Sumerian mungano zvishoma

Sumerian budiriro uye Sumerian mungano anoonekwa kuti mumwe mukuru munhoroondo yevanhu. The Golden Age vanhu vaigara muMesopotamia (yanhasi Iraq), kwakaitika chiuru chemakore chechitatu BC. Sumerian pantheon yaiva yakawanda yakasiyana vamwari, mweya uye zvikara, uye vamwe vavo dzakararama zvinotendwa nekutambira zvirimwa vokuMabvazuva yekare.

Common zvinhu

Nheyo vairinda Sumerian mungano uye chitendero vakanga zvaiita kutenda vamwari vazhinji, mweya, vanamwari-demiurge, aidzivirira zvisikwa uye mamiriro. Kunokonzerwa ane vanhu vekare anosangana ekuvarera nyika yake. Kudavira uku aiva dzidziso rakavanzika kana chechi dzidziso, sezvo zvakaita kutenda, akabereka zvitendero ano - kubva chiKristu kusvika Islam.

Sumerian mungano ane maitiro zvikuru zvinoverengeka. Akazoona kuvapo nyika mbiri - nyika vamwari uye nyika mananara, izvo dzinotungamirirwa. mweya mumwe nomumwe akanga somunhu nayo - aiva maitiro zvipenyu.

Vigil

Mwari mukuru sevaSumer vaiona Ahn (yakasiyana chiperengo - Anu). Iye asati kuparadzana Pasi kubva Sky. Iye akaratidzwa ave mubatsiri uye maneja paungano vanamwari. Dzimwe nguva akanga atsamwira vanhu Somuenzaniso, kamwe anotambudzika guta Uruk chituko senzombe kudenga uye akatsvaka kuuraya gamba kuti ngano dzekare rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira. Pasinei neizvi, vakawanda An vakaneta uye kungogara. Mukuru mwari ari Sumerian mungano aiva yayo chiratidzo ari muchimiro nyanga tiaara.

An kuzvibatanidza musoro wemhuri uye gavhuna ehurumende. Fananidzo kunoratidzwa muna mufananidzo demiurge pamwe zviratidzo simba roumambo: tsvimbo yake, korona uye tsvimbo. It Ahn akaramba asinganzwisisiki "ME". Saka vagere Mesopotamia akadana masimba naMwari nokudzora yepanyika uye nyika yokudenga.

Enlil (Enlil) sevaSumer vaiona yechipiri inokosha mwari. Vaimuti ishe mhepo kana tenzi ichivhuvhuta. chisikwa ichi atonge nyika, yaiva pakati pedenga nenyika. Chimwe chinokosha kuti anosimbisa Sumerian mungano: Enlil ane akawanda anoitwa, asi vose kubika pasi nesimba pamusoro mhepo uye mhepo. Saka, waiva chinhu humwari.

Enlil kwainzi mubati zvose dzimwe nyika nekuda sevaSumer. In ake yakanakisisa kuronga ngozi mafashamo, uye iye anoita zvose nokuda kudzingwa zvavo vari mutorwa kwaari. Izvi mweya rinogona kurondedzerwa se mweya yomusango, dzivisa dzevanhu chikwata vakaedza achizogaramo kurenje. Enlil uyewo vairangwa madzimambo nokuda kurega tsika chibayiro uye mazororo yekare. Sechirango, mwari inotumira rugare nyika noruvengo madzinza gomo. Enlil chokuita zvepanyama yezvinhu zvakasikwa, pamusoro nguva, kukwegura, rufu. Mune rimwe remasangano Sumerian guta Nippur, aionekwa anorichengeta yavo. Zvaiva imomo kuti awana vekare karenda yacho yakatotsakatika budiriro.

Enki

Kufanana nevamwe mungano dzekare, Sumerian mungano zvaisanganisira zvakasiyana nzira chaiyo. Saka, rudzi "Anti-Enlil" raiva Enki (Ea) - ishe wenyika. Akanga vaiona vaichengetedza mvura yakachena, uye vanhu vose. Ishe wenyika vakarayirwa zvinhu mhizha, uye nyanzvi muroyi, kurovedza unyanzvi hwavo vanamwari vaduku, izvo, akavapindurawo, kugoverana ruzivo idzi vanhuwo zvavo.

