The Mhando chikuru mitengo, zvinokonzerwa uye zvinokonzera

Mitengo - mumwe muitiro kunozivisa ano upfumi vakawanda. Asi mune dzimwe nyika kumhanya mwero, mune vamwe - a oneka chaizvo. With chii chinogona kwakabatana? Ndezvipi zvinokonzera kuti vaiona upfumi chaiyo?

Musimboti mitengo

Under mitengo zvaireva kuwedzera avhareji pamwero mitengo nokuti zvikuru nevanhu zvinhu uye mabasa kuti kusvitsa neHurumende. Kana mberi kuraswa mari vokuparidzira, mitengo kunogona kuderedza simba ravo vanotenga.

Kukurukurwa zvoupfumi chakajairika - ndozvakajairwa vakawanda ano National upfumi. Chokwadi chokuti pane mitengo munyika, zvinoratidza, ave mutemo, pamusoro simba kudiwa zvinhu uye mabasa. Deflation - mu kusavapo yake kana kukwana kuchinyanya neizvi Fani inogona kuchengetwa. Zvinonzi zvakare vaiona ndozvakajairwa vemazuva pamusika upfumi.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti muzviitiko zvose, apo mitengo uye deflation zvinoonekwa sezvinhu zvakasikwa zvoupfumi gadziriro, tiri kutaura mashoko akakodzera zviratidzi mu zviduku zvakawanda - zvishoma muzana. Kana mitengo kana deflation mari yakawanda makumi ezviuru muzana, upfumi kungangova, pane matambudziko inokosha. Muchiitiko chino, vose parameters muri zviratidzi dzenhamo nezvemaitiro upfumi mamiriro.

We funga zvino mifananidzo, zvinokonzera uye zvinokonzerwa mitengo.

Kupatsanura ezvinhu mitengo: mwero mutengo kukura

Kune vazhinji nzira kuti kupatsanura zvoupfumi mananara pasi kukurukurwa. Saka, vanhuwo chokuratidza pairi mhando mitengo (zvinokonzerwa uye zvinokonzera - correlative navo) takatsunga pachishandiswa ayo prices. Saka, pane mitengo:

- kuchamudukupisa;

- mwero;

- achimanyisa;

- hyperinflation.

Under yakaderera mitengo rinoreva kuwedzera mitengo iri dzakakurumbira zvinhu uye mabasa, chinoratidzwa imwe chikamu. Zvikonzero ichi zvoupfumi chakajairika - akatsiga mari kuti vanoumba vade, riri zvishoma kupfuura romugove. Migumisiro mitengo ichi pamusoro upfumi zvikuru yakanaka: pamwe kugadzikana vade deploying bhizimisi nhumbi uye mabasa, kushingaira, akazaruka mabhizimusi itsva, upfumi mamiriro iri kukura zvinobudirira.

In mwero mitengo prices kukura vanenge 5-10% pagore. Sezvakaita yokutanga siyana anoonekwa zvoupfumi chakajairika, nenhamba vane anenge asina maturo rakaipa pamusoro upfumi ehurumende uye kufungisisa, kamwe zvakare, kuti nekumwisa kudiwa pamusoro wedzerai nokuda kuvapo munyika akatsiga mari.

Kana kwakapararira mutengo mitengo richisimuka nokuda akawanda makumi ezviuru muzana pagore. Zvikonzero ichi zvoupfumi chakajairika - kuderera kudiwa pamisika nokuda kuderera kugadzirwa nezvinhu uye mabasa, kuderedza nenhanho capitalization ari upfumi, redistribution kuti guta kubva nemauto chaiyo zvemari kana kunyange kushaya kwavo ari wenharaunda yaitongwa nehurumende.

Migumisiro akanga atiza mitengo - somunhu ushe, depreciation weimba mari (nokuti kuti mubayiro havana nguva kuti indexed pashure kuwedzera mitengo), kuderedza nhamba mabasa nokuda kushaya kubva kumusika makambani akasiyana. Hurumende vanosungirwa sei mamiriro ezvinhu aya ari upfumi kuitisa kuchinja sezvaidiwa. Zvikasadaro, kumhanya mitengo dzaigona kuva chin'a kuwedzera mitengo - hyperinflation, akaratidza mumazana muzana pagore. Pakadaro, hurumende angava pamwero mukuru evanhu uye zvematongerwo enyika dambudziko.

Open uye up mitengo

Pane imwe chokuratidza iyo kusiyanisa mhando dzakasiyana-siyana mitengo (zvinokonzerwa uye zvinokonzera - zvakafanana): mwero kubudirana pachena. Saka, nyanzvi kuziva pachena mitengo uye zvakavanzika.

