Seljuk vokuTurkey. History of Asia

Chimwe chezvinhu anotyisa Ages vakundi Asian vaiva Seljuk vokuTurkey. Vane mashomanana emakore aigona kusika guru nguva yake, iyo Zvisinei, nokukurumidza akawira vega. Asi zvimedu izvi hwacho akapa upenyu kunyange kupfuura simba anoti. Ngationei kuti chii chinoumba ari Seljuk vokuTurkey, ndivanaani uye kupi.

ethnogenesis Seljuk

Chokutanga, tinofanira kuziva apo akaita Seljuk vokuTurkey. pakuonekwa uchine zvakavanzika zvakawanda kare.

Maererano inonyanya shanduro, ndivo mumwe mapazi Oguz Turkic marudzi. Oguz pachako, Ungangove, ndiwo mugumisiro nyonganyonga iri mundima Central Asia, dzomunharaunda Ugric uye madzinza Sarmatian kubva kunze vokuTurkey, pamwe kusanganiswa netsika predominance wevakabhuroka. Kufanana nevamwe Turkic avanhu, Oguz mubasa anongofamba mhuka minda, uyewo vachirwisa mamwe madzinza. Pakutanga, vakanga vatongi vari pasi simba Khazar Khanate, asi akazova voga uye vakaronga yavo ezvinhu ari mativi ose Ishe DARYA, neguta rayo guru muna Yangikent, vakadzingwa Yabgu.

Education Seljuk State

Muzana IX remakore anokudzwa Oguz Tokak Ibn Luqman rudzi Kınık akatamira pamwe omurume vanhu basa Khazar Khanate. Asi pamwe kwokuderera simba Khazars, akadzokera Central Asia, apo akanga kushumira Oguz Yabgu Ali, nokudaro achiva munhu wechipiri anoisvokosha muna State of Oguz.

Tokak aiva mwanakomana ainzi Selcuk, panguva imwe nguva akashanda baba vake kubva Khazars. Pakafa Tokak Selcuk kubva Yabgu rokuremekedza syubashi (wehondo). Asi pamusoro nguva ukama pakati mutongi uye Seljuk mamiriro Oguz zvirwere. Achityira upenyu hwake uye hwevadiwa vavo, Selcuk akamanikidzwa mudyandigere nhengo kurudzi yake kumaodzanyemba munyika vaMuslim muna 985, apo iye vatendeukira Islam. Akapinda basa Samanids, uyo dzinonzi vaiona magavhuna Khalifa muna Central Asia, asi chaizvoizvo zvakazara akazvimirira vatongi.

Zvadaro rokutsvaka vanhu, Selcuk pasi pomureza kutenda chitsva kudzokera mamiriro Oghuz, akatungamirira pakurwisa Yabgu. Saka, ukama varivo Ali uye Selcuk ikava jihad muMuslim. Nokukurumidza, wechiduku wavarwi vakakwanisa akakunda guta guru Jenda uye kugadzirisa pano. Akakwanisa chokubatanidza dzimwe Turkic marudzi, nokudaro oita ravo duku ezvinhu asi. The guru raiva guta Jenda. Uye zvose vakauya pasi pomureza of Seljuk marudzi pakuzivikanwa munhau sezvo Seljuk vokuTurkey.

nokusimbaradza ehurumende

Zvichakadaro, pakutanga XI remakore Samanid mamiriro akawira pasi yakakuwandira nomumwe simba Turkic Union - Karakhanids. Pakutanga vakatsigira Seljuks mukurwisa overlords dzavo - Samanids, iyo vakagamuchira mako- uye kuzvionera mu basa minda yavo, asi pashure kuwa basa vakatamira Karakhanids.

Pakafa Seljuk mamiriro inotongwa vanakomana vake vashanu: wevaJudha (Turkic zita Arslan), Mikail, Musa Yusuf uye Yunus. Chief aiva mwanakomana mukuru Isṛail. Akaenderera mberi akasimbisa simba Seljuks mudunhu.

WevaJudha akanga akaroora mwanasikana mutongi Karakhanids Ali Tegin. Akatuma ari muguta guru Bukhara basa Ali tegin vaviri vazukuru vake, vanakomana Mikail - Togrul uye Daud (Chagry Bey), kuti akunde huru iyo tichakurukura pazasi.

Panguva ino, aipikisana Qarakhanids rinotsigirwa Seljuks, rakasvika mutongi simba Gazny Mahmud. Akabudirira mune 1025 kubatwa waIsraeri, uyo mujeri uye akafa makore manomwe gare gare. Chiitiko ichi chakaratidza kutanga hondo pakati Ghaznavids uye Seljuks, uyo akava Musoro Mikail, midzi Bukhara.

kubudirira zvikuru

Pakafa Mikail simba nhaka vanakomana vake - uye Togrul achipemha Chagry, mukuru pakati yakatanga vaiona. The kunetsana pakati pavo uye Ghaznavids zvose akabatanidza kusvikira ndakatsungawo hondo huru Dandakane umo Seljuk vokuTurkey akunda kuondomoka kukunda muna 1040. Mushure runyararo chibvumirano vakagamuchira vari nhaka yose Khorasan, rabviswa Ghaznavids, uye Togrul kodzero yakanga yava kunzi Sultan.

Mumakore kuuya, Seljuk vokuTurkey vakakunda yose Iran uye Khorezm. Muna 1055 zvakanzi akakunda guta guru caliphate - guta Baghdad. Asi Togrul, kuva vaMuslim akatendeka, akasiya nesimba caliph pakunamata, uye kudzoka pazviri akagamuchira soro rwepanyama simba uye mambo East uye West rokuremekedza.

