Anti-chindingindingi mutemo. The Federal Antimonopoly Service. The State Antimonopoly Policy

Kwete munhu wose anoziva kuti pane kudiwa, pane nguva dzose mukana. Kana makambani achida zvinodiwa nevatengi, vanopfuura mumwe, inoratidza kuvapo kutengeswa hakuna chinhu chakadai makwikwi. Uchibatsirwa kwayo chengeta mitengo, nouwandu vezvinhu. Kana boka kana sangano kupa vanhu vanonyanya mhando chigadzirwa kana basa, pane chete, zvino zvingangoita kuti chidzoke paiya inonzi chindingindingi (kubva muchiGiriki rinoreva "mumwe mutengesi").

Positive uye zvinhu zvisingafadzi chokuvapo chekambani mumusika-zvakazara

Kudivi rimwe, kuvapo kutanga akadaro ane kwaibatsira pamusoro pokumuka zvesainzi, rinobvumira okusuma azvino ruzivo, ndidire mukurovedza yevashandi vanokwanisa, etc. Ukuwo, zviri monopolization imwe kwemauto hwenyika ane nhamba yakaipa zvinhu. Saka, kutanga uye kukosha kudzvinyirira ari kutyaira rehondo musika mberi - makwikwi.

Chechipiri chakaita zvakanaka anotevera kubva yaimbovapo. Kushaya makwikwi unokubvumira kuisa mitengo zvinogamuchirika pakutanga, nokuti zvavakanga vachida kuita. Izvozvo zvingangoita kuti kuwedzera mutengo kwenhumbi apo kuderedza goho rayo. Chindingindingi yemakambani vanokwanisa artificially sipidhi pave michina mitsva, uyewo aparadze zviwanikwa uye anosvibisa mhoteredzo.

Hazvibatsiri kuedza svikiro kana chiduku mabhizimisi saizvozvo. hunhu kuti usununguke zvako uye kupinda musika panobviswa. Saka, kubata nevhu rakawandisa? Ndingaita sei kutsigira kukura makwikwi uye kudzivisa mukana panowanikwa achitungamirira yemakambani-handedly chimwe pamusika? Kuti adzivise zvose nemigumisiro yakaipa chokuita monopolization hwenyika munyika dzakawanda, kusanganisira Russia, pane mitemo antitrust. Ngatitorei kunyatsoongorora zvinhu kukura kwebasa mutemo uyu, kwarakabva uye chii ayo kukura.

History of mavambo

mutemo Antitrust ari mamwe matanho akasiyana kuti kuvavarira kudzivirirwa uye kukamurwa paumbwe uye kugadzira nevhu rakawandisa. The kunzwisisa kurwiswa izvi zvakatanga muna US. Panobva pakuonekwa yavo inonzi Sherman Act (Sherman kuti chiito), kana mutemo "antitrust" nemasaini America muna 1890. Gwaro iri akazivisa ineligible uye criminalize chero kuedza kuumba munhu ndiye. Uyezve, chiito ichi akasuma rairambidzwa pakagadzwa mibatanidzwa (anovimba) rinotarisira kuderedza makwikwi. mutemo uyu waiva zvidhina wokutanga hwaro gudzanzwi inonzi "Anti-chindingindingi mutemo."

Basa zvisarudzo pamusoro izvi kana zvimwe kutyorwa chiito anonzi hurumende. Ndizvo basa rinokosha, iro anodzora kuuraya pfungwa gwaro, hazvina panguva iyoyo. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti sezvo pakanga pasina hurongwa, kupa kudzivirira asiri zvaidiwa chesungano zvikamu. Zvishoma nezvishoma, kuvandudzwa Anti-chindingindingi mitemo kuri kuwedzera.

kuwedzererwa New uye zvijeke

zvikanganiso zvose kwakaitika achiita Sherman, zvigadziriswe muna 1914, apo murayiro asvika simba uye Clayton Act FTC Federation States. Ivo zvakajeka kunzwisisa uye ndave ushandiswe dzinokosha tsanangudzo kuzvidzora zviyero uye basa nokuda kutyora mazwi. Zvinyorwa izvi zvinoumba hwaro antitrust nomutemo wemadzimambo USA.

