The ekare Mesopotamia. Mesopotamian guta. Mesopotamia yekare

"Zvose achauya pamwe kuMesopotamia,
ReEdheni pano, uye pano pakutanga
Pakanga kamwe kutaura zvakafanana
Shoko raMwari yakarira ... "

(Konstantin Mikhailov)

Paaiva pasi ndima Europe yekare Vaidzungaira mhuka muArabhu, kuMabvazuva zvizere unofadza zvikuru (dzimwe nguva hazvitaurwi) zviitiko. About navo rina mavara mavara kunyorwa Testamende Yekare uye zvimwe zvenhoroondo dzekare. Somuenzaniso, zvakadai nyaya inozivikanwa muBhaibheri paShongwe yeBhabheri uye Mafashamo, chakaitika chete munharaunda Mesopotamia.

Ancient Mesopotamia asina embellishment anganzi paucheche yebudiriro. Zviri panyika ino akapoteredza 4th remakore BC, akaberekwa wokutanga okumabvazuva budiriro. inoti kwakadaro weMesopotamia (Mesopotamia yekare muchiGiriki) sezvo Sumer uye Akkad, akapa vanhu parunyoro uye zvinoshamisa Mumachechi. Enda rwendo panyika ino izere zvakavanzika!

nenzvimbo nzvimbo

Chii chaiva zita Mesopotamia? Mesopotamia. Zita wechipiri weMesopotamia - Mesopotamia. Unogona kunzwa shoko Naharaimu - zviri ndiyewo, chete muchiHebheru.

Mesopotamia - chiri nharaunda nhoroondo uye nenzvimbo iri pakati penzizi rwaTigrisi uye rwizi rwaYufratesi. Ndiani panyika ino pane vatatu inoti: Iraq, Siria uye Turkey. Nhoroondo yekare yebudiriro pakati Mesopotamia yakazokudziridzwa mundima ino.

Zvinowanikwa mumwoyo kuMiddle East nharaunda iri rakatenderedzwa kurutivi rwamavirazuva muArabhia papuratifomu, kubva kumabvazuva - mujinga mezvikomo of neZagros. In kumaodzanyemba Mesopotamia, kumuganhu Persian Gulf mvura, uye kuchamhembe shongwe yevedza pamakomo eArarati.

Pindai Rios ari sandara mubani anomuitira pamwe nenzizi huru mbiri. In fomu zviri zvakafanana kuti denderedzwa chimiro - izvi zvinoshamisa Mesopotamia (mepu inosimbisa izvi).

Division kupinda kumatunhu Mesopotamia

Historians conventionally akaparadzanisa Mesopotamia on:

• Upper Mesopotamia - kuchamhembe chikamu nharaunda. Sezvo makarekare (kubva pakati 1st chemakore BC) akanzi "Asiria". Makore akawanda gare gare, munzvimbo akaumba weSiria ano, neguta rayo guru yakaisvonaka muguta reDhamasiko.
• Lower Mesopotamia - kumaodzanyemba Mesopotamia. Rakanga dzine ine vanhu vasati munhambo yedu. Uyewo, Southern Mesopotamia anonziwo huviri kuzviparadzanisa kumatunhu. Kureva, kuchamhembe uye kumaodzanyemba nhengo. Wokutanga (kuchamhembe) pakutanga rainzi Ki-Uri, uye ipapo Akkad. Wechipiri (kumaodzanyemba) ainzi Schumer. Nokudaro akaberekwa zita rakanaka uye sonorous rimwe dzokutanga cradles yebudiriro - ". Sumer uye Akkad" Papera chinguva, nharaunda iyi enhoroondo pakuzivikanwa se Babylonia. Chinoshamisawo chokwadi kuti pane shongwe kunozivikanwa, maererano nengano, richisvika kukura kwavo kudenga.

On nharaunda weMesopotamia yekare panguva dzakasiyana paiva zvina ushe vekare:

• Schumer;
• Akkad;
• Babylonia;
• Asiria.

Sei Mesopotamia aiva paucheche yebudiriro?

About 6000 apfuura, nyika yedu yaiva chiitiko chinoshamisa: yakakomba nguva vakaberekerwa pemarudzi maviri - Egypt neMesopotamiya yekare. Hunhu yebudiriro ndiye zvose zvakafanana uye kwete zvakafanana wokutanga wekare mamiriro.

Kufanana iri chokwadi kuti zvose vavapo munzvimbo dzine mamiriro ezvinhu akanaka kuti upenyu hwevanhu. Handidi kuti mumwe nomumwe wavo ane rakasiyana nyaya (the changouya mumusoro: muIjipiti aiva Farao, uye kuMesopotamia - chipo).