Zvadaro, Seljuks vakatanga vachirwisa dzavo South Caucasus uye Asia Minor, panguva iyoyo vaiva Byzantine Empire. Imwe nzvimbo Togrul wanamatira zvakananga kwavo mamiriro, mune dzimwe wakasimwa pachigaro hama, nomwedzi wechitatu - kusiya simba kuvatongi dzeko, achitora kwavari akamunamata.

Seljuk Empire

Pakazopera oupenyu Togrul akaumba chaiye Seljuk Empire, akatambanudza kubva Sea Aral kumabvazuva kusvikira Caucasus uye Asia Minor miganhu kumavirira. Great mukuru akafa muna 1063, kupfuura mukuru simba womunun'una wake Alp Arslan, anova mwanakomana Chagry Bey.

Zvisinei, Alp Arslan haana kurega pamusoro nebudiriro sekuru vake, uye akaramba achiwedzera umambo. Akakwanisa kukunda Georgia uye Armenia, uye muna 1071, kwete chete ndokukuvadza mumwe kupwanya Byzantine kukundwa panguva Manzikert, asiwo vakatapa mambo wayo. Nguva pfupi pashure pacho, anenge ose Malaya Aziya vaiva Seljuk vokuTurkey.

Muna 1072, apo Alp Arslan akatuma mauto ake kuzorwa Karakhanids, vanoedza yakaitwa paari. nokukurumidza Maronda Sultan akafa, bequeathing choumambo mwanakomana wake zviduku Malik Shah.

Pasinei paucheche, kuti Sultan mutsva kudzvinyirira kupandukira kwakatanga. Akakwanisa kutora Siriya Palestine kubva Fatimid mamiriro chisingazivi kuziva chiremera Khalifa, uye kumanikidzwa kubvuma achitonga ari pasi paNebhukadhinezari Karakhanids. Kana zvasvika kunonyanyisa mamiriro Seljuk simba rayo.

The Kuderera of Seljuk Empire

Pashure pokufa kwake muna 1092, Malik Shah akatanga kuderera kweumambo hukuru, iro chaizvoizvo yakakamurwa pakati pavanakomana Sultan, nguva dzose mumabasa internecine hondo. Zvinhu akanga zvinowedzerwa pakutanga muHondo Western Knights pamwe 1096, uyewo nokusimbaradza ari Byzantine Empire pasi Comnenus imba. Uyezve, kudonha kubva Empire simbi nharaunda umo kurudyi mapazi Seljukids.

Pakupedzisira, pashure pokufa dzimwe hama vakasara hwacho muna 1118 vakanga vari mumaoko Ahmad Sanjar. Rakanga wokupedzisira Supreme Sultan, izvo akaziva Seljuk vokuTurkey. History of Seljuk Empire, vachipedzisira 1153 norufu rwake.

The yokupedzisira disintegration of Seljuk simba

Long asati afa Sanjar umambo rinodonha nyika yose, rakanga kutongwa Seljuk hwedzinza lateral mapazi. Saka, muna 1041 rayakavambwa Karmansky Sultanate kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero Iran, iyo kusvikira 1187. Muna 1094 akaparadzaniswa Siria Sultanate. Zvisinei, ivepo aihuitira makore 23. On the 1118 nhoroondo mujinga Iraqi sultanate, ane kuwa iri dating 1194 gore.

Asi zvose nezvimedu zvezvingwa Seljuk Empire, wakarebesa dzakapfuura Sultanate pakati Rum (kana Rum), iri Asia Minor. Muvambi wehurumende uyu muzukuru Alp Arslan Suleiman ibn Qutulmish, iro rakatanga aine 1077 utongi.

Venhaka mutongi kusimbisa uye kuwedzera sultanate, iyo yakasvika simba rayo soro pakutanga pamusoro XIII remakore. Asi nechisimba eMongolia pakati remakore iroro, achangobva kwakavhiringidza Seljuk mamiriro. Pakupedzisira, kwayo Zvaparara kupinda beyliks zhinji (kumatunhu), chete pamutemo omurume kuna Sultan. Sultanate pamusoro Rum pakupedzisira vakaguma kuvapo muna 1307.

The vasvike kuvaOttoman

Kunyange asati kuparadzwa kwokupedzisira Sultanate pamusoro Rum, mumwe wevatongi ake, Kay Kubad muna 1227 akabvumira kutamira kundima mamiriro mumwe Oguz marudzi - rinotungamirirwa Hayani Ertogrul. Vasati kuti, rudzi urwu vaigara munharaunda ano Iran.

Mwanakomana Ertogrul Osman inotangwa muAsia Minor itsva Turkish mamiriro, izvo akazopiwa zita hweOttoman Empire. With vatsivi vake Power rinoburitsa guru zvikamu Asia, Africa, uye Europe, inoona nezvenjodzi kwazvo ukuru Seljuk Empire. Sezvaunogona kuona, kuti Seljuk vokuTurkey uye kuvaOttoman - tsamba ngetani anotevedzana paruzhinji masangano.

Kukosha zvavakawana ose Seljuks

Seljuk vokuTurkey kukunda kwaikosha zvikuru munhoroondo. Vakazarura nguva zvikuru kupinda yemadzinza Turkic kumadokero Asia. Ivo vaiva chinokosha simba pamusoro paumbwe dzinoverengeka ano emadzinza: Azeris, vokuTurkey, qizilbash uye zvinoverengeka ndudzi.

Uyewo, usakanganwa kuti of facto mutsivi of Seljuk vehurumende akava mukuru hweOttoman Empire, aiva simba guru Nhoroondo urongwa, kwete chete muna Asia asiwo Europe.