Enki - the protagonist of Sumerian mungano (mumwe matatu ari ndima pamwe Enlil uye Anu), uye kuti rainzi venherera dzidzo, uchenjeri, rwokugadzira uye zvikoro rokunyora. huMwari ichi hunotaurwa vanhu seboka, kuedza kukurira hunhu uye kushandura zvakavapoteredza. Kakawanda kuna Enki yakanyorerwa panguva hondo uye dzimwe njodzi zvakakomba. Asi munguva rugare atari dzake dzaiva chinhu, hapana chibayiro zvaitwa, saka zvakakodzera kuti atambudzwe vamwari.

Inanna

Kuwedzera matatu vanamwari zvikuru Sumerian mungano vaivawo vanonzi vanamwari vakuru, kana vamwari wechipiri kurongeka. By izvi semunhu hondo Inanna. Most zvose inozivikanwa se Ishtar (weAkkadian izita yakazoshandiswa uyewo muBhabhironi zvayo ichatonga zvine mbiri). Mufananidzo Inanna, akaonekwa Sumerian, mubudiriro ichi akapona uye akaramba kuti ainamata Mesopotamia, uye munguva ichangopfuura ano. zvisaririra Its kunogona kurondwa kunyange zvitendero muEgipita, asi vakawanda izvozvo aripo kusvikira Antiquity.

Saka chii anoenderera mberi Inanna Sumerian mungano? Aionekwa mwarikadzi chokuita nyika Venus uye rehondo uye nekuchiva rudo. It rinosanganisa yevanhu manzwiro, zvokuvamba simba rezvakasikwa, uye romukadzi munzanga. Inanna akadana Musikana-murwi - iye sevasingafungi ukama pabonde, asi iye haana akabereka. huMwari ichi mu Sumerian mungano yakanga chokuita netsika hwechipfambi chitsvene.

Marduk

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, guta rimwe nerimwe Sumerian rine mwari waro anorichengeta pachake (semuenzaniso, Enlil muna Nippur). Nyaya iyi yave chokuita enyika peculiarities yekare Mesopotamian budiriro. SevaSumer anenge kumbobvira, kunze zvisingawanzoitiki chaizvo nguva, haana kurarama rimwe centralized mamiriro. Kwemazana emakore anoverengeka, maguta avo akanga akaoma conglomerate. Mumwe yokugara iri akazvimirira uye nokudaro ndezvomunhu chete tsika, mutauro uye chitendero-related.

Sumerian uye weAkkadian mungano weMesopotamia akasiya zvisaririra yaro Zvivako mumaguta mazhinji Mesopotamian. Zvaanokuita uye kukura weBhabhironi. At yakazotevera nguva yava kupfuura guta kare, izvo akaumba yayo rakasiyana budiriro, iyo yakava nheyo hombe umambo. Zvisinei, kuchangotanga sezvo duku Bhabhironi Sumerian ugari. Ndipo apo zvaionekwa aiva musande aive Marduk. Vaongorori kuti gumi nevaviri mukuru vamwari akasununguka Sumerian mungano vanoti.

Muchidimbu, kukosha Marduk ari pantheon akakura pamwe zvishoma nezvishoma kukura enyika uye zvoupfumi simba weBhabhironi. mufananidzo wake kunzwisisa - sezvo wayo-shanduka, akabatanidza zvinhu Ea, Enlil uye Shamash. Sezvo Inanna aishamwaridzana Venus, Jupiter aishamwaridzana Marduk. Akanyorwa kare taura kuporesa simba rayo yakasiyana uye nounyanzvi chingamubatsira.

Pamwechete mwarikadzi Guloy Marduk aigona kumutsa vakafa. Uyewo Sumerian chitendero aiswe panzvimbo iyo vaichengetedza kuti kudiridzwa, pasina iro hakungavi kubudirira kuMiddle East maguta zvoupfumi. Panyaya iyi, Marduk kwainzi Wakabereka kubudirira uye runyararo. chitendero chake zvasvika pamusoro-soro kwaro panguva Hwechipiri hweBhabhironi Empire (VII-VI emakore. BC), apo sevaSumer pachavo vane refu kubva yakanyangarika enhoroondo pachikuva, uye mutauro wavo wakange akanganwa.

Marduk pamusoro Tiamat

Nemhaka ecuneiform magwaro akachengetedzwa dzakawanda ngano vagari Mesopotamia yekare. Kunetsana pakati Marduk uye Tiamat - mumwe mukuru yemisoro, izvo zvichengetedzwe zviri zvinyorwa akanyorwa Sumerian mungano. Vamwari kazhinji akarwa pakati pavo - nyaya dzakadaro vanozivikanwa muGirisi yekare, iro raishandiswa ngano pamusoro Gigantomachia.