Zvisinei, The dingindira yacho, Mesopotamia State. Naizvozvo, isu hatingazvirumbidzi tsaukai pairi.

Ancient Mesopotamia - a mhando oasis murenje. On mativi yacho akanyudzwa nenzizi. Uye kubva kuchamhembe - makomo kuti kuchengetedza oasis kubva nyoro mhepo kubva Armenian divi.

Izvi yakanaka zvakasikwa zviri vakaita rikwezve murume rekare nenyika ino. Zvinoshamisawo kusununguka Climate ikashandiswa vachikwanisa kuita mune zvokurima. Ivhu saka yakaorera uye akapfuma mwando, izvo vakawana muchero manune akura uye dzakabuda bhinzi - zvinonaka.

First akacherechedza izvi sevaSumer yekare, uyo munzvimbo anenge 6000 apfuura. Vakadzidza kukura nounyanzvi dzakasiyana-siyana zvinomera uye akasiya mupfumi nhoroondo, izvo vanotenderedzwa musoro nechido vanhu kusarudza nhasi.

A zvishoma yokupanduka yokuti: kwakabva sevaSumer

Nhoroondo Modern haapinduri mubvunzo, apo akaita sevaSumer. Pane zvakawanda zvokufungidzira nezvazvo, asi nekubvumirana vemunharaunda sayenzi haisati yasvika. Sei? Nekuti sevaSumer kumira kubva mamwe marudzi vaigara Mesopotamia zvikuru kunze.

Mumwe kusiyana pachena - mutauro: zviri haana kuita mumwe tumitauro rakataurwa vanogara mundima pedyo. Kureva kuti haana kufanana mutauro Indo-European - aizotangira wemitauro ano.

Uyewo zvekare Sumer vagari chitarisiko hakusi runowanzoitika vagere idzodzo. Panhivi zvinoratidza vanhu kumeso ovals iwayo meso zvinoshamisa guru, akatunhidzwa zvinhu uye kumusoro-avhareji kukura.

Imwe pfungwa iri iyo kare teererai - ichi chinhu kujairika tsika imwe ekare. Imwe pfungwa inoti sevaSumer - vari vamiririri ane yepamusoro budiriro, uyo nendege kubva nzvimbo pamusoro redu. pfungwa iyi maonero rakanyatsojeka kufanira, asi ane kodzero iripo.

Sezvazvakanga zvakaita chokwadi - kujeka. Asi munhu anogona kutaura chokwadi - sevaSumer akapa chaizvo budiriro dzedu. Mumwe wavo ari pachena kubudirira - ndiyo nokugadzirwa kunyora.

The ekare Mesopotamia

Various vanhu rinogarwa kuukuru munharaunda Mesopotamia. Tinosiyanisa maviri makuru (nhoroondo Mesopotamia pasina kwavari zvaisazova kupfuma saka)

• sevaSumer;
• Semites (kuva kunyatsoenderana, madzinza oukuru ose maArab, vokuArmenia uye vaJudha).

Kubva musi uyu, tichataura pamusoro zvinofadza zvikuru zviitiko uye evanhu.

Kuti achengete mukuru kurondedzera nyaya yedu, tinotanga nyaya mararamiro ekare kubva Sumerian umambo.

Schumer: pfupi Zvaiitika

Wakatanga budiriro rakamuka rwezasi-kumabvazuva Mesopotamia kubva 4th kusvika 3rd remakore BC zvakanyorwa. Zvino nzvimbo iyi ano mamiriro Iraq (Mesopotamia yekare, mepu zvakare kunotibatsira kufamba).

SevaSumer - chete vasiri oukuru vanhu munharaunda Mesopotamia. Izvi kunosimbiswa mitauro netsika zveBhaibheri zvakawanda. Nhoroondo rehurumende inoti sevaSumer kuMesopotamia akabva vamwe makomo Asian.

Vakatanga rwendo rwavo kumabvazuva Pindai Rios: vagara achitevedza estuaries uye nyanzvi kudiridza kurima. The guta rokutanga, iro akamisa vamiririri ichi ekare aiva Heredia. Uyezve, sevaSumer akatamira vanyura pabani; ivo yakakunda vomunzvimbo uye kutombozivikanwa muchiKristu; dzimwe nguva akatora kunyange pamusoro vamwe tsika nebudiriro marudzi utsinye.