Economic mugumisiro wokutanga mhando iri vakachengeta chete apo mamiriro kutoitwa musika ezvinhu, dzinoratidzwa akasununguka Pricing nomazviri dzinokosha zvinhu uye mabasa. Zviremera, saka, hazvivhiringidzi panzira rinobatsirwa kuona kukosha vakatengesa zvinhu uye mabasa kuti vagari. Panyaya iyi, chikuru vatambi zvoupfumi vachava pachena hunhu zvinokonzera achifurira mitengo. Uyezve, State richava nyore kushandisa upfumi.

Yakavanzwa mitengo, akavapindurawo, rinowanika munzvimbo idzodzo zviitiko apo mutengo nouchapupu chikamu zvinhu uye mabasa akapa ne emakambani akasimbisa administrative, simba zvoupfumi. Muchiitiko chino, unogona kuona deficits rokuvaka zvinhu uye mabasa, saka kuti mitengo kunogona kukura kurongwa, chaizvoizvo. Zvakaumbwa mumvuri musika, risina mitero vanobhadharwa, iyo haana kuiswawo pakati kutsunga mamiriro anokosha macroeconomic zviratidzo, zvakadai GDP. Nokudaro - the pasi-mari yacho musika yenyika, rakadzika capitalization chezvinhu zvinokosha sectors, somugumisiro - the kunonoka kumhanya zvoupfumi.

Mitengo chinodikanwa uye mari

Mumwe dzekuziva nadzo Pakusarudza mamwe mitengo (pamigumisiro zvinokonzera Chokwadi, zvakare) - zvinhu zviri kugadzirwa. Maererano kuwedzera mitengo kunogona kukonzerwa kudiwa kana mitengo mari.

Musimboti rokutanga hupfumi muitiro ndechokuti kudiwa kwazvo wedzerai. Izvi zvingava nokuda kuwedzera zveminda Vehurumende vemo pamwe kukwana rinomutsa vana hwomukova itsva mabhizimisi, nzira kusangana kudiwa. Somugumisiro - mhando zvakakodzera mabhizimisi azaruka, upfumi munyika inokura.

Kudiwa mitengo inogona kukonzerwa nokusimbaradza budgetary infusions ose guta kupinda sectors siyana hwenyika. Somuenzaniso - dzidzo, rinoitirwa, magariro mabasa, mushonga, hondo. State masangano kuti vakagamuchira bhajeti mari, uyewo kusika kudiwa, zvisingagone nguva inogutswa huripo zvebhizimisi twa anodawo munyika.

Arasikirwe mitengo nokuda kuwedzera mitengo kuti zvinhu kana mabasa, izvo unovapo somugumisiro yakawedzera mutengo vemabhizimisi mari, zvokudya zvinogadzirwa zvakakodzera uye mabasa kuti vatengi. mutengo kuwedzera zvinhu zvinogona kunge zvakasiyana panyaya iyi. Pakati zvinobvira zvikonzero - simuka mutengo kupinza yakatsvuka zvinhu uye zvinoumba mu. Makambani vanomanikidzwa kurera mitengo, angadzorwa atarisana nokusava kudiwa vaitengeserana zvinhu, sezvo vatengi varege kuda kubhadhara imwe chigadzirwa pamwe vakawedzera mari inoshandiswa. Somugumisiro - kambani nhoroondo nemhaka yokusava nokukurumidza zvakakwana curtail kugadzirwa.

Saka, kudiwa mitengo kunokanganisa emari ehurumende zvikuru zvakanaka mari - kunaka. Zvakare, ndiwo simba inokosha mutengo kukura. Sezvataona pamusoro apa, pasi kana mwero mitengo, sezvo mutemo, uchapupu dzakanaka pezvakaitwa vari upfumi, kumhanya - zvakaipa.

Siyana kupatsanura nzira vanoonekwa zvoupfumi chakajairika, saka zvinobatsira kuenzanisa. Runoonekwa isu nzira kuziva mhando dzakasiyana-siyana mitengo, zvinokonzerwa uye zvinokonzera neimwe, zvikuru kufanana nomumwe: kuwedzera mutengo nhumbi dziri upfumi rehurumende ringava kukonzerwa yakasiyana zvinhu panguva iyoyo, iyo Zvisinei, kuona dzakasiyana dzekuziva kuti kupatsanura pakati mitengo. Kunze mumwe mubvunzo, inosanganisira hurumende ichiisa dissimilar chaizvo zvoupfumi kuitika. Kunyange zvakadaro, zvinoita kuti vade uye mutengo-kusunda mitengo iri zvakasiyana. Uyewo nemigumisiro dzavo.

maererano mwero mutengo yokupararira chadenga chakawedzera kukura

Mangwana chokuratidza, izvo anobvumira kuti patsanura mhando (kwemarudzi) mitengo, zvinokonzerwa uye anoita - ukuru kupararira kwave mutengo.