SevaSumer Tiamat aishamwaridzana nyanza nyonganyonga umo nyika akaberekwa. mufananidzo uyu unesungano kuti cosmogonic zvinotendwa mararamiro ekare. Tiamat ichifananidzwa semigolovoy hydra uye dhiragoni. Marduk akamutora kurwa, vakabata tsvimbo, uta uye nomumbure. Mwari akaperekedza dutu uye mhepo kudenga, akavadana kundorwa zvegungwa kunotangira munhu anokumhan'arira simba.

Mumwe kapoka yekare aiva ayo nzira pachake matriarchs. In Mesopotamia, zvaionekwa zvakanga Tiamat. Sumerian mungano akamupa zvakaipa zvinhu zvizhinji, nokuti iro naro uye yapandukira vamwe vamwari. Kuti Marduk akasarudzwa kuti vamwe pantheon nokuda yairwirwa hondo pamwe munyanza-nenyonganyonga. Atarisana naamai yepakutanga, iye raitya kwake kunotyisa chitarisiko, asi akabatana kurwa. Gadzirirai kurwa Marduk akabatsira zvakasiyana-siyana vamwari Sumerian mungano. Madhimoni mvura chinhu Lahmu Lahamu uye akamupa kukwanisa kudaidza mafashamo. Mimwe mweya akagadzira zvimwe zvombo kuti murwi.

Achitaura pamusoro Tiamat, Marduk akabvuma kurwa-nyonganyonga gungwa mukutsinhana pamutemo vamwe vanamwari Kudzora pachavo nyika. kuMudzidzisi kutengeserana yave akagumisa pakati pavo. Panguva inokosha iri hondo Marduk akadzinga kupinda shaya Tiamat dutu, saka iye asingagoni kuvhara izvozvo. Pashure paizvozvo iye akaposha museve kupinda chikara uye nokudaro akahwina unotyisa mupikisi.

Ndaiva murume Tiamat vashamwaridzane King. Marduk vakaita nayo kuburikidza nokutora chikara tafura yemberi umo Kumukundi raratidza kwaizoita yayo uye akasika nyika itsva. Kubva pamusoro muviri Tiamat akagadzira denga, zviratidzo zvenyeredzi, nyeredzi, kubva pasi - nyika, uye kubva pameso maviri makuru Mesopotamian nzizi - rwaYufratesi uye Tigirisi.

Ipapo gamba chaizivikanwa mambo vamwari. Kutenda, Marduk akaunzirwa tsvene sezvo guta reBhabhironi. Mariri pane netemberi dzakawanda yakatsaurirwa kuna mwari uyu, pakati zvakanga akakurumbira Zvivako zvekare uye kunzwisisa ziggurat Etemenanki Esagila. zvitupa Vazhinji Marduk akasiya Sumerian mungano. Kutanga nyika kuti mwari ari chaiwo nyaya zvitendero yekare.

Ashur

Ashur - achiri mumwe mwari wenyika sevaSumer, ane mufananidzo aenda kuburikidza mubudiriro ichi. Pakutanga, aiva vaichengetedza ari eponymous guta. Panguva XXIV remakore BC kwakamuka umambo hweAsiriya. Apo VIII-VII remakore BC. e. mamiriro ichi asvika nhamba simba rayo, Ashur akava mwari kukosha yose Mesopotamia. Chimwe dzinonakidza chokwadi kuti aiva chikuru mufananidzo pamusoro pantheon dzeboka rokutanga hwacho munhoroondo yevanhu.

Mambo weAsiria akanga asiri chete mutongi uye musoro wehurumende, uye mupristi waAsiria. Saka akaberekwa ari Kunoitwa, nheyo wakanga achiri Sumerian mungano. Books nezvimwe Antiquities uye manyuko ekare anoratidza kuti Ashur chitendero chakavapo kusvikira III remakore AD, apo nguva refu akanga asiri Asiria kana akazvimirira maguta Mesopotamian.

Nunn

Moon mwari Nanna aiva sevaSumer (Kazhinji zita weAkkadian Sin). Akanga vaiona vaichengetedza rimwe remaguta kukosha Mesopotamia - muUri. nzvimbo iyi iripo kwezviuru zvemakore. In XXII-XI CC. BC vatongi muUri vakabatana pasi hwake zvose Mesopotamia. Maererano kuwedzera uku uye kukosha Nanna. chitendero chake chakanga zvikuru pfungwa kukosha. Mupristi pakati Nanna akava mwanasikana mukuru wamambo muUri.