Nhoroondo sevaSumer - inofadza basa hondo pakati akasiyana mapoka evanhu vachitungamirirwa wamambo. ichatonga zvine mbiri yake yakasvika ezvinhu pasi pokutonga Uma Lugalzagesse.

HweBhabhironi wenhau Berossus mubasa rake vakakamura Sumerian nhoroondo huviri yenguva:

• Mafashamo asati aitika (zvichireva raiva Mafashamo Makuru uye yaNoa nyaya, inorondedzerwa Old Testament);
• pashure peMafashamo.

Culture Ancient Mesopotamia (Sumer)

Misha yose sevaSumer kuti mavambo rokutanga - zvakanga taundi duku akapoteredzwa namasvingo ibwe; Taigara kubva 40 kusvika 50 zviuru vanhu. guta rinokosha zasi-kumabvazuva nyika yakanga muUri. Nhongonya Sumerian umambo kwave kuzivikanwa guta Nippur, pakati munyika. Zvinonzi anozivikanwa temberi huru yaMwari Enlil.

SevaSumer zvakanga yemhando budiriro, isu nyora chii vane kubudirira dzakakwirira.

• In kurima. Izvi runoratidzwa hwakawanda huripo zvokurima almanac. It rinotsanangura nemashoko akadzama sei kukura zvirimwa apo vanofanira akadiridza, sei kurima ivhu.
• In dzamaoko. SevaSumer vakakwanisa kuvaka imba uye aiziva sei kushandisa vhiri yomuumbi.
• In kunyora. Pairi ichakurukurwa munyaya yedu chitsauko chinotevera.

Legend kunyora kunoitika

Most kukosha zvigadzirwa kuitika zvikuru vasinganzwisisiki, kunyanya kana totaura vekare. The chidzoke kunyora hakuna anosara.

Akapikisa maviri mutongi Sumerian yekare pakati pavo. Izvi kwakunoitwa chokwadi kuti kuita zvokufungidzira mumwe Puzzles uye kugoverana navo vachishandisa nhume dzavo. Mumwe mutungamiriri aiva Funga zvimwe zvokugadzira chaizvo uye vakwira pamwe yakadaro kunzwisisa puzzle mumiriri wake haana kukwanisa kurangarira izvozvo. Zvino ndaifanira wekuvamba kunyora.

SevaSumer akanyora ivhu mapuranga rutsanga tumiti. Pakutanga mabhii anofananidzirwa muchimiro nezviratidzo hieroglyphs, uye ipapo - muchimiro kunofambidzana mabhii. Izvi zvinonzi ecuneiform.

Culture Ancient Mesopotamia hazvifungiki pasina Sumerian. Nearby marudzi akakwereta kunyora unyanzvi mubudiriro ino.

Bhabhironi (umambo weBhabhironi)

State yakabuda pakutanga mumireniyamu yechipiri BC kumaodzanyemba Mesopotamia. Wakati aripo nokuti anenge 15 emakore, akasiya shure mupfumi nhoroondo uye sezvivako dzinonakidza.

Oukuru vanhu vanogara kunharaunda wavaAmori Bhabhironi State. Ivo vakatora kwokutanga tsika sevaSumer, asi kutaurwa kare mumutauro weAkkadian, raiva pasi oukuru boka.

Bhabhironi rekare akasimuka pamusoro nzvimbo guta vamba Sumerian Kadingir.

Chinhu chinokosha munhau aiva Mambo Hammurabi. Munguva mauto ake akanga akunda zhinji maguta yakavakidzana. Uyewo akanyora hwakawanda huripo basa - "Mesopotamia mitemo (Hammurabi)."

Tiudzei zvimwe pamusoro akanyorwa akachenjera mambo mitemo upenyu paruzhinji. Mitemo Hammurabi kuti zvakanyorwa pamusoro Hwendefa okuti, Dare kodzero uye nokubatira avhareji yeBhabhironi. Vanyori venhau dzakaitika kuisa mberi nokufungidzira kuti mashoko fungidziro mhosva uye nheyo "ziso neziso" yakatanga akagadzira kuva Hammurabi kamwe.

Vamwe misimboti mutongi tega pachake, vamwe - vakakopa ambotaurwa Sumerian zvinyorwa.

Hammurabi anonzi kuti ekare chaizvoizvo zvakangonyuka vanhu kugara nevamwe mitemo uye vaitova pfungwa zvakanaka uye zvakaipa.

basa chepakutanga iri Louvre, aine bhuku chaiyo inogona kuwanikwa mamwe Moscow miziyamu.