Saka, nyanzvi govera nepakati mitengo, umo mari kupfuura mukurumbira chigadzirwa Categories kukura nekaupenyu zvakaenzana. Somuenzaniso, apo maapuro anodhura kusvika 3,7%, asi Pears - 4%. Kana mupunga mitengo simuka, somuenzaniso, kubudikidza 8.4%, kuwedzera mitengo iri anokungurutsirwa oats kungava vanenge 9%. Pane kudzikama mitengo, umo, akavapindurawo, chinokosha disproportion yokukura mu chinokosha mitengo.

Zvinokonzera wokutanga zvoupfumi mananara inoratidza dzinongoitika rutapudzo iri rokutenga simba guru renyika kuti upfumi hwose. The mhando chechipiri mitengo nokuti kuti vatengesi vari kusangana nematambudziko kuwana akasiyana bhizimisi. Somugumisiro - munoperevedza, mitengo kumukazve. Kumwezve kukonzera kudzikama mitengo - simuka mutengo kupinzwa mune somugumisiro kuchinja National mari. Izvi zviri kuitika angava kuchikosha munzanga yakaipa ari chiitiko kuti mugove kupinza zvinhu zviri kudiwa munyika zvinokosha. mutengo avo dzikawanda, kana vagari regai kukura kuenderana muhoro, zvichaita yekudyidzana kuwedzera kuripwa mutoro mutengi.

Uyewo, pakati nepakati mitengo kazhinji hakudi munzanga yacho. Kazhinji, yunifomu kuwedzera mitengo, pakutanga kwezvose, nemichina nokuda kuwedzera mubairo vagari uye chechipiri - mutengi nyore noungwaru, saka sei kuva nechokwadi chokuti Spike iri mitengo iri dzakakurumbira zvigadzirwa hazvizoitiki.

Mitengo netarisiro nokuti dhigirii

Zvinotevera nzira kusiyanisa nezvemarudzi, zvinokonzera uye migumisiro mitengo - pamwero dzaro zvavaitarisira. Saka, mutengo yakawedzera upfumi zvinogona noutsinye, nezvimwewo. Kazhinji, izvi imhaka kuperevedza romugove kutengeswa zvinhu dzokufungidzira zvikonzero kana pakuunganidza izvi kana zvimwe bhizimisi pamusoro chindingindingi chinzvimbo wayo chidimbu. Kana izvi zviri asipo, ipapo mitengo kunogona aumbwa kupfuura nepakati, izvo zvinogona zvafanotaurwa.

mitengo zvinhu

Saka, takadzidza dzinokosha marudzi, zvinokonzera uye zvinokonzerwa mitengo. Zano ino inogona kupedzwa chikwata chinorondedzerwa determinants kuti mitengo zvizere. Nyanzvi ziva zvinotevera mapoka:

- mari;

- STRUCTURAL;

- zvekunze.

By mari mitengo zvinhu akatorwa zvinosanganisira:

- kusaenzana pakati zvitengeswa uye kudiwa (kana chinokosha uremu);

- chinokosha nekumwisa mari pamusoro nevatengi mari;

- ane kusaenzana rehurumende bhajeti;

- akaratidza Kuisa uto mari;

- va neudhadha mubhizimisi iri kiyi sectors hwenyika;

- zvakanyanyisa yakakwirira emuchina Mari turnover;

- mubayiro kukura haina correlated nokutambura yauinayo.

The STRUCTURAL mitengo zvinhu zvinosanganisira:

- ane kusagadzikana kwemakemikari nemamiriro hwenyika (somuenzaniso, kusasarura akawandisa yakatsvuka zvinhu bhizimisi uye kushaya romugove mu mutengi zvekutepfenyura);

- musoro kuzvidzora kusimbisa simba pamusoro kudyiwa;

- kuvapo vakawanda nevhu rakawandisa muupfumi ehurumende.

Pano mitengo zvingakonzera zvinosanganisira:

- the volatility renyika mutengo hazvo anokosha, mbishi zvinhu, huni;

- chinokosha nekumwisa kupinzwa pamusoro kunze kwenyika;

- kuperevedza romugove pamisika nechitarisiko chikwereti borrowings.

Zvinhu zviri mitengo kunogona kuva kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwe enyika, zvikanganiso mutero uye magariro netsika ehurumende. Zvazvinoita kunowedzerwa kana ivo chokuita zvoupfumi pezvakaitwa panguva imwe chete.

