The mukumukira kuPoland pamusoro 1830-1831: zvinokonzera, hondo, migumisiro

Muna 1830 - 1831 makore. kumadokero Russian Empire vakavazunzira yemuna muPoland. National War akatanga tikafunga kuwedzera kukanganisa kodzero kwevagari vayo, uyewo yechimurenga dzimwe nyika pakati Old World. The kutaura akanga woutsinye, asi ayo ungira kwemakore akawanda kuparadzira Europe yose uye akanga kupfuura kure-kusvika migumisiro mukurumbira Russia ari dzakawanda munhandare.

prehistory

Chikamu chikuru kwePoland yakaitwa yakatora ne Russia muna 1815, maererano Congress of Vienna mushure Napoleonic hondo. mutsva mamiriro vakasikirwa kuchena pamutemo muitiro. Newly akavaka Umambo Poland chinoguma yeRussia pachavo mubatanidzwa. Maererano ipapo Emperor Alexander I, kusarudza uyu aiva musoro nzwisisa. The nyika zvabatwa pachake remitemo rayo, mauto uye Diet, yakanga kwete dzimwe nzvimbo umambo. Zvino Russian mambo aipfeka uyewo musoro mambo wePolish. In Warsaw, akanga hunomiririrwa gavhuna chaiyo.

Polish kumukira kwakanga chete nyaya nguva apo policies vaiva St. Petersburg. Alexander I aizivikanwa liberalism wake, pasinei aisagona kusarudza munhu zvikuru zvinhu mu Russia, apo paiva simba nzvimbo kuchinja kwamachinda. Naizvozvo Key vanoziva zvavo chinzvimbo mabasa vari National rwomugwagwa umambo - muPoland uye Finland. Zvisinei, kunyange zvikuru benign nevavariro Alexander I nenzira dzisingapindirani chaizvo. Muna 1815, akapa umambo kwePoland sunungukei remitemo, asi akaita munomanikidza kodzero vemo mumakore mashomanana, kana vakanga vachishandisa kuzvionera zvavo vakatanga kuisa akataura vhiri mugwaro nemagavhuna Russian. Saka muna 1820, asi Seimas haana tinobvisa vatongi nemiedzo, chii Alexander aida.

Nguva pfupi asati rokutanga kusenza wakatangwa muumambo. Zvose izvi chete kusvika kumukira muPoland. Makore Polish yemuna yakaitika munguva Rumhangapanga mu mutemo umambo. Zvaakazoita akatonga mhiri mamiriro. Kana kuPoland kurwirana rusununguko nechepakati mapurovhinzi Russia vaiva zvizere korera nemhirizhonga anokonzerwa nechirwere murwere kwake oga.

tinosvika dutu

The handina akavimbisa Poles kuuya nesimba Nicholas chero dzezvivi. The itsva mambo ushe unodoma akatanga kusungwa uye chirango pamusoro Decembrists. In Poland, Zvichakadaro, kwakawedzera nyika uye Anti-Russian kufamba. Muna 1830 muFrance kwaiva July Revolution maguta akaparadzwa Charles X, mamwe kufara vatsigiri achinje.

Zvishoma nezvishoma, vezvourudzi akakunda rutsigiro vakawanda vakakurumbira tsarist mapurisa (pakati pavo akanga General Iosif Hlopitsky). The echimurenga mwoyo zvakare kupararira kune vashandi uye vadzidzi. Right-Bank Ukraine akaramba vazhinji vasingagutsikani chinovagumbura. Chikamu Poles vaidavira kuti idzi ndiko kwavari kurudyi, sezvo vaiva nhengo wePolish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, vakakamura pakati Russia, Austria uye Prussia mukupera XVIII remakore.

ipapo mubati ushe Konstantin Pavlovich - mukuru mukoma Nicholas I, zvasiya choushe afa Alexander I. The vamukira zvaifamba kumuuraya uye kupa chiratidzo kutanga bongozozo kuti nyika nokudaro. Zvisinei, kumukirawo kuPoland kakawanda vambomira. Konstantin Pavlovich aiziva nezvengozi uye havana kusiya kugara kwake Warsaw.

Zvichakadaro, vari Europe, yakatanga imwe chimurenga - nguva iyi muBelgium. Catholic chiFrench chikamu Dutch vakawanda yakanga vachida kuzvitonga. Nicholas I, uyo ainzi "gendarme muEurope" iri kwayo Manifesto akazivisa ayo kurambwa muBelgian chiitiko. In Poland paiva nerunyerekupe kuti mambo achatuma mauto ayo kudzvinyirira pokupanduka Western Europe. Nokuti chokwadi varongi ari kumukira nezvombo muna Warsaw, nhau ichi chaiva chokupedzisira uswa. The mukumukira yakanzi yaizotongwa November 29, 1830.