Shure America matanho kuwedzera makwikwi, vakagamuchira, uye zvimwe anoti. Muna 1948, muUK akanzi mutemo pamusoro nevhu rakawandisa. Zvadaro, muna 1963, ari Antitrust Act akanga nemasaini France. Papera gore - kuItaly. Eastern Europe kubatana pakurwisana nevhu rakawandisa muna 80-ies wekupedzisira remakore. Pakati penyika kuti vaitsigira muitiro zvachose trestovskih mibatanidzwa chave uye Russia.

Zvinokosha kuti nyika imwe neimwe iine zvinhu zvinokosha pakutanga kuti kukura upfumi hunotsigira mutemo uyu: mitemo antitrust United States of America uye Europe, kunyange chinobva rimwe gwaro, asi anodzivirira zvinodiwa siyana mabhora.

The muenzaniso American nechinangwa Kukunda ari kwaita anovimba sezvo yakazvimirira chikwata. zvematongerwo enyika European iri dzinoratidzwa pamutemo mashandiro unokubvumira kurwa kunaka mananara mu zvichiitika nevhu rakawandisa.

Chakagadzirwa hune sangano uye kuedza kubata navo

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti Russian chindingindingi akatanga kuonekwa nokuropafadzwa uye varayirwa mutongo vepamusoro. State kumisa mibatanidzwa nokuchengetesa, asi chete avo sectors hwenyika, kukura iyo yave kuchikosheswa nyika nechouviri yose. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvinotevera: chokufambisa, mafuta uye marasha maindasitiri, simbi, etc. Zvisinei, zvishoma nezvishoma, kubudikidza artificially nokuchengetesa yakatanga kudzvinyirira vamwe makambani uye hurumende kuti zvitungamirire mashoko avo pachavo. Ndokusaka vehurumende vakasarudza kuzozivisa muupfumi mitemo antitrust. Izvi zvakaitika muna 1908. Hwaro akaiswa kare aizivikanwa Sherman Act. Zvisinei, kuedza kutanga kusika munhu Anti-chindingindingi itsika rakakundikana. Izvi zvakabatsira chaizvo nebasa shamwari. Nokukurumidza mamiriro nhengo vakanga vakabatikana zvikuru dzinokosha: Wokutanga World War uye October Revolution, vave pangozi kuvapo yose nyika.

Kwapera nguva, hurumende yeSoviet akasika ndiye chete pachake inonzi "murayiro upfumi". kwakanga kusina makwikwi. Uye ndiani aizorega kukwikwidzana nehofori akafanana Gosplan, Gossnab uye State Committee?

"Great-sekuru" pamusoro FAS

Nguva pfupi asati pokuwa USSR, muna 1990, panguva hurumende pamwero nayo hwakagadzwa State Committee yeRussian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic pamusoro antimonopoly mutemo uye kutsigira kukura pezvivako zvitsva zvoupfumi. inotungamirwa Iri baba chikwata yakadaro, Federal Antimonopoly Service (FAS). Chinodiwa kuti kwaita dare rakanga kufarirwa roMurayiro RSFSR "Pazuva Republican shumiro uye Matare mamiriro enyika." Kubvira pokumuka masangano antitrust munyika vakatanga kuwana tichimhanya.

Nechekare mu chinotevera, muna 1991, hurumende vakapfuura mutemo yaidzorwa makwikwi uye kurambidza mabasa unomutenda uye siyana mibatanidzwa mu nhumbi pamisika. The chisarudzo Akave nokuvandudza uye akapedza makore mana gare gare. Tuso ndechokuti mutemo wairambidza chero zviito sangano, izvo ane nzvimbo neropafadzo nzvimbo pamisika, kana ivo kunobatanidza:

1. kukanganisa kuti kushungurudzwa kana zvinofarirwa nevamwe vatengesi.
2. Limitation kuti yakajeka kana zvakazara makwikwi.

