"The mugwagwa kwoupenyu" mhiri Lake Ladoga: enhoroondo zvinhu

Kukombwa Leningrad rwakatora mazuva 872. Munguva iyi nzara makauraya vanhu vanopfuura miriyoni imwe. Panopera Hondo Yenyika II vakapfuura rokuNuremberg nemiedzo Nazi uye yechiFascist matsotsi.

Vamiririri Soviet kunge vanopomera mukuru "North" boka hondo German, nokuda zviito Akaurayiwa vanoverengeka zvavo muguta rakakombwa. Charge ichi, General of Leeb mhosva. Vari Geneva Convention haina asi vakanyorwa chinhu icho hakubvumidzwi kushandisa nzara somunhu zvechiuto pamusoro rehurumende vanogara.

Kupukunyuka muguta rakakombwa chikwereti chakaita mugwagwa ( "Road Roupenyu"), kuburikidza Lake Ladoga. Zvinonzi akabvumira kuputsa blockade mhete nokuti ayo nenzvimbo nzvimbo Leningrad haasi kukwanisa kurarama pasina chokufambisa zvokudya.

Zvichireva yakagadzirwa mugwagwa

Akashanda mugwagwa kubva mumatsutso 1941 kusvika patsime 1943. Kugadzwa wake yakaitwa nokuda rakakombwa Leningrad (St. Petersburg) pamwe nyika. Pamutemo rainzi uto penzira nhamba 101.

Sezvo September 1941, mauto eSoviet uye vanhuwo zvavo takakombwa nemauto eGermany uye Finnish. The guta haina kugadzirira blockade uye haana kuva zvakafanira zvokudya uye peturu. Kuendesa zvose unofanira unogona kuva ndege kana mhiri kwegungwa.

"The mugwagwa kwoupenyu" mhiri Lake Ladoga akabvumira kutama vokuparidzira pamwe kupa vapona zvokudya.

Kufambira mberi chando

Sezvo October 1941, kudzidza kuti kuvakwa mugwagwa mhiri Lake Ladoga, zvinonzi akafukidza neaizi munguva yechando. Mushure rokutanga Masvomhu, kuvaka kwakatanga muna November. Zvakanga vaifungidzira kuti upamhi mugwagwa achava 10 metres, saka kuti muchina anogona kufamba panguva imwe chete vari kumativi. Ose 5-7 makiromita zvakavakwa anokosha zvinhu kudziyisa.

Nhungamiro enzira anosarudzwa pachishandiswa Kuwanikwa usingaperi chando viomak. Aifanira kukurira mitoro inorema. The chikuru kwadzinoita chokufambisa raiva GAZ-AA, akadana "polutorka" vanhu. Kudzivirira chando uremu nokukundikana pakati michina vaifanira kuva shoma kupatsanurwa 100 metres. Panguva iyoyowo, mhiri kwegungwa dzateyiwa njanji mutsetse.

Raparurwa "Mararamiro" (Leningrad) chakaitika pedyo pamberi mutsetse, zvaida kudzivirira kuti zvinopa muzvikamu uto. Nechando mugwagwa chidimbu chine mbiri kudzivirira mitsara nokushandisa mumatanda, sandbags iyo promorazhivalis chando. Mumwe nomumwe maviri makiromita vakanga yakaiswa pfuti Anti ndege, uye ose matatu makiromita - duku-caliber atirari pfuti. Kubva mhepo nenyere vakarwira Six Fighter Wing.

Munguva yechando rokutanga kukombwa pamusoro "Mugwagwa Roupenyu" zvakanzi anobviswa vanhu vanopfuura 500,000 uye akanunura vanenge 250 zviuru matani ezvokudya. Kumboda yakanga furawa, zviyo, bota, nyama zvigadzirwa, mafuta, miriwo, nzungu, michero yakaomeswa, vhitamini C. Work akaramba chando mugwagwa muchando 1942-1943 gore.