Tanga bope

Nenguva 6 pm musi musi ane boka nezvombo vakarwisa Warsaw yemauto, kwavakagamuchirwa amisa Guards Lancers. It akatanga hwokuuraya wemapurisa akaramba akavimbika kuna Imperial simba. Pakati pevaya vakaurayiwa aiva gurukota War Mauritsiy Gauke. Konstantin Pavlovich aidavira kuti Pole noruoko rwake rworudyi. Gavhuna pachake akaponeswa. Akayambira dziviriro akatiza kubva kumuzinda wake kwete refu asati kwakaonekwa vokuPoland kukupfura, akabvunza musoro wake. Abva Warsaw, Constantine vakauya mauto eRussia kunze kweguta. Sezvo Warsaw akanga zvachose mumaoko vapanduki.

Zuva rakatevera vakatanga vari vokuPoland hurumende reshuffle - the Administrative Council. Asarirwa machinda ose aifarira-Russian. Zvishoma nezvishoma akaita denderedzwa uye vatungamiriri vemauto ose kwazvakarerekera. Mumwe protagonists vakava refutenendi General Iosif Hlopitsky, izvo zvishoma akasanangurwa mudzvinyiriri. Munguva yose yokurwisana, akaedza nepaaigona napo taurirana pamwe Russian nedzenyu nzira ndinonzwisisa kuti Poles havagoni kurarama nehondo yose youmambo, iri chiitiko kuti achatumirwa kudzvinyirira kupandukira. Jozef Chłopicki aimiririra rworudyi bapiro vapanduki. zvavanoda vava kuti kubvuma pamwe Nicholas I, kwakavakirwa bumbiro kuti 1815.

Mumwe mutungamiriri Michael Radziwill. nzvimbo yayo akaramba chaizvo zvakasiyana. More vapanduki kukuru (kusanganisira nayo) vakaronga reconquer Poland, vakakamura pakati Austria, Prussia uye Russia. Mukuwedzera, ivo vaiona chimurenga yavo sezvo chikamu Europe wide kumukira (dzavo pfungwa huru bhuku raiva July Revolution). Ndokusaka Poles kunge kutaura zvakawanda pamwe French.

Nhaurirano

Warsaw akava kuchikosheswa nyaya imwe Executive itsva. 4 December kumukira muPoland akasiya inokosha yechiitiko - akasikwa kubudikidza dikidiki Government, rine vanhu vanomwe. musoro wake akava Adam Czartoryski. Aive shamwari yakanaka Alexander I, aiva nhengo pakavanda dare rake, tikashumira sezvo dzimwe mushumiri Russia muna 1804 - 1806 makore.

Pasinei ichi zuva rakatevera Jozef Chłopicki akazviti mudzvinyiriri. Diet akaita pamusoro pake, asi idzva mutungamiri nhamba yakanga yakakurumbira zvikuru pakati pevanhu, saka, paramende aifanira shure. Jozef Chłopicki haana kumira mhemberero nevavengi. Akaisa pfungwa simba rose mumaoko ake. Pashure nezvezviitiko November 29 muSt Petersburg vakatumirwa negotiators. The Polish divi akarayira kuti bumbiro romutemo, uyewo fuma iri muchimiro mumatunhu masere vari Belarus uye Ukraine. Nicholas haana kubvumirana mashoko aya, achivimbisa chete ruregero. mhinduro Izvi zvakaita kuti humwe panova makakatanwa.

January 25, 1831 chisarudzo musi detronizatsii Russian mambo. Maererano gwaro rino, Umambo kwePoland vasisiri nhengo Nicholas titulature. Mazuva mashoma asati Jozef Chłopicki vakarasikirwa simba uye akasiyiwa kuti vashande muchiuto. Akaziva kuti Europe harisi rutsigiro akazaruka matanda, uye kuti zvaireva kuti pokukundwa nevapanduki rava pedyo. Diet kwave okunyanyisa. Paramende akapfuura varikutonga Prince Mihailu Radzivillu. Nedzenyu zvishandiso kunge kuraswa. Zvino Polish yemuna 1830 - 1831 makore. It akatendeuka mumamiriro ezvinhu umo kurwisana aigona kutsunga chete nechisimba.

Pakuenzanisa Mauto

By February 1831 vapanduki vacho vakakwanisa kudana muchiuto vanenge 50 zviuru vanhu. Nhamba iyi rinenge vachiwirirana nhamba mauto akatumirwa kuPoland Russia. Zvisinei, kunaka vanozvipira dzakabatana dzaiva pasi zvikuru. A zvikuru matambudziko mamiriro ezvinhu aiva atirari uye vamabhiza. Vanodzivisa November yemuna muSt Petersburg akatuma Count Ivan Dibicha-Zabalkansky. Zviitiko Warsaw simbi umambo chisingatarisirwi. Kuti pfungwa zvose mauto vakavimbika kumadokero mapurovhinzi mbiru waida 2 - 3 months.

