Scientific School of Management. Vamiririri School management nesayenzi

Modern maonero pamusoro dzidziso management, iyo nheyo management chikoro yesayenzi, muri-siyana chaizvo. Nyaya rinotaura pamusoro vaitungamirira mhiri kwemakungwa utariri zvikoro, uye havaoni management.

Matangiro sayenzi

Management kwakabvira kare, asi utariri dzidziso akatanga kukudziridza chete pakutanga XX remakore. The chidzoke management sayenzi kuonekwa kadhi kuna Frederick Taylor (1856-1915 gg.). muvambi wechikoro management yesayenzi, Taylor, pamwe nevamwe vatsvakurudzi akatanga kudzidza achishandisa uye nzira management.

Revolutionary mazano sei kubata, kunoita yakaitika kare, asi vakanga vasiri vari kudiwa. Somuenzaniso, imwe akabudirira chaizvo chaiva chirongwa Roberta Ouena (pakutanga XIX remakore). fekitari ake muScotland anounza zvakawanda haibatsiri paakasika kushanda ezvinhu kukurudzira vanhu kushanda zvinobudirira. Vashandi uye dzavo Anopiwa pokugara, basa iri zvakanaka ezvinhu, Tinokurudzirwa mibayiro. Asi vanamuzvinabhizimisi iyoyo havana kugadzirira kutevera Owen.

Muna 1885, paiva chikoro empirical, vane vamiririri mu kufanana kuchikoro Taylor (Drucker, Ford, Simons) vari pfungwa kuti utariri unyanzvi. A nevatungamiri vakabudirira kunogona chete kubva musi ruzivo uye kunzwisisa, asi haisi nesayenzi.

Yakanga iri US pakutanga pakati XX remakore paiva akanaka ezvinhu umo pakutanga shanduka management zvikoro yesayenzi. Mune democratic nyika yava akaumba chihombe basa pamusika. Access kuti dzidzo yakabatsira akangwara vanhu vakawanda kuratidza unhu hwavo. Development pakufamba, upfumi pave nokusimbaradza pakati nevhu rakawandisa pamwechete multi-ichasimudzirwa utungamiriri mamiriro. Zvaida itsva nzira utungamiri. Muna 1911 rimwe bhuku rakabudiswa Frederika Teylora "sayenzi utariri nheyo," nheyo yokutsvakurudza mumunda sayenzi itsva - utariri.

School of Management Science Taylor (1885-1920 biennium).

The baba hwemazuva utariri Frederick Taylor zvinganaka uye waitaura zvaifanira kuitwa mitemo pfungwa sangano basa. With rubatsiro, iye akashora pfungwa kutsvakurudza kuti basa anofanira kudzidzwa nenzira zvesayenzi.

• zvakagadzirwa Taylor ndivo nzira chido, kushanda zvakanaka mubayiro, zororo uye anoputsa mukurima, nguva, mitemo, nyanzvi kusarudzwa uye kurovedza yevashandi, pakatanga makadhi basa mitemo.
• Pamwechete vateveri Taylor akaratidza kuti kushandisa zvakawanika, kuyerwa uye Analyses kuchabatsira kuti zviite basa remaoko uye kuita kuti chakakwana. Pakatanga executable Codes uye nemitemo akabvumira kurera mari kune vashandi rikurumidze.
• Vatsigiri chikoro haana kufuratira munhu chinhu. Nhanganyaya nzira kusimudzira zvichibvira kuwedzera kukurudzira vashandi kuti kuwedzera yauinayo.
• Taylor gurwa basa miitiro, akaparadzaniswa managerial mabasa (sangano uye kuronga) basa chaiko. Vamiririri School management nesayenzi vaidavira kuti mabasa administrative mabasa vane vanhu vane dzakagadzirirwa ichi. Vaiva pfungwa yokuti wevasungwa dzakasiyana mapoka vashandi nezvokuti zvavari kuita masangano zvikuru kubudirira.

The ezvinhu akasikwa Taylor aiziva zvakawanda kushandiswawo uswa midzi mamaneja pamwe diversification kuwedzera kugadzirwa. The chikoro musayenzi utariri Taylor akasika masayendisiti hwaro panzvimbo yechinyakare basa tsika. Kuchikoro vatsigiri vaiva vaongorori akadai F. uye L. Gilbert, G. Gantt, Weber, G. Emerson, H. Ford, G. Grant, OA Yermansky.

Kukura utariri chikoro nesayenzi

Frank uye Lillian Gilbreth kudzidza zvinhu zvine chokuita yauinayo. Kuti akakiya zvakatanga apo mabasa akavhiyiwa vaishandisa firimu kamera uye chiridzwa pachake kuvamba (mikrohronometr). Zvokutsvakurudza akabvumira kuti achinje mararamiro basa, kusava zvisingakoshi kufamba.

Gilbreath akashandisa mitemo uye midziyo nokuda firimu, mamwe zvakatungamirira kuti chidzoke rwekuita mitemo kuti chinozoiswa sayenzi utariri chikoro. F. Gilbreth akadzidza zvinhu achifurira yauinayo. Akazvimedura muzvikwata zvitatu:

1. The variables chokuita utano, upenyu, nomuviri pamwero tsika uye dzidzo.
2. The variables chokuita kushanda ezvinhu, zvakatipoteredza, zvinhu, midziyo nematurusi.
3. The variables kusonganirana kumhanya: kumhanya, kushanda zvakanaka, automaticity, uye vamwe.

Somugumisiro, Gilbert kuferefeta vakagumisa kuti kufamba zvinokosha zvinhu.

nesayenzi utariri mitemo chikoro Basic vakanga kunyorwa kwenyaya Maksom Veberom. The musayendisiti akagadzira matanhatu zvinotaurwa kuti ndaisagona kushanda zvebhizimisi, iyo iri ouchenjeri, achirayiridza, nokugoverwa, weboka basa, specialization pamusoro administrative puranga, murau mitambo uye akaisa rwakafanana chinangwa.

School of Management Science F. Taylor uye nyaya yake vakaramba nomupiro Genri Forda, kureva zvinotaurwa Taylor, kuti fananidza pezvakaitwa zvose zviri kugadzirwa kugovera kushanda muzvikamu. Ford michini uye nemasiraidhi akapendwa kugadzirwa, kuronga pamusoro nheyo conveyor, mauri kugadzirwa mutengo yakaderera nezvikamu 9 nguva.

chikoro zvesayenzi yokutanga management vava nheyo yakasimba kukura management nesayenzi. Taylor School ndiyo anokudzwa kwete chete simba zhinji, asi utera: kudzidza kudzorwa yorusvingo ari zvokuimba nzira, chido kuburikidza kugutsikana pamusoro utilitarian zvinodiwa vashandi.

Administrative (chekare) Research School of Management (1920-1950).

Administrative School akatanga kukura dzemitemo uye kutungamirirwa mashandiro, kutsvaka hurongwa kutaura kuvandudza basa kunyatsoshanda yose vachida. A rakakura ayo budiriro chakaitwa A. Fayolle, D. Mooney, L. Urwick A. Ginsburg, A. Sloane A. Gastev. Kuberekwa Administrative School chiri chokuita nezita Anri Fayolya, akashanda makore anopfuura 50 kuti vabatsirwe boka French mumunda kubudiswa marasha nesimbi mhangura. Dindall Urwick aishanda consultant kune utariri muEngland. Dzheyms Muni vaishanda pasi Alfred Sloan mu "General Motors".

Scientific uye administrative utariri chikoro yakatanga kwakasiyana-siyana, asi mukwanisi mumwe. Vatsigiri kwokubatsira wechikoro aionekwa somunhu yayo huru chinangwa kuti vabudirire kunyatsoshanda pamusoro sangano rose, achishandisa zvakasikwa dzemitemo. Vaongorori vaigona kutarira boka sokuona refu kukura, uye akazivisa zvakajairika yemakambani zvose maitiro uye mapatani.

Mubhuku, Fayol "General uye Administration nokuda Industry" Management akatanga kurondedzerwa se muitiro kuti zvinosanganisira dzakawanda kushanda (mukuronga, sangano, chido, murau nokudzora).

Fayolle akaita 14 yezvisikwa misimboti kuti kubvumira kambani kuti vabudirire;

• weboka basa;
• Tikafunga simba uye basa;
• kuramba kurangwa;
• kubatana murayiro;
• Zvakajairika mirayiridzo;
• ari kuzviisa pasi pakati zvido zvavo seboka zvido;
• tsvimbo remuneration;
• centralization;
• cheni kudyidzana;
• hurongwa;
• kururamisira;
• Kugadzikana mabasa;
• Kukwidziridzwa zvirongwa;
• chepamusoro mweya.

nevamwe kuchikoro (1930-1950 biennium).

Classical zvikoro management asingadi kufungawo rimwe chikuru zvinhu sangano rakabudirira - womunhu chinhu. Zvinokanganiswa yapfuura kuswedera akabvumira chikoro neoclassical. mupiro Its Zvinokosha kuti basa pakukura yaiva kushandisa zivo pamusoro interpersonal ukama. Bato hwevanhu uye maitiro nesayenzi - ndiwo chikoro chokutanga zvesayenzi management, uyo rinoshandiswa kuzadzisa zvepfungwa uye evanhu. Kukura chikoro hwevanhu yatanga nenyanzvi mbiri: Mary Parker Follett uye Elton Mayo.

Miss Follett kutanga vakasvika pakugumisa kuti basa iri nechokwadi chokuti basa achibatsirwa nevamwe vanhu. Aitenda kuti maneja harifaniri chete pamutemo kubatwa pasi, uye vanofanira kuva mutungamiri wavo.

Mayo akaratidza kuburikidza kuedza kuti mirayiro yakajeka, mirayiridzo dzakatsarukana mubayiro havasi kutungamirira dzakakwirira ubereke, akaona muvambi nesayenzi utariri Taylor School. Relations vari chikwata kazhinji kupfuura zvinoitwa management. Somuenzaniso, pfungwa navo angava kukosha mushandi chikurudziro pane chaiyo maneja kana mubayiro zvemari. Mayo akaberekerwa kunokwana evanhu uzivi management.

kuedza ake Mayo rinoitwa kwemakore 13 mufekitari muna Horton. Akaratidza kuti kuchinja mafungiro evanhu kushanda kungava nokuda pokudzora kwomudzimu boka. Mayo zano kushandisa iri kurapa incentives zvokunamata, akadai mushandi kukurukurirana pamwe navo. Akakurudzira vatungamiri kuti kuteerera ukama vari chikwata.

"Hortonskie kuedza" vaiva pakutanga:

• Kudzidza seboka ukama mabhizimisi zhinji;
• chizvidavirire boka mupfungwa mananara;
• kuonekwa nechido;
• Studies ukama pakati vanhu;
• kuziva basa nechimwe zvomushandi uye boka duku rwekuita chikwata.

School of evanhu Sciences (1930-1950 biennium).

Mugumo 50s - nguva kuberekwazve chikoro hwevanhu chikoro sciences zvounhu. Pakutanga hapana nzira kuvaka interpersonal ukama, uye kushanda zvakanaka pamusoro mushandi uye zvebhizimisi yose. Maitiro Nzira dzesayenzi uye chikoro zvakanaka kwakaita kuti chidzoke idzva utariri mashandiro - dzevanhu kupfuma utariri.

Pakazosvika zvinokosha kwokufananidzira nzvimbo iri: Douglas McGregor, Frederika Gertsberga, Chris Argyris, Likert Rensisa. The chinhu kutsvakurudza masayendisiti vava evanhu nekuita, chido, nesimba, utungamiri, uye simba, sangano zvivako, kutaura, kunaka kushanda upenyu uye basa. The itsva kusvika vakabviswa ukama-kuvaka mitoo mumapoka uye chakabatikana kubatsira mushandi kuziva kwavari mano ayo. Pfungwa sayenzi zvounhu dzave kushandiswa kusikwa masangano utariri uye. Vanotsigira vanoti chinangwa muzvikoro: nokuda mukuru kunyatsoshanda kwevanhu zvaro yakakwirira kunyatsoshanda kuti zvavakanga vachida kuita.

Douglas McGregor vakatanga dzidziso pamusoro mhando mbiri management "X" uye "Y" zvichienderana norudzi ukama hwake pasi: autocratic uye democratic. Zvaizobuda kudzidza kwaiva mhedziso yokuti democratic manyorerwo management tibudirire. McGregor aidavira kuti mamaneja vanofanira kuumba ezvinhu umo mushandi haana chete kupedza kuedza kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvebhizimisi, asiwo kuzadzisa zvinangwa pachedu.

nomupiro Major kuti kukura chikoro ane wepfungwa Abraham Maslow, uyo akasika chepiramidhi zvinodiwa. Aidavira kuti maneja vanofanira kuona omurume zvinodiwa uye wasarudza akakodzera nzira chido. Maslow akaratidza chikuru zvechigarire zvinodiwa (vasiri) uye yechipiri (magariro, mukurumbira, pakunamata), ari dzichichinja. pfungwa iyi yakava hwaro vakawanda nhasi motivational womuenzaniso.

School quantitative kusvika (1950)

A mupiro guru chikoro chaiva kushandiswa kwemasvomhu yokutevedzera mune utariri uye zvakasiyana-siyana quantitative nzira kuita utariri zvisarudzo. Pakati vatsigiri chikoro govera R. Ackoff, Bertalanffy, R. Kalman S. Forrestra E. Rife, S. Simon. Direction rinotarisirwa kuzozivisa kupinda basa huru zvikoro Kutarisira, nzira uye midziyo sciences chaiwo.

The chidzoke pachikoro kwakakonzerwa pave cybernetics uye tsvakurudzo kushandiswa. Mukati pachikoro paiva yakazvimirira chirango - dzidziso management zvisarudzo. Studies Nzvimbo iyi pamwe kukura:

• nzira kwemasvomhu Modelling of Pfungwa kwesangano dambudziko;
• algorithms nokuti kuvasarudza Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri zvinogadzirisa kushandisa nhamba, mutambo dzidziso uye nedzimwe nzira nezvesayenzi;
• kwemasvomhu yokutevedzera nokuti mananara mune Zvakarurama uye tiivistelmä hunhu hwenyika;
• pamwero womuenzaniso, simulating kambani kana munhu akasimba Chiyero mienzaniso mutengo kana kugadzirwa zvinhu, mienzaniso kuti kufungidzira kwesayenzi, zviripo uye zvoupfumi.

empirical chikoro

Zvikoro nesayenzi Modern hazvigoni kufungwa pasina nebudiriro chikoro empirical management. Vamiririri ayo vaidavira kuti huru basa mumunda kutsvakurudza Kutarisira kunofanira muunganidzwa dzinoshanda zvinhu uye kusikwa kurumbidza kuti mamaneja. Mutsindo vamiririri chikoro vava Peter Drucker, Rey Devis, Lourens Nyumen, Don Miller.

Chikoro chacho chakabatsira kudzora yavaive ane yoga basa uye ane nzira mbiri. Chokutanga - tsvakurudzo zvakanaka matambudziko zvino kutanga uye zvinenge ano utariri pfungwa. Wechipiri - kudzidza basa mabasa nemitoro mamaneja. "Empiricists" akataura kuti mutungamiri anoita vamwe pfuma chete isangano. Pakuita zvisarudzo, chinotaura pamusoro remangwana zvebhizimisi uye ayo tariro.

Maneja Chero chakagadzirirwa kuita zvimwe mabasa:

• Kugadza zvinangwa zvebhizimisi uye pakusarudza kukura nzira;
• kupatsanura, kuparadzirwa basa, pakusika musangano mamