

The chikuru chizenga ndiyo kufamba nyaya, rinogona kutora zvakasiyana-siyana. kupatsanura yavo zvinganaka Shona, uyo akawana 5 mhando huru:

- zvemaziso; nyore chimiro - zvinofamba zvinhu;

- mumuviri, kunobva nemitemo wefizikisi, iye aiitirwa nechiedza, kupisa, remagineti, etc..

- makemikari kudyidzana pakati mamorekuru uye maatomu;

- zvoutachiona - kuzvidzora, kubereka uye kubudirira mune zvipenyu gadziriro uye utachiona nharaunda;

- social - zviri ose vanoziva uye rokuchinja mabasa evanhu.

All mhando rwokufamba vari achiumbwa kunzwisisa hierarchical gadziriro, kubva nyore kune zvakaoma. Izvi hurongwa inozviisa mitemo chete:

- pakati siyana inofamba zviripo kuvabereki kubatana, mumwe nyore chimiro anoshanda sehwaro pave zvikuru kunzwisisa uye inosanganisira mairi zvose yenhengo dzayo;

- mumwe yepamusoro chimiro ane pachake rakasiyana kusiyana kwayo, inotungamirira kuti Qualitative kukura yacho.

Izvi hakusi kutsanangura rokumusoro chimiro inofamba chete kuitwa mumuviri namakemikari mitemo. Sangano unosanganisira zvose kubatana zvinhu zvenyika, kusanganisira vanhu vaJehovha kuziva.

Nhoroondo Dzidziso "nzvimbo" uye "nguva"

Nguva uye nzvimbo sezvo unhu nyaya rakatanga conceptualized nevanhu asati nechitarisiko uzivi. Kunyange chinyakare vanhu, vadzidze nyika, kuziva nezvokuvapo izvi zvakavapo. Uyezve, anonzwisiswa sechinhu indivisible yose, kuyera nzvimbo maawa uye apo vamwe spatial zvikamu.

Rengano pfungwa nzvimbo uye nguva yakasiyana zvikuru kubva nhasi. Time akazviratidza sezvo rudzi cyclic fuma, iyo isina kunangana kubvira kare kusvikira ramangwana sezvo isu vakajaira, apo panguva co-zviripo akaparadzana nyika: nyika yemadzitateguru avo, nyika vamwari uye nyika upenyu nhasi. Pfungwa yokuti "mangwana" chete rinowanika pana dzakakwirira nzendo kukura vanhu. Makavigwa nguva kufamba pakati akaturikidzana zvinobvira, sezvo iri nzvimbo. In dzakawanda rengano gadziriro yakadaro spatial kubatana waiva muti. Saka, muna "Turika" rinotaura sei mutana "kuparadzira pfungwa muti," kureva. E. vatariri pamusoro pehuni, ndichisunga nguva.

Pfungwa nzvimbo kuri yakasiyana. Zvaiita anyatsonanga uye magumo. Saka, zvakanga aidavira kuti kune muzinda wenyika, kazhinji dzimwe mhando nzvimbo tsvene, uye ikoko enyika, pashure zvadonherwa muchizvidya bezmaterialny nenyonganyonga. Mukuwedzera, nzvimbo Zvave Kunyora, kureva, hazvina yunifomu: .. Ko zvakanaka nezvakaipa nzvimbo. Man vakanamata zvinhu nyika yose, kusanganisira nzvimbo uye nguva.

Nokuuya masayendisiti zvakawanwa kunzwisisa izvi mananara zviri kuchinja. Anouya Kuzadziswa kuti zvinhu unhu chinangwa, kuyerwa uye pasi mitemo wefizikisi.

Space: mhando uye zvivako

Space sezvo nyaya chizenga ndiyo analoginen munyika chaiyo uye iri padanho abstraction rokutanga. Rine zvinotevera ehupfumi:

- kureba, kureva, kuvapo uye kutaurirana chero zvinhu .. kwakanyorwa rinorondedzerwa so kubatana uye akaramba uye discontinuity inoitwa nomunhu zvikamu, iyo pamwe chete wedzera kusvika kusaverengeka;

- vatatu-dimensional - maererano parameters mumuviri muchadenga nokureba, upamhi uye kukwirira; Maererano dzidziso Einstein, pane chechina batanidza akabatana - nguva, asi hazvina kushanda chete mukati yechinangwa wefizikisi, muna-dimensional matatu pachena rusingaperi uye hariperi nzvimbo;

- Severability - nzvimbo inogona kupatsanurwa kuva zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana: metres, makiromita, parsecs;

- zvakafanana zvinoreva kuti muchadenga haapo chero pfungwa dzakasiyana;

.. - isotopic, kureva kuenzana vamwe munzvimbo dzakasarudzwa;

- kusaverengeka - nzvimbo asina mavambo kana magumo.

Time: pfungwa uye zvivako

Nepo nyaya chizenga kunorondedzerwa se rinokosha kwemasayendisiti iri chinangwa nyika uye anonyanya maitiro. Harina analogue munyika zvinhu munyika uye chiri abstraction rechipiri chechetere. Time ndiye kusingarapiki, nguva dzose rinotungamirirwa kubva kare kusvika remangwana kuburikidza pfungwa ino, uye kuti kufamba hazvibviri. It kunoratidzwa nguva uye kutevedzana. Pezvakaitwa rwakavapo urongwa, matanho goni chokutanga kwayo. Time kuramba uye discrete nguva. Zviri karwizi kuti haana mavambo kana magumo, asi unogona kukamurwa muzvikamu: maawa, makore, emakore. An chinokosha pfuma nguva zvakare ake haaperi kana hariperi.