Uyezve, chiito ichi unorambidza chero zvibvumirano chokuita ari Pricing mutemo, pasi niche pamusika, kana kupambwa kwenhumbi, kwaisanganisira dhefisiti yavo.
Makore maviri gare gare, muna 1997, State Committee yeRussian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic pamusoro antimonopoly mutemo uye kutsigira kukura pezvivako zvitsva zveupfumi Yakazopiwa zita rokuti State Antimonopoly Committee. In makore mashomanana, nokupesana ichi kwave kuchiita vakawanda kuchinja. Muna 2004 aburukira nhasi, Federal Antimonopoly Service hwakagadzwa pahwaro hwayo.

Mashandiro uye mabasa dzesangano

Dhipatimendi iri rinotaura zvakananga sachigaro Government. Kana ndakatendeka pamwechete, Federal Antimonopoly Service ari mubasa kugarwa nyaya nzira imwe kana mumwe chokuita chidzoke uye kugadzira nevhu rakawandisa. Zvikurukuru, chikwata ichi:

1. mirangariro nyaya chokuita tsvete makwikwi.
2. avimbiswa kudzvinyirira, uyewo mutemo uye yambiro chiito entailing chiitiko chindingindingi.
3. Monitors zvaidiwa zvose zviripo zvinodiwa uye chokuita Anti-chindingindingi mutemo mitemo.

Masangano All kushanda musika wokuRussia, pamwe rokutengesa vanopfuura 35% of nhamba munyika, vakapinda chaiwo ezvinhu remazita. Pamazita Izvi zvinoita FAS kushandisa kuzvidzora zvakakodzera pamusoro mabasa nevhu rakawandisa uye kuvapa mhosva pamusoro kutyora antimonopoly mutemo.

Asingaremekedzi Service hwapedyo vaitaura itsva kuvandudza kukura munhu makwikwi upfumi. Rinotaurawo chinosiyanisa kushandiswa nezviyero izvi, zvichienderana musika zvekutepfenyura.

siyana mhirikiro

Parizvino muRussia dzinoitwa matanho kumisa munhu dzakazara Kukwikwidzana kunoita National upfumi. Vanopa sangano kwenhumbi kutengeswa nyika, kuderedza mukana anovimba kana shamwari neimwe musika niche. Panguva iyi kukura Russian Anti-chindingindingi mitemo iri kure kwete vakakwana. Zvakawanda zvipingamupinyi zviripo nemirau mhirikiro siyana yavo pfungwa kukonzera zvakaipa, mutoro riri nehurumende uye vanamuzvinabhizimisi. Kunyange zviduku kutyora mitemo antitrust kungaita kuti zvakakomba kukuvara.

Federal mitemo kuti unofanira kuziva: chikamu chokutanga

Avanyevera iri forearmed. Ndokusaka masangano makuru anofanira kuziva mitemo nemirairo, zvinosanganisira mitemo yeUnited antitrust.

Pane zviviri huru kuti vari pasi mutemo mabasa masangano. Bazi Wokutanga inoreva antitrust, mugadziriro ayo kunangana chikuru-kambani uye artificially akasika Pricing kwayo. mirayiridzo iyi nokudzorwa mirayiro:

1. Federal Law "On makwikwi uye akavarambidza kuti monopolistic basa iri misika chinokosha". Chiito ichi akapinda simba pamusoro maviri yechipiri March 1991. Ndiye mukuru gwaro, izvo kudzorwa monopolists.

