The mwero oxidation - unova ukoshi? How kuona mwero oxidation ose okunze?

Akadaro chikoro nyaya yakaita kemisitiri kunokonzera matambudziko akawanda mune vazhinji vadzidzi anhasi, zvikuru vanhu vashomanana vaigona kuona ukuru oxidation ari yeimwe. The ratiinaro vana chikoro vanodzidza inorganic kemisitiri, kureva, chikuru vadzidzi chikoro (8-9 mamakisi) mukati. Chinhu kusanzwisisa kunotungamirira kusada vechikoro nenyaya.

Vadzidzisi govera zvikonzero kuti ichi "nezvavasingadi" vadzidzi vari chesekondari uye vokusekondari mu kemisitiri: kuti kusada kunzwisisa zvakaoma zvemakemikari mazwi, kutadza kushandisa algorithms kuti imwe kwezvichemo, akarongeka neruzivo dambudziko. The Ministry of Education kunge akachinja zvikuru zviri yacho. Uyewo, "akacheka" uye nhamba maawa dzidziso kemisitiri. Izvi kwakakanganisa mapiro ruzivo pamusoro penyaya, vasanyanye kufarira kudzidza nechirango.

Chii Inyaya kemesitiri kosi anopa vadzidzi yakaomesesa?

Under chitsva chirongwa mukufamba chirango "Chemistry" chikoro chinokosha zvinosanganisira dzakawanda misoro mikuru: Periodic kutafura D. zvinhu I. Mendeleeva, inorganic zvinhu makirasi, Ion exchange. Yakaomesesa graders tsananguro kupiwa oxidation ehurumende oxides.

placement mitemo

First vadzidzi vose vanofanira kuziva kuti mbiri-chaikosha oxides vari kunzwisisa yeimwe, umo murwiyo yaisanganisira okisijeni. Chinodiwa binary remubatanidzwa vechigaro mukirasi oxides ndiyo okisijeni chechipiri nzvimbo iri kupiwa akakura.

Change indekisi zvakadaro chero mukirasi kwokupa Masvomhu inotengwa chete kana mudzidzi ane chairo algorithm.

Algorithm nokuti acidic oxides

Chokutanga, tinoona kuti ukuru oxidation chinhu kusanganiswa okuti pamusoro Valence ose okunze. Acidic oxides akaumba vasiri simbi kana simbi ane Valence vana vanomwe, wechipiri chinodiwa oxides dzakadaro oxygen.

The okisijeni Valence oxides nguva dzose anoenderana vaviri, zvinogona kuona maererano zvemamiriro periodic table D. I. Mendeleeva. Ichi randinenge vasiri-metal sezvo okisijeni, nepo Group 6 periodic table huru subgroup, anogamuchira maerekitironi maviri, kuitira kuti zvakazara kupedza rayo simba pamwero. Non-nesimbi iri okisijeni yeimwe kazhinji kuratidza inonyanya valency iyo unoenderana nhamba boka pachayo. Zvakakosha kuyeuchidza kuti ukuru oxidation kuti zvinhu zvine maatomu akafanana ndizvo nechiidzo kuzvitutumadza yakanaka (kunaka) nhamba.

Nonmetal imire pamukova kutanga nzira ine zvakanaka oxidation mamiriro. Non-metal oxides ari okisijeni-mudanga, ayo refractive -2. Kuti asimbise rakarurama inogara tsika dziri asidhi oxides kuti vawande ose nhamba imi pfekai indices ari kunyanya maatomu akafanana. Masvomhu vanonzi kushanda kana Verengai zvachose vose zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira yacho yakatarwa 0 madhigirii inotengwa.

Preparation vaviri-eremendi Masvomhu

The mwero oxidation mabhomba zvinhu ane mukana rokusika uye kunyora remubatanidzwa wenyika zvinhu zviviri. Paaisika nzira yemaitiro kutanga vose zviratidzo pedyo ushandiswe, vachinyatsoongorora wechipiri kupa oxygen. Pamusoro nechimwe akanyorwa mavanga ushandiswe kukosha inosiyana oxidation, ipapo akawana pakati nhamba ndiyo nhamba kuti ichava isina zvakaenzana divisible nevanhu nhamba. The chakarurama inofanira kugoverwa nomumwe maererano kusanganiswa kukosha mwero oxidation kuwana indices wokutanga uye chechipiri zvinoumba miviri-maatomu akafanana zvinhu. Higher oxidation wehurumende ari dziwande kuenzana kukosha yepamusorosoro Valence chairwo nonmetal ndiye akafanana kuboka nhamba, sezvamakaropafadzwa PS ane nonmetal.