Mwedzi-mwari akanga akanaka kune mombe uye kubereka. Akazvipira njodzi mhuka akafa. Nokuti chinangwa ichi, mumwe kwomwedzi Nunn akaenda paSheori. Sezvo mazita ayo vakawanda chokuita danho zvomuchadenga Earth Satellite. Full mwedzi sevaSumer akadana Nanna, kirisendi - Zuenom wechidiki jeko - Ashimbabbarom. The tsika reAsiriya huMwari ichi akanga vaiona muprofita uye murapi.

Shamash, Ishkur uye Dumuzi

Kana mwedzi mwari Nanna aiva mwari zuva Shamash akanga (kana Utu). SevaSumer zuva zvisikwa usiku. Naizvozvo, avo maonero Shamash muverengwe Nanne mwanakomana uye muranda. mufananidzo wake kwave chokuita kwete chete zuva, asi nokururama. Masikati Shamash kutongwa mupenyu. Iyewo akarwa madhimoni zvakaipa.

Huru Chitendero nzvimbo dzaiva Shamash Elassar uye kuSippar. temberi yokutanga ( "kupenya imba") izvi maguta masayendisiti kureva kusimba kure V chemakore BC. Zvaidavirwa kuti Shamash anopa vanhu upfumi, musungwa - rusununguko, uye nyika - mbereko. mwari uyu anonzi-refu Bearded murume ane ngowani pamusoro wake akwegura.

In vose yekare pantheon vaiva muenzaniso ose dzinongoitika dzoga. Somuenzaniso, muna Sumerian mungano, mwari semadutu - nayo Ishkur (rimwe zita Hadhadhi). zita rake kakawanda akaonekwa zvinyorwa zvecuneiform. Ishkur aiva vaichengetedza ari akarasika muguta Karkar. Munguva ngano dzaanoridza fiddle wechipiri. Kunyange zvakadaro, aionekwa mwari-murwi, vakapakata zvinotyisa mhepo. In Asiria mufananidzo Ishkur kumhuka Adada nechipi, akanga zvinokosha dzechitendero uye nyika kukosha. Chimwe mwari zvakasikwa raiva Dumuzi. Iye aimiririra cyclical karenda nemwaka.

madhimoni

Kufanana nevamwe vanhu vakawanda vekare, sevaSumer vaiva pachavo kugehena kwavo. Izvi repasi yemidzimu yaigarwa mweya madhimoni akafa uye anotyisa. The ecuneiform magwaro hero unowanzonzi "nyika pasina kudzoka." Kune dzakawanda pevhu vamwari Sumerian - ruzivo pamusoro pavo Chidimbu uye disjointed. Kazhinji, muguta mumwe nomumwe tsika dzayo uye dzidziso chokuita chthonic venyama.

Chimwe chikuru vamwari sevaSumer vaiona kunaka naNerigari. Akanga chokuita nehondo uye rufu. dhimoni iri Sumerian mungano ichifananidzwa Distributor dzakawanda hosha fivhiri ngozi. zvavakaita kwainzi nechepakati kusvika paSheori. Muguta Kuta ipapo nergalovskogo huru kunamata temberi. vazivi venyeredzi eBhabhironi mudzidziso achishandisa mufananidzo wake inonzi Mars.

In Nerigari aiva mumwe uye pachake hadzi kumumvuri - Ereshkigal. Aiva hanzvadzi Inanna. dhimoni iri Sumerian mungano vanoti chthonic zvisikwa Anunnaki. Temberi huru Ereshkigal muguta guru Kut.