2. Federal Law "On Kudzivirirwa Competition iri mari mabasa pamusika." Rakazoshandiswa maviri wechitatu June 1999.

Federal mitemo kuti unofanira kuziva: chechipiri

Mumwe davi, izvo kunokanganisa mitemo antimonopoly kuRussia, ndiko waidzora kushanda kwemasayendisiti dzinongoitika nevhu rakawandisa. Ekupedzisira anosanganisira njanji uye mvura, pekugara uye nemamwe masangano zvine urongwa. Nokushanda kwenhengo ichi mhando zvinhu pachishandiswa zviridzwa akawanda:

1. Federal Law "On dzinongoitika nevhu rakawandisa". Rakazoshandiswa nechepakati-July 1995 State Duma. Zvino akapinda nechisimba gare gare - musi 17 Nyamavhuvhu. Akabva kakawanda pasi kururamiswa uye kuwedzererwa.

2. Chakagamuchirwa April 28, 1997 chirevo President of Russian Federation "On the kuchinja pokugara uye zvaiita mabasa."

3. Twentieth December 1997 chirevo yakasainwa nehurumende yacho Russian Federation "On kwehurongwa de-monopolization uye kukura makwikwi redzimba uye zvaiita mabasa musika 1998-1999."

4. Mitemo Federal antitrust uyewo nokudzorwa Presidential Chirevo "On kukura makwikwi urongwa mabasa kwerunyararo uye yokugadzirisa ehurumende uye matunhu neminisiparati dzimba mari", vakasvika simba pakupera March 1996.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti vaviri vokutanga nevechipiri mirayiridzo vari zvachose kutevedzerwa uye panguva remunharaunda chechetere. Russian antimonopoly mitemo mumunda haana dzinokosha kusiyana kubva mukuru zvokudya simba munyika. Kuitwa zvimwe mirayiro panguva remunharaunda pamwero chete kunoratidza chido nevarikutonga mitumbi kupa mitemo yeUnited Mvumo mune dzimwe nzvimbo akasarudzwa pakati ehurumende.

Tinofanira kubhadhara pfungwa yokuti mutemo antitrust ane uwandu zvausingakwanisi kuti kudzora rusununguko rwechitendero sarudzo nenzira yakasiyana mabhizimisi masangano. Uye, kupfuura Sezvineiwo, ine rakasiyana zvichienzaniswa nedzimwe Russian pamutemo hurongwa huri husingaoneki chaizvo marongerwo. The yokupedzisira, akavapindurawo, inoumbwa akatevedzana zvisiri pachena.

Description chezvinhu chiito

Twenty-yechipiri muna March 1995 nehurumende yacho RSFSR kushandisa mutemo "On makwikwi uye akavarambidza kuti monopolistic basa iri misika chinokosha". Kwemakumi emakore, chiito ichi akanga vaisanganisa uye yakadzokororwa. Munyaya dzichatevera uye akatanga gwaro inorondedzera inokosha pamusoro mashandiro rinonzi "Antitrust".

Pakutanga, chisarudzo chaiva muzvikamu nomwe. Zvishoma nezvishoma vamwe vavo atsiviwa vakaparadzana mitemo, nepo vamwe vari kungoti havachadanani simba. Zvisinei, zviri ichi ndicho chikuru gwaro pakugadzirwa Russian Anti-chindingindingi itsika.
A kumboongorora chii chikamu nerimwe chiito:

1. Chikamu mutemo inozivikanwa se "General Zvatinopiwa" wokutanga. Inoitwa zvina nyaya kuti ndiparidze / on:
a) Kuti vakatevera mutemo uyu, uye kwakadaro mashandiro sezvo antitrust, uyewo ayo mamiriro;
b) kukura kwebasa kushanda nemurairo;
c) makwikwi zviremera zvenyika yeUnited uye zvenharaunda mumatunhu;
g) dzinokosha pfungwa dziri mashoko racho.

2. Chikamu wechipiri chikuru uye kukosha masangano. Rinotsanangura hunhu, uyewo kupa zvinobvira zviratidzo pamberi nekambani musika kutungamirira monopolistic mabasa. Articles 5-9 waidzora kushanda nemakambani achitora simba chinzvimbo mune imwe nharaunda hwenyika.