The algorithm zvesimba kusanganiswa tsika mu dzinokosha oxides

yeimwe kwakadaro vanoonekwa chairwo simbi oxides. Vari dzose yeimwe aiva mwero oxidation mamiriro asingapfuuri imwe kana maviri. Kuti tinzwisise chii chichava mwero oxidation pamusoro simbi, zvinokwanisika kuti kushandisa periodic hurongwa. In simbi huru subgroups muboka rokutanga, pfungwa iri nguva dzose kugara, zviri zvakafanana boka nhamba, kuti mumwe.

Simbi huru subgroup rechipiri boka vanoitwa dzinoratidzwa yakatsiga oxidation mamiriro +2 dziwande. The mwero oxidation mu uwandu oxides tichifunga indices dzavo (nhamba) vanofanira kupa zero, nekuti makemikari kunoonekwa sechinhu kwazvakarerekera Morekuru, isina mhosva PARTICIPLE.

The inogara oxidation ari okisijeni tubhokisi acids

Acids vari kunzwisisa fuma anoumbwa mumwe kana kupfuura rehydrogen maatomu dzinoitwa zvimwe asidhi vakasara. Kwakapiwa kuti ukuru oxidation chinhu kusanganiswa anoshandisa kukarukureta yavo zvinoda vamwe masvomhu unyanzvi. Kwakadaro nechiidzo kuti rehydrogen (hwepurotoni) nguva dzose kugadzikana mune acids, ndiyo +1. Uyezve zviri nyore kuratidza mwero oxidation akaipa okisijeni Ion, zviri zvakare kugadzikana, -2.

Chete pashure matanho aya, zvinokwanisika kuti ngaaverenge mwero oxidation ari nechepakati chezvinonhuwira kuti nzira. Somunhu chaiwo mharidzo funga zvinhu kuziva mwero oxidation muna sulfuric acid, H2SO4. Apa kuti morekuru kunzwisisa nefuma rine mbiri rehydrogen hwepurotoni, 4 okisijeni maatomu, tinowana kuratidzwa chimiro + 2 + X-8 = 0. Kuti aunganidze kuumbwa razero, y ndiye mwero nesarufa oxidation +6

The inogara oxidation ari munyu

Munyu vari kunzwisisa yeimwe rinoumbwa ions simbi uye mumwe kana kupfuura anions. Nzira Pakusarudza mwero oxidation nerimwe zvakamisa hurongwa vari kunzwisisa munyu kwakafanana ari okisijeni tubhokisi acids. Kwakapiwa kuti ukuru oxidation kwezvinhu zvine maatomu akafanana - digital chakarurama, zvakakosha achiratidza mwero oxidation kuti simbi.

Kana simbi Anoumba munyu iri huru subgroup, ayo oxidation mamiriro akatsiga, zvakafanana boka nhamba iri zvakanaka. Kana munyu chine simbi yakadaro subgroups PS nedzokunze akasiyana valences kuona Valence pamusoro simbi zvive pamusoro asidhi vakasara. Kana mwero oxidation of simbi iiswe, akaisa ukuru oxidation reokisijeni (-2), zvichiteverwa pakuverenga ukuru oxidation zvomusoro muviri nokushandisa makemikari mukana wokuti vanhu vanga.

Somuenzaniso, funga tsanangudzo oxidation rinoti nokuda okunze ari yavaibvisa nitrate (zvakajairika munyu). NaNO3. Sol chikuru subgroup neboka 1 simbi aumbwa, saka, ukuru oxidation ose yavaibvisa ndiyo +1. At okisijeni iri nitrate oxidation ezvinhu -2. Kuona nhamba kukosha oxidation anoenzanisa + 1 + X-6 = 0. Nekugadzirisa mukana wokuti vanhu vanga ichi, tinowana kuti X inofanira kuva 5, ichi ndicho mwero oxidation kuti senitrogen.

mazwi anokosha ari IAD

Kune anokosha mazwi kuti vanofanira kudzidza vadzidzi kuti oxidation uye rutapudzo rikurumidze.

The dhigirii of oxidation kukwanisa kwayo kutungamirira kuisa roga (kupa yakasiyana) maerekitironi kubva zvimwe ions kana maatomu.

The oxidant anonzi kwazvakarerekera maatomu kana ions panguva makemikari maitiro pacharo anobatana maerekitironi.