Yaiva nguva inokosha, iyo Poles haana nguva yokushandisa. Jozef Chłopicki akaisa panotangira weuto havana kurwisa kutanga, akaparadzira mauto avo mumigwagwa yavo inokosha iri mundima pasi pavo. Zvichakadaro Ivan Dibich-Zabalkansky basa mauto matsva. By February aiva pfuti yaiva vanhu vanenge zviuru 125. Zvisinei, akaita zvikanganiso chisingakanganwirwi. Kumhanyira kubata munhu mutsindo akarova, asi count haana kutora nguva kuti kuronga kutakurwa kwezvokudya uye zvombo kuti mauto kuti pakupedzisira akanga inokanganisa upenyu hwake.

Grochowski hondo

Yokutanga Mauto eRussia vakayambuka muganhu Polish, February 6, 1831. Parts vakatamira kwakasiyana-siyana. The emauto pasi murayiro Kipriana Kreytsa akaenda Lublin province. Murayiro Russian vakaronga kuronga kuchinja, iyo aifanira pakupedzisira yokubudisa masimba muvengi. The national-rusununguko kumukira chaizvoizvo akatanga kuva maererano rangano, dzinokodzera Imperial vemauto. Several mapoka Polish akaenda Serock uye Pultusk, kutiza huru mauto.

Asi pakarepo okunze akapindira mushandirapamwe. Nyungudika akatanga, izvo chaitadzisa mauto huru Russian aronga kuenda nzira. Dibich vaifanira unopinza jana. February 14 Mauto airwisana Yuzefa Dvernitskogo uye General Fedora Geysmara. The Poles akunda. Uye kunyange akanga asina kunyanya inokosha kukosha, wokutanga kubudirira kuoneka akafuridzirwa anopamba. Polish kumukira akatora hainyatsozivikanwi.

Mauto chikuru vapanduki pedyo neguta akamira Olszynka Grochowska, pakudzivirira nzira kuna Warsaw. Kwakanga kuno 25 February uye paiva wokutanga vakadzika pakurwa. Matanda akaraira Radzvill uye Jozef Chłopicki, Russian - Dibich-Zabalkansky, gore risati ratanga mushandirapamwe akava munda yokukunda. Kurwa rwakatora zuva rose uye dzakaguma chete usiku. The Nokurasikirwa akanga anenge chete (the Poles 12 zviuru vanhu, vari Russian 9000). Vapanduki dzakamanikidzwa shure kuna Warsaw. Kunyange zvazvo hondo Russian kubudirira rimwe tactical kukunda, kurasikirwa awo kumbenge zvose. Mukuwedzera, zvombo hwakabuda, uye vachasimudza mutsva zvakanga zvisingaiti nemhaka mumigwagwa yakaipa uye nokuvhiringidzirwa kukurukurirana. In ezvinhu izvi Dibich haana kuda taramba Warsaw.

anofambisa Poles

Nokuti kusvika haana kufamba inotevera miviri hondo. Kusanzwisisana daily dzakatanga kumucheto Warsaw. Mauto Russian nokuda murombo Utsanana ezvinhu akatanga chirwere chekorera. Panguva iyoyo munyika yaiva remagandanga hondo. In huru murayiro iwoyo wePolish Army kubva Michael Radzvilla akapfuura General Yanu Skrzhinetskomu. Akasarudza kurwisa yokuzviparadzanisa pasi murayiro munin'ina yamambo Mikhail Pavlovich uye General Karl Bistrom, uyo akanga ari pedyo Ostrołęka.

Panguva iyo 8000th hondo wakatumwa kundosangana Dibich. Aifanira kutora pfungwa masimba Russian. Matanda akashinga rinoshamisa zvakandishamisa nokuti muvengi. Mikhail Pavlovich uye bistros nemagadhi ake vakadzokera shure. Dibich refu vaidavira kuti Poles akasarudza kurwisa, kusvikira iye pakupedzisira akawana kuti vaya vaibatwa on.

Hondo pa Ostrołęka

May 12 hondo huru Russian vakasiya Apartments kuti zvokubata kuruboshwe Warsaw Poles. Kutambudzwa akanga akatakurwa kunze mavhiki maviri. Akazomubata chete chains-garde Polish shure. Sezvo yechi26 dzakatevera hondo Ostroleka, raiva kukosha yechiitiko mushandirapamwe. Matanda vakagoverana Narew. Mauto Russian yokutanga mukuru Akatsoropodzwa Boka pamahombekombe kuruboshwe. Vapanduki akatanga shure kwechimbichimbi. Dibicha mauto akayambuka Narew Ostroleka pacharo, pashure pakupedzisira vaibvisa guta vapanduki. Ivo vakaedza kakawanda kurwisa vavengi, asi zvavaiita vakauya chinhu. Vachifora mberi Poles kakawanda kurova yokuzviparadzanisa pasi murayiro General Charles Mandershterna.