3. ina chete nyaya chikamu chechitatu nomutemo hurukuro pamusoro pfungwa dzakadai kunaka makwikwi uye mutemo antitrust senzira varwise nayo.

4. mugove wechina mutemo ine zvikamu zvitanhatu. Mumwe nomumwe wavo uyewo mhinduro dzemibvunzo inotevera:

a) Ndezvipi mabasa uye mashandiro ari antimonopoly muviri;
b) kuti zvinosanganisira masimba ake;
c) ndezvipi simba nekodzero kuwana mashoko akasiyana-siyana;
g) kana pakuraramisa nani mashoko zviitiko;
e) kuti zvinosanganisira mabasa antimonopoly simba panyaya nazvo ezvokutengeserana zvakavanzika;
e) Chii rubatsiro masangano kukura Entrepreneurship uye makwikwi.

5. The chikamu wechishanu unoratidza kuti muverengi zviri siyana pamusoro neHurumende pamusoro emakambani-monopolists. Rine zvikamu zvina.

6. Next, mutoro kutyora mitemo antitrust. Rinoumbwa zvikamu zvitanhatu, chikamu ichi inopa kwakakwana uye misoro yokuti / on:

A) kusungirirwa kwekutevedzwa kwemirairo nemirairo yakabudiswa nehurumende yeAntimonopoly;
B) maitiro emhosva yekuputsa mutemo weAntimonopoly;
C) zvisungo zvebhizimisi uye zvisiri zvebhizimisi kana zvikakundikana kutevedzera zvikamu zvechiitiko chiri mubvunzo;
D) mhosva yekuputsa mutemo nevatungamiriri nevamwe vanhu;
E) kugadzirisa kurasikirwa;
E) Mabasa evanhu vehurumende yemuAntimonopoly kana pane kukanganisa kwemitemo yemutemo.

7. Chikamu chekupedzisira chinogadzira nzira yekugamuchirwa, kutongwa kana kukwidzwa kwemirairo yakabudiswa nehurumende yeAntimonopoly.

Ichi ndicho chirevo chemurairo wepakutanga unotungamirira mabasa emasangano makuru. Zvishoma nezvishoma nyaya dzakawanda dzegwaro iri dzakazoparadzaniswa zvizere.

Methodology nokuda kwekuona kwekurwisana kweantimonopoly

Zvinoshamisa kuti kune chikamu chikuru mutemo uyu unorambidza kwete chiito chairo, asi icho chinogona kuonekwa shure kwacho. Izvi zvinokonzera matambudziko makuru kwete kwemasangano ebhizimisi, asiwo kune vamwe vanhu nemasangano.

Chinetso chikuru chinomuka mukugadzirisa urongwa hwezviito zvinogona kutungamirira kumigumisiro yakasiyana-siyana yakaipa ine chokuita neAntimonopoly mutemo uye mutemo webhizimisi nzira. Kana iwe uchinzwisisa kuti izvo kana dzimwe nguva zvinotungamirira mukuputsa kwechiito chepamutemo, iwe unogona kuronga zvakachengeteka kusimbiswa kwesangano uye kuongorora dambudziko rezvemari. Mune rimwe dambudziko, pane kungoita zvisingabviri kuita basa rinowanzoshanda.

Sezvo mutemo, kuitira kuti uwane kuipa kwezvimwe zviito zvakatorwa nesangano, zvakakosha kuitisa kuongorora kwakadzama kwehupfumi. Ikoko hakuna nzira yunifomu yekuongorora. Mhosva dzekuputsa mutemo weAntimonopoly dzinoongororwa zvichienderana nemirairo yekutonga Nha. 220, iyo inonzi: "Nzira yekuongorora hurumende yemakwikwi mumusika wemari." Iri chirevo rakagamuchirwa musi waApril 28, 2010 nekuraira kweFAS yeRussian Federation.