The kuderedza muiti vachatitaka uncharged maatomu kana ions kuti, pakuitika kwemakemikari nekuita vanorasikirwa maerekitironi dzavo.

The oxidation nzira anomiririrwa sezvo Erekitironi rova.

Recovery Rinobatanidzwa ne kuitwa dzimwe maerekitironi uncharged atomu kana Ion.

Redox muitiro kunoratidzwa zvakaitwa, mukufamba izvo hazvo anochinja mwero oxidation ane atomu. Tsanangudzo iyi zvinoita kuti tinzwisise sei zvinoita kuti aone kana zvakaitwa Isi.

OVR parsing mitemo

Tichishandisa algorithm ichi, kuti coefficients dzinogona kurongwa chero makemikari kuita.

1. First unofanira kuisa neimwe makemikari oxidation mamiriro. Ona kuti imwe nyore nyaya oxidation ezvinhu zero, sezvo hapana goho (kubatanidza) yakaipa inoramba. Terms of placement kuti oxidation mune binary uye zvitatu-chaikosha yeimwe vakanga ndiongororwe nesu pamusoro.

2. Zvino zvakafanira kuziva maatomu avo kana ions, iyo kwakaitika munguva kutendeuka, oxidation zvakachinja.

3. Yakanyorwa kubva kurutivi mukana wokuti vanhu vanga kuruboshwe kure maatomu kana ions, izvo vakachinja dhigirii kwavo oxidation. Zvakafanira kuti pachiyero pepa. Over okunze hunodiwa kuratidza kukosha kwavo.

4. Uyezve akanyorwa maatomu avo kana ions kuti akaumba munguva maitiro, chiratidzo + inoratidza nhamba maerekitironi vakagamuchira atomu, - uwandu chakakandirwa kunaka inoramba. Kana nedanho nekuita vari kuderedzwa oxidation mamiriro. Izvi zvinoreva kuti maerekitironi akatorwa atomu (Ion). Kana mwero oxidation atomu (Ion) kuti vape maerekitironi panguva kuita.

5. The duku uwandu akatorwa kugovera wokutanga, ipapo kukanda panguva maerekitironi vakawana coefficients. Point nhamba ndivo runodiwa stereochemical zvinhu.

6. Sarudza oxidant, reductant, pezvakaitwa kuti munguva kuita.

7. Kwokupedzisira Nhano richava inogara stereochemical zvinhu izvi zvakaitwa.

   muenzaniso OVR

Ngatikurukurei kushanda ari algorithm neimwe namakemikari maitiro.

Fe + CuSO4 = cú + FeSO4

We ngaaverenge zvose nyore uye kunzwisisa zvinhu.

Sezvo Fe uye Cũ vari nyore zvinhu, avo oxidation mamiriro ndiyo 0. In CuSO4, kuti Cũ + 2, 2 ipapo okisijeni, sarufa pa +6. In FeSO4: Fe +2, saka, nokuti O 2, calc S +6.

Zvino kutsvaga okunze kuti aigona kuchinja nenhamba, mamiriro edu ezvinhu, achava Fe uye cú.

Sezvo kukosha pashure nezvinoita resimbi atomu 2, 2 Erekitironi rakapiwa ari kuita. Copper indices dzavo rakachinjwa 0 kusvika 2, naizvozvo emhangura akatora 2 maerekitironi. Zvino tinorondedzera nhamba maerekitironi vakagamuchira, uye vakakanda simbi atomu uye cupric nokuo- nga. Panguva kutendeuka atora nokuo- nga maerekitironi maviri cupric chete Erekitironi kupiwa simbi atomu.

In izvi haishandi kuona zvishoma zvakafanana kakawanda, sezvo akatorwa uye kupiwa panguva kutendeuka wakaenzana nhamba maerekitironi. Stereochemical zvinhu ndichakubvunzaiwo kuwirirana nomumwe. In maitiro kuderedza mumiririri achaita kuratidza ehupfumi resimbi, zvichinzi oxidized. Nokuo- nga divalent mhangura ipfupi kuti wakachena mhangura ari maitiro ane chikuru mwero oxidation.

Application urongwa

Formula mwero oxidation anofanira kuziviswa ose wechikoro 8-9 kirasi, sezvo nyaya iyi rwuripowo basa OGE. Chero pezvakaitwa kuti nokuitika oxidizing, nokuderedza zviratidzo, unoitawo basa rinokosha muupenyu hwedu. Vane hunokosha metabolic pezvakaitwa ari mumuviri womunhu.