Ongorora muudzame tsanangudzo yakaperera kuti mananara akadai mitengo, hunhu, mifananidzo, zvinokonzera uye migumisiro wake tinogona kufunga mugumisiro inosimuka mitengo iri socio-zvoupfumi weHurumende.

The mugumisiro mitengo iri socio-zvoupfumi pamusoro mamiriro

Mitengo, sezvataona apa, vanogona kuva vanhu somunhu nhamba zviduku - vashoma muzana, uye zvinoorora chaizvo nenhamba.

Muchiitiko chokutanga, zvinoratidza simba asi zvakanaka zvoupfumi pezvakaitwa: zvakawandisa kuti kudiwa pamusoro wedzerai nokuda kunobuda mari, pakuenzanisa upfumi, chokupika kunze kwenyika uye kupinzwa reshiyo zvakanaka. Asi akanyanyisa yakakwirira mitengo kunogona kukanganisa socio-upfumi pezvakaitwa okusafarira.

Kana mitengo munyika varikukura, Umambo kwokubatana anogona kutyora pakati mabhizimisi masangano (nokuti kuti vatengi vari nguva dzose kutsvaga isingadhuri bhizimisi), akaderedza mari (nokuti kuti upfumi varege kubhadhara pachayo nokuda kuwedzera mitengo) rinooneka munzanga kusawirirana (vanhu angasava mari inokwana kutenga zvinhu zvinhu kwakawedzera mutengo).

High mitengo anosarudza:

- depreciation kubva kumahombekombe mumari vagari;

- kuparara socio-upfumi hune vemo kudzivirirwa munzanga;

- rutapudzo basa basa munyika;

- kuderera mune unhu nenhumbi zhinji nekuda kudiwa kuagadzira akawanda;

- vasanyanye anomukweretesa ari rwezvemabhengi mamiriro ehurumende, kuti chidzoke wenyika zvisina zvekutepfenyura.

Musimboti mananara akadai mitengo, pfungwa, mifananidzo, zvinokonzera uye nemigumisiro yayo, funga specificity nzira kuti kuyera mutengo kukura upfumi neHurumende.

Sei mitengo akayera?

Kazhinji, mitengo prices kunotaurwa muna nezvokungoshanyirawo kuwirirana kukosha nenhumbi mutengo maindex mugore ano zvichienzaniswa yapfuura. Panyaya iyi, iyo Codes ingashandiswa:

- mugadziri mitengo;

- nevatengi mitengo;

- the GDP deflator.

Kutaura zvazviri, zvoupfumi ari mamiriro anogona dzinoratidzwa akawanda zviratidzi kuti mitengo. Chinonyanya kukosha kuti vagari kuti, pachena, mutengi mutengo indekisi. Chinonyanya zvakwo macroeconomic chakarurama vachatitaka, uyewo, iyo GDP deflator.

Mitengo inotungamirwa womuenzaniso

Aongorora hunhu, chinokonzera, mifananidzo, zvinokonzerwa mitengo, tinogona kufunga inokosha muenzaniso kwayo inotungamirwa.

Nokudaro, kwaita hyperinflation, nezvoupfumi zhinji anotsanangura zvinotaurwa dzataurwa nokuda Kagan. Maererano navo, chiitiko ichi zvoupfumi ari zvakafanorongwa kuvimba kuti kudiwa pamusoro inflationary zvomurayiro siyana pamusika vechikamu. Kana kwadzakabva pakati zvomurayiro date kunoratidzwa pamwero pasi pasinei ndechokuti elasticity kudiwa guru riri pasi, mitengo kuukurira kuwedzera mari rive. Asi kana parameters anoumba womuenzaniso ichi, enda pakakwirira sandara, upfumi angava hyperinflation, kushorwa izvo kazhinji zvinoda kupindira kwehurumende.

Ikoko Friedmann wokuenzanisira, maererano izvo vade chaizvo guru renyika, zvakafanana rinomutsa vokuparidzira mari, uye vaitarisira mitengo. Panguva iyoyo vari upfumi kuwedzera mitengo iri shoma pane mukuru dziine kukura National upfumi. Zvinokwanisika, izvo zvinoda wokuwedzera nyaya mari - kana mitengo prices pazasi avo vaiona sezvo Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri.