Trucking mumvura

With utsotso echando mugwagwa mhiri Lake Ladoga haana havasisipo. Muchirimo cha1942 akapa nzira kutakura aizi wekushandisa pamusoro mvura. Zvisinei, nokuti kuti muaizi achiri mune dzimwe nzvimbo, asi chinguva pakati vazvo mhiri kwegungwa akaita kwemwedzi. Muna April, musi chando kutakura zvinhu zvakanga zvisingabviri, uye mvura chikepe aigona kuenda chete kubva kumugumo May.

Utungamiri munyika zvakafanira kuita basa rokudzorera ukama nhumbi. In oparesheni, pakanga pasina zvinopfuura 15 ngarava. Takasarudza kuvaka ngarava panzvimbo. Chikuva nokuti basa rakanga pulp uye bepa chigayo muna Syasstroy. Panguva iyoyo vari Leningrad akatanga kuvaka midziyo simbi akanga zvifambiswe kuti ungano yokupedzisira rails.

Protection nzira avimbiswa antiaircraft atirari kupatsanurana, regiments mapani-kuvaparadzi. Vaifanira kurwa hondo German-Finnish-Italian rengarava.

Muna 1942 mvura anobviswa vagari vanenge zviuru 400, vakarwira zvokudya 350 zviuru matani. Muguta ravarwi 290,000 hwakaiswa. Kuwedzera zvinhu uye peturu zvigadzirwa muguta akaunzwa mombe uye mabhiza.

Sezvo April 1943 akaramba zvokufambisa mhiri kwegungwa. Kunyange zvazvo nhamba yavo shoma sechinhu chinokosha chikamu nenhumbi vagara yaitakurwa njanji, iyo yakatanga muna 1942.

Raiva "Mugwagwa Roupenyu" (Leningrad) mumwe?

The yepamutemo njanji anoonekwa kuva nzira Kokoreva Kobona kugungwa. shinda iyi yakabatana guru guta kunyika. ruzivo urwu anogona kuwanikwa mumabhuku uye urongwa kuti vashanyi. Zvisinei, pane mashoko uhwo "Mugwagwa Roupenyu" mhiri Lake Ladoga akatora nzira yakasiyana. Kuvapo vamwe chokufambisa mitsetse kuratidza zvakawanda chokwadi.

Kusawirirana mune Masvomhu

Kusimbisa kuvapo Migwagwa dzakawanda dziri nyore kuverenga. Saka wokutanga chando mugwagwa blockades aishanda mazuva 150. Zvakanga pamutemo dzatumira zvuru 350 matani nhumbi. Zvakaratidza kuti zuva rimwe Leningrad akanunura matani 2,400.

Akatakura zvinhu "rori" mumuviri iyo inogona akatakura uye matani nehafu. Imwe hafu tani aigona batanidza kuti Sled. Izvozvo chete ndege makaremerwa kuti vanokwanisa muchina aigona kushandura matani maviri. Zuva nezuva mugwagwa vakayambuka 1,200 zvakazara vakaremerwa "polutorok". Zvisinei, vaifanira kutama zvose kumativi.

Ice asingagoni kurwa chinhu yakakuwandira yakadaro. The zvakawanda kudaro nokuti kunze marori pamusoro penzira cruising nemabhazi kuti vakatorwa mazuva 150, vanenge hafu yemiriyoni zvavo. Uyewo pana Ladoga zvifambiswe matangi, umo akapfura chombo shongwe kuti zviite uremu. Asiri blockade "Road Roupenyu" kuti kukurira mitoro yakadaro, zvose zvikuru kuti chando akaita somunhu mugwagwa.

Chirahwe mungarava rori

Panguva zvekufambisa chando akatora vanenge chiuru motokari. Vakawanda vavo vari pasi mvura. Kana mvura mugungwa kunonyanya pachena, vezvikepe nemaziso akakunda hurukuro pamusoro lorries. Havasi pamusoro pamutemo nzira penzira nguva dzose. Vamwe vavo dziri nemazana makiromita kubva aizivikanwa dzose "Mugwagwa Roupenyu".