Chimwe chinokosha chthonic sevaSumer aiva mukoma Nerigari Ninase. Kurarama paSheori, akanga unyanzvi rejuvenation nokuporeswa. Its chiratidzo aiva nyoka, iyo gare gare mutsika dzakawanda rava muenzaniso vanachiremba kutengeserana. With chinokosha kudzikama Ninase airemekedzwa muna Eshnunna. zita rake riri kutaurwa yakakurumbira Babylonian Hammurabi, panoti mwari ichi zvinopiswa zviri fanira. Mune rimwe guta Sumerian - reUri - paiva waiitwa gore negore vachikudza Ninase, umo zvibayiro inorema akanga akaronga. mwanakomana wake kwainzi mwari ningishzida. Akanga anorinda vasungwa vari Sheori madhimoni. Ningishzida chiratidzo yaiva shato - mumwe zvinyamutanhatu Sumerian hwenyeredzi uye nezvenyeredzi, nevaGiriki akadana renyeredzi yeNyoka.

miti Sacred uye nemweya

Zvitsinga, nziyo uye cookbook Navi sevaSumer anoratidza kuvapo rudzi urwu miti chinoera, imwe neimwe iri basa imwe mwari kana guta. Somuenzaniso, womutamarisiki kunyanya kunamatwa munyika Nippur tsika. Zvitsinga Shuruppak muti uyu anonzi kuti muti nyika. Tamerice vadzingi vemweya yakaipa anoshandiswa kuchenesa uye kurapwa zvirwere.

About miti zvemashiripiti sayenzi yemazuva anoziva kunokwana shoma mumakwara zagovornyh tsika uye yakakura. Asi pazuva Sumerian demonology kuziva kunyange zvishoma. Mesopotamian kuunganidza zvemashiripiti, izvo akadzinga mauto zvakaipa, hunoumbwa munguva weAsiria uye Babylonia mumitauro kwenzanga izvi. About Sumerian tsika anogona zvechokwadi kutaura zvinhu zvishoma.

Anokudzwa midzimu yemadzitateguru, midzimu anorinda mweya utsinye. Ekupedzisira vakanga rakava magamba akafa kuti zvikara, uyewo muenzaniso chirwere uye chirwere. SevaSumer vaitenda zvipoko, ndizvo chaizvo rakafanana necheSalvic Zalozhnev akafa. Vanhuwo vakavaitira vane nokutya uye kutya.

mungano Evolution

Religion uye mungano pakati sevaSumer vakaenda mumatanho matatu kukura. Pazuva yemadzitateguru totems vokutanga zvaiita rakavapo mumaguta hondo uye vanamwari-demiurge. At pakutanga III kwemireniyumu BC, pakanga conspiracies uye nziyo temberi. Paiva akanyatsorongwa vanamwari. Rinotanga Ana, Enlil uye Enki. Zvino kwakanga INANNA vamwari nepamwedzi, navamwari masoja t. D.

Wechipiri nguva anonziwo nguva-Sumero Acadian syncretism. Kunoonekwa ndokusanganisa dzakasiyana uye mungano. Alien mutauro sevaSumer weAkkadian anonzi mutauro nhatu vanhu Mesopotamia: vaBhabhironi, Akkadians uye vaAsiria. Dangwe Zvivako ayo ndezvaJehovha XXV remakore BC. Around nguva iyi vakatanga muitiro kubatanidzwa nomumwe zvifananidzo uye mazita oukuru uye Sumerian vamwari, achiita basa rakafanana.

Chechitatu, chokupedzisira nguva - nguva yose kubatana pantheon munguva III muUri (XXII-XI remakore BC ...). Panguva ino, paiva wokutanga pevatongi mamiriro munhau. Zviri pasi pakuomerera chepamusoro uye chinyorwa, kwete chete vanhu, asi zvakasiyana uye dzakasiyana pamberi pavamwari. Yakanga panguva III hwedzinza ndokunanga vanamwari Enlil musangano rakange ravira. An uye Enki vaiva pamaoko zvose kubva pairi.

Zvinotevera vaiva Anunnaki. Vakanzi semunhu kusanganisira Inanna, Nunn, naNerigarisharezeri. vanamwari vaduku About zana zvaiiswa mujinga manera. Panguva iyoyo zvakanga akabatanidzwa pamwechete Sumerian pantheon oukuru (somuenzaniso, kudzimwa kusiyana Sumerian Enlil oukuru uye White). Pashure pokuwa muUri III kuMesopotamia kwenguva yakati yakanyangarika centralized mamiriro. Mumireniyamu yechipiri BC, sevaSumer varasikirwa rusununguko, kutongwa nevaAsiriya. A muchinjikwa pakati pemarudzi aya pashure chamuita kuti Bhabhironi rudzi. Pamwe Kuchinja kwemarudzi uye zvitendero kuchinja zvakaitika. Kana akanyangarika yekare Sumerian homogeneous rudzi uye mutauro wayo, akanyura mugomba kare uye mungano yacho sevaSumer.