Pakatanga yechipiri yezana zuva kunobatana vavabatsire Russian kuti pakupedzisira akasarudza migumisiro hondo. Zviuru 30 Poles vakafa vanenge 9000. Pakati pevaya vakaurayiwa vaiva veuto Kamenski uye Heinrich Lyudvik Katsky. Kutanga rima chakabatsira vakasara akakundwa vapanduki kutizira kudzokera guru.

Kuwa Warsaw

June 25 idzva weuto wokuRussia kuPoland vakava Count Ivan Paskevich. In zvake akanga 50 000 vanhu. In St. Petersburg, nokuda Count akabvunza kupedza kukundwa pakati Poles, uye kuti mwoyo Warsaw. In vapanduki guru rakanga zvuru 40 vanhu. Yokutanga zvakakomba bvunzo nokuti Paskevich aiva kuyambuka Vistula rwizi. Kwakasarudzwa kukunda mvura chipingamupinyi pedyo nomuganhu Prussia. By July 8 kuyambuka rakapera. Panyaya iyi, vapanduki havana kuisa chero zvipingamupinyi okuchembera Russian, vachitamba wevasungwa oga mauto ayo Warsaw.

Mukutanga August, muguta guru Polish paiva nomumwe reshuffle. nguva ino, asi vakakundwa Osterlenkoy Skrzhintsekogo akava mukuru mukuru Heinrich Dembinski. Zvisinei, iye basa mushure rikasvika kuti hondo Russian akanga ayambuka Vistula. In Warsaw, mhirizhonga, uye kusateerera mutemo. Urayai kwamaitira nemhomho vakatsamwa, vachirayira kupa muchiuto anokonzera dzinouraya kukuvara.

August 19, Paskevich akasvika kuguta. Mavhiki maviri akatevera yaiitirwa kugadzirira kurwisa. zvidzidzo nomumwe akabata guta pedyo kuti pakupedzisira vakombe guru. The storming pamusoro Warsaw akatanga musi waSeptember 6, apo Russian inifanduri vakarwisa mutsara masvingo chakavakwa kudzora mhomho. Muhondo inotevera mutsaona mukuru Paskevich. Kunyange zvakadaro, kukunda yeRussia rakanga pachena. 7 General Krukovetsky zvinobva hondo 32000th, naye akatizira kumavirira. September 8, Paskevich akasvika Warsaw. The guru akabatwa. The Kukundwa vakasiya mapoka vapanduki vakapararira rava nyaya nguva.

zvabuda

Wokupedzisira Polish muchiuto inotungamirwa akatizira Prussia. 21 October, vakazvipira kuna Zamosc, uye vapanduki vakarasikirwa nhare yavo yokupedzisira. Kunyange asati kuti, zvakatanga hombe uye anokurumidza kuenda kumwe vanopandukira navatariri, masoja uye nemhuri dzavo. Zviuru zvemhuri vakanga vagara muFrance uye England. Vanhu vazhinji vakaita Yan Skrzhinetsky akatizira kuAustria. MuEurope, national rusununguko rwokufamba wokuPoland, kambani akanga kukwaziswa tsitsi uye tsitsi.

The Polish kumukira pamusoro 1830 - 1831 makore. Zvakakonzera kuti mauto Polish yakaguma. Zviremera vakaperekedza ane administrative zvinhu muumambo. Province zvatsiviwa musango. Uyewo kuPoland maiva mukuru pamwe navamwe Russian ezvinhu muzviyereso, uyewo mari chete. Vasati kuti, kodzero-kubhengi Ukraine aiva pasi simba tsika uye zvechitendero zvaiitwa vokumadokero muvakidzani wayo. Zvino St. Petersburg tasarudza wokuparadza Greek-Catholic Church. "Wrong" Ukrainian parishes vaiva kana namahwindo kana kuva Orthodox.

Nokuti vagari kumadokero inoti, Nicholas I akatozova kunoenderana mufananidzo mudzvanyiriri uye yomudzvinyiriri. Kunyange pasina mamiriro haana pamutemo akareverera vapanduki, ane ungira wePolish zviitiko kwemakore akawanda zvaizoparadzirwa muTestamende World. Achitiza vanotodzoka vakaita zvakawanda voruzhinji pamusoro Russia akabvumira nyika dzokuEurope kuti miganhu kutanga Crimean War pamusoro Nicholas.