Pane magwaro kubva izvo zviri pachena kuti vamwe vatyairi akabva yokuGungwa kuti mari iri pamusoro zvokufambisa ugodira vamwe mutoro. Zvisinei, zviitiko zvakadaro zvakanga zvisina zvakawanda kudaro, uye marori, yakanyura kubva mumugwagwa, paiva nemazana mazhinji. Saka mubvunzo kuti kana Leningrad Lake Ladoga akagovera chete chete mugwagwa, asi nharo.

Zvikonzero kuvapo pakutengeserana akawanda

Official Road ( "Mararamiro" mhiri Lake Ladoga) № 101 Kokoreva -Kobona Zvechokwadi yavapo uye kushanda. Zvisinei, kuverenga uye nzvimbo dzakawanda mungarava rori achiti kuti aisakwanisa kuva oga.

mepu All uye magwaro zvakadyiwa kare Classified uye inochengetwa chaihwo yamabhuku. Zvichida chinodyiwa pakavanda imhaka chido kusaburitsa makwara ose chiitiko imwe hondo.

Zvikonzero izvo zvinogona kuva nezvemakwara akawanda:

• Danger kubva ndege German. Hunoshamisa ukuru dzedenga simba German akanga chisingarambiki muchando 1941. Rinoratidza nzira mhiri kwegungwa, vokuGermany vaigara wakabhombwa izvozvo. Kurerutsa kurasikirwa mhepo vachirwisa, nzira kuchinja zvakanga zvakakodzera. Pemitsara okutanga dzakaiswa pedyo nemahombekombe pegungwa, asi sezvo simba iri chando, kuti nzira yakanga kunze pedyo pakati.

• The chando haana kuramba kugara mutoro. Zvapupu zvakaona makore iwayo anoratidza kuti mugwagwa yaizopfuura motokari 60-70 chete. Uyezve, chando anotanga kutsemuka, zvakatora nguva kuti kupora kwake. Saka, kufamba kwaiva kutamira nzira itsva. Leningrad zvimwe haana kukwanisa kuwana kuti uwandu nhumbi.

Kutanga njanji mutsetse

With guru nhumbi zvokufambisa ari vaisagona kutarisira chete njanji. By 1942, riri kumabvazuva kwegungwa akaiswa pamusoro mutsetse. Zvinokwanisika kuwedzera nhumbi. Nemhaka vose blockade ose Leningrad nzira izvi kwave omei kubviswa.

Ndangariro blockade zvakabvaruka

Mazana ezviuru zvevanhu vave zvinobatanidzwa kuramba hutano chando pakavha. Vakararama pamusoro chando, achizadza kwaizoita makatsemuka, kuvaka emapuranga shop. The Feat vanhu ava, uyewo vatyairi pachavo, zvakaoma kufungidzira chaicho. Mutengo vakawanda vavo, kuti blockade wakazvikudza. Lake Ladoga aiva zvibereko, izvo akabvumira kuputsa chindori rufu zhinji zvavo mhosva.

Pamwe chikamu onshore kubva Leningrad kusvika Ladoga vari Zvivako kuti vakazvitsaurira kuna "Mugwagwa Roupenyu". Vose vari chikamu chirangaridzo "Green Belt Wokubwinya", iro runosvika kune makiromita akawanda. Chirangaridzo ine zvivako nomwe, kunofanira kuyeukwa mbiru 46 pamusoro penzira, 56 mbiru rails.

Chinonyanya asingakanganwiki Zvivako zviri 40 103? Km penzira. Chokutanga chirangaridzo "Aparted mhete" (mapurani Filippov VG) rinomirira pakakoromoka rakavharidzirwa mhete vakaumba mauto eGermany Finnish pamusoro Leningrad kubva mumatsutso 1941 gore. 103? Km ndiyo shongwe "ngano rori" (mapurani Levenkov AD). Iye rinoratidza gadzirirwa kuti anoenda, nokuputsa chando.