Pane muenzaniso Bruno Fischer, maererano izvo mutengo vosimba inogona zvakafanorongwa kwete chete zvomurayiro musika vechikamu asiwo simba pamusoro GDP. Zvinogona kucherechedzwa kuti pfungwa iyi kunosanganisirawo nehanya sezvo inokosha parameter pamusoro bhajeti dhefisiti zviratidzo, uyewo nzira kuikurira, dzinoshandiswa neHurumende. In anogona kushandiswa sezvo vakadaro Somuenzaniso, achine uye zvikwereti. womuenzaniso ichi, maererano nezvoupfumi zhinji, kunoita kuti kuongorora zvakadzama zvinhu kuziva Chiitiko kuti mitengo, hunhu, mifananidzo, zvinokonzera uye migumisiro yacho correlative nedzimwe kupatsanura zvinodiwa.

Pane muenzaniso Sargent-Wallace. Maererano naye, mitengo iri zvakafanorongwa nokuda kusaenzana mune mari wokuti hurumende iri nemari National bhajeti dhefisiti. Pane imwe nguva, zviremera zvoupfumi vane kuwedzera mari nerubatsiro, zvichiguma upfumi mitengo vanomutswa. Zvinogona kucherechedzwa kuti, maererano pfungwa iri kukurukurwa, rarinoshevedzwa mamiriro Mutemo kusango mari kunotungamirira kuwedzera mitengo. Izvi imhaka zvomurayiro pamusika vechikamu pamusoro chii hurumende vachatanga nekure bhajeti dhefisiti zvikurukuru nokuda nyaya, pane zvikwereti. The yakanakisisa chiito manyorero zviremera zvoupfumi iyi - kuderedza bhajeti dhefisiti.

Mashoko mienzaniso kutsanangura mashandiro kuti paumbwe zvakadai ezvoupfumi mananara sezvo mitengo kuyerwa, mifananidzo, zvinokonzera uye nemigumisiro yayo, tinogona zvizere kuongorora zvinhu nenyanzvi Anti-inflationary negwaro.

Anti-mitengo wokuti zviremera

Nyika zviremera vangabvuma zvakasiyana kune kuwedzera mitengo iri upfumi. Asi kana isu nezvazvo yezvisikwa nzira - zvisinei izvo kufungwa mhando, hunokonzera, migumisiro mitengo - inflationary matanho zvinogona anomirirwa inotevera zvawanyora:

- chikwereti murau;

- incentives zvemari;

- deflationary negwaro;

- mari mutemo.

Zvichienderana upfumi ezvinhu, sarudza mumwe kana kupfuura wavo.

Mushure zviremera akazivisa zvinhu akafanosarudza chaizvo zvechadenga Chiitiko kuti mitengo (zvinokonzera, mifananidzo, migumisiro), Anti-inflationary mutemo wanamatira kune pamutemo padanho. Kazhinji, nokuti ayo Implementation rinoita nechepakati kumahombekombe mamiriro. Nyanzvi inoshandiswa kuti kuongorora chikuru zvinoumba iyi, sezvo mitengo (hunhu, zvinokonzera, mifananidzo, migumisiro). Anti-mitengo mutemo kunofanira nepakati uye kufunga zvose huru zvikonzero mutengo kukura upfumi neHurumende.

pfupiso

Saka, isu havawanzoiti specificity kuti mitengo - zvoupfumi chakajairika, tichiratidza kuwedzera mitengo iri National upfumi. Tine inokosha unhu zvakadaro kwacho, sezvo mitengo (hunhu, zvinokonzera, mifananidzo, socio-upfumi ekushandiswa) kunge kuongororwa. Takaona kuti chinonyanya kukosha nyaya basa iri runoenzanirana nezvemaitiro upfumi mamiriro. Basa zviremera - kunzwisisa chii chinokonzera Chiitiko chakadai mitengo. Zvinokonzera, Types, pamigumisiro uye nzira kuikurira - iri kukwanisa penyanzvi ari vaitungamirira masangano zvemari wenyika, zvikurukuru Central Bank.

Kudzidza anoongorora zvoupfumi chiri kupiwa basa rinokosha dzidzo ezvinhu ari Russian Federation. anoranga zhinji, kunyange chokuita zvakananga zvemari nemauto, kudzidza mifananidzo, zvinokonzera uye migumisiro mitengo - social zvidzidzo Somuenzaniso. Izvi imhaka yokuti muitiro uyu kwoupfumi chinobata nzvimbo dzakawanda muupenyu ano. Munhuwo zvake mumugwagwa, zvichida kunyange kubata nyaya zvoupfumi, vanofanira kuziva chii mitengo iri. Zvinokonzera, Types, zveupfumi migumisiro payo, kupfuura tichitarisa chikuru chokuita ano mugari akadzidza vanofanira kuziva. Izvi mubereko uye hurumende kuvaka nhaurirano rinovaka pamwe veruzhinji panyaya murau hwenyika.