Shongwe yeBhabheri

guta Mesopotamian - ndiyo nyaya imwe basa. Tichakurukura Bhabhironi, mumwe apo pane zvinonakidza zviitiko zvinotsanangurwa muna Old Testament.

Chokutanga, udza inonakidza Nyaya yomuBhaibheri Shongwe yeBhabheri, ipapo - pfungwa nemaonero masayendisiti panyaya iyi. The ngano yacho Shongwe yeBhabheri - ndiyo nyaya chitarisiko mumitauro Panyika. The kutaurwa kutanga inowanikwa mubhuku Genesis: chiitiko chakaitika pashure peMafashamo.

Munguva idzodzo dzekare, vanhu yave imwe vanhu, saka, vanhu vose vaitaura mutauro mumwe chete. Vakatamira kune kumaodzanyemba, uye akasvika dzakaderera inosvika pakati rwaTigrisi uye rwizi rwaYufratesi. Vakasarudza akawana guta (Bhabhironi), uye kuvaka shongwe kuti urikudenga. Basa rakanga chipatapata zvachose ... Asi Mwari akabva akapindira kwacho. Akasika mitauro yakasiyana, saka vanhu havachafaniri vakonana. Zviri pachena kuti munguva pfupi kuvakwa shongwe kwakaregwa. Nokuguma nhoroondo akava Resettlement vanhu dzakasiyana makona redu.

Ko vezvesayenzi pamusoro Shongwe yeBhabheri? Masayendisiti zvinoratidza kuti paShongwe yeBhabheri aiva mumwe temberi vekare kuti vachengete nyeredzi uye mhemberero dzechitendero. Zvivako kwakadaro inonzi ziggurats. The soro temberi (kureba yakasvika 91 metres) waiva muBhabhironi. zita rake kwainge "Etemenanki". The shanduro yeshoko neshoko - ". House, apo denga zvakafanana Nyika"

muAsiria umambo

Kutaurwa wokutanga kubva rechi24 remakore BC weAsiria zuva. Hurumende yave iripo kwemakore zviuru zviviri zvemakore. Rikaregwa kuvapo muzana remakore rechinomwe BC. HweAsiria kuzivikanwa sezvo yokutanga munhoroondo yevanhu.

State yakamira kuchamhembe Mesopotamia (mu vemazuva Iraq). Yakasiyana militancy: yakawanda mumaguta akakunda uye akaparadza muAsiria vehondo. Vakatora kwete chete nharaunda Mesopotamia, asiwo munharaunda Umambo weIsraeri uye chitsuwa cheKupro. Paiva kuedza kukurira vaIjipiti vekare, asi hazvina kubudirira - pashure pemakore 15, vagari kuti nyika atangazve rusununguko.

Pakazosvika rakundwa vakawanda vaishandisa dzoutsinye matanho: vaAsiriya vaisungirwa kubhadhara pamwedzi mutero.

Maguta Major okuAsiriya:

• Ashur;
• neKara;
• Dur-Sharrukin (Sargona Palace).

tsika reAsiria uye chitendero

Pano zvakare, unogona kuronda kubatana pamwe Sumerian netsika. VaAsiria vakanga vachitaura kuchamhembe nendimi weAkkadian. Muzvikoro taidzidza mabhuku mabasa Shumers nevaBhabhironi; vamwe tsika dzemunharaunda mararamiro ekare kunge vatora nevaAsiriya. On dzoushe uye temberi omunzvimbo ezvivako vanoratidzwa shumba vakashinga sechiratidzo uto kubudirira umambo. mabhuku reAsiria, zvakare, chokuita danidziro nevatongi vemo: madzimambo nguva dzose se vakashinga uye ushingi vanhu, uye avo vavengi, Ukuwo, inoratidza kutya uye zviduku (pano zvinoita kuti kuona pachena kugamuchirwa wehurumende anoparadzirwa).

Chitendero muMesopotamiya

Yekare budiriro weMesopotamia ari nekupedza chokuita kuti chitendero emo. Uyezve, avo vageremo zvakasimba kutenda vanamwari uye kuva nechokwadi kuti aite zvimwe tsika. Achitaura chaizvo kazhinji, ndiko vakawanda (kutenda vamwari vakasiyana-siyana) rakasiyana Mesopotamia yekare. Kuti tinzwisise zviri nani chitendero Mesopotamia, unofanira kuverenga yomunharaunda yakakura. Chimwe chezvishamiso zvikuru mabhuku mabasa nguva - iri ngano rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira. Akanyatsofungwa kuverenga bhuku rino kunoratidza kuti pfungwa pamusoro extraterrestrial kwakabva sevaSumer hakusi groundless.

The ekare weMesopotamia akatipa zvitatu mungano zvinokosha:

• Sumerian-weAkkadian.
• Bhabheri.
• MuAsiria.

Ngationgororei mune zvakawanda nomumwe wavo zvizere.

Sumerian chitendero

Zvinosanganisira zvinotendwa zvose shumeroyazychnogo kwevanhu. Also zvaisanganisira chitendero Akkadians. vamwari Mesopotamian vakabatana conditionally: guta guru ose aiva pachake pantheon kwayo uye temberi yavo. Asi, kufanana anogona kuwanikwa.

We nyora kukosha vamwari Sumerian:

• An (Anu - Akkad.) - mwari kudenga, ndiye anokonzera nzvimbo uye nyeredzi. Airemekedzwa nevanhu sevaSumer vekare. Vaitirei mutongi pusa, kureva kuti, asina kupindira mune hwevanhu.
• Enlil - ishe mhepo, mwari zvainoreva sevaSumer wechipiri. Chete, kusafanana Ana une huMwari. Iye airemekedzwa sezvo munhu anokonzera wembereko, goho uye upenyu norugare.
• Ishtar (Inanna) - kiyi mwarikadzi Sumerian chitendero. Information nezvazvo zviri dzinopikisana kwazvo: rumwe rutivi, iye ndiye aidzivirira wembereko uye ukama hwakanaka pakati pevarume nevakadzi, uye pane dzimwe - vane hasha murwi. kusiyana kwakadaro simuka nokuda vakawanda zvakasiyana manyuko, ane anotaura izvozvo.
• Uma (the Sumerian shanduro emashoko) kana Shamash (weAkkadian musiyano wezvinyorwa, chichiratidza mutauro zvakafanana ne Hebrew se "shemeshi" zvinoreva zuva).

mungano dzechiBhabhironi

Pfungwa chikuru chitendero chake, nevamwe sevaSumer. Zvisinei, pamwe zvinokosha matambudziko.

The chitendero kuBhabhironi kwaibva kutenda munhu usingabatsiri yake pamberi vamwari pantheon. Zviri pachena kuti izvozvo dzematongerwe akazorora chokutya uye rinokutadzisa kukura murume yekare. Kufanana mamiriro kuvaka vapristi; zvavari kuitwa mune ziggurat (yakakwirira rakaisvonaka netemberi) siyana manipulations, kusanganisira ndeyokungoitawo chibayiro yakaoma.

In Babylonia vairemekedza vanamwari vaiva sezvinotevera:

• Tamuzi - aiva musande aive zvokurima, zvinomera uye wembereko. The chokuita chete Sumerian kapoka patsva uye mwari kufa zvinomera.
• Hadhadhi - the vaichengetedza a mabhanan'ana nemvura. Very nokudzvinyirira uye zvakaipa huMwari.
• Shamash uye Sin - vanoitisana kwemiviri yokudenga; zuva nomwedzi.

muAsiria mungano

Chitendero zvehondo VaAsiria chaizvo rakafanana yeBhabhironi. Vazhinji tsika, tsika uye ngano vakasvika vanhu Northern Mesopotamia nevaBhabhironi. Last chikwereti, sezvambotaurwa, chitendero chavo kubva sevaSumer.

vamwari Important vaiva:

• Ashur - mwari huru. Vaichengetedza umambo hwose weAsiria, akasika kwete chete nedzimwe dzose rengano magamba, asi naiyewo.
• Ishtar - mwarikadzi hondo.
• Ramman - ndiye kubudirira muchiuto hondo, zvinounza rombo rakanaka kuvaAsiria.

Mesopotamia vaiona vamwari uye ezvitendero avanhu yekare - inofadza nyaya, midzi kwazvo dzekare. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti huru vanotanga chitendero vaiva sevaSumer, ane pfungwa rakumbirwa mamwe marudzi.

The nekare tsika uye nhoroondo kutisiira vekare vanhu vaigara muMesopotamia.

Kudzidza yekare dzomunyika Mesopotamia zvinofadza, nokuti chokuita dzinonakidza uye anorayiridza ngano. Uye zvose chokuita sevaSumer, - zvose chimwe guru chakavanzika, mhinduro achigere rawanikwa. Asi vanyori vezvakaitika kare uye vanochera matongo vanoramba 'kuchera pasi "iri mirayiridzo iyi. Munhu anogona kubatana navo uye kuti ndinzwisise izvozvi anonakidza uye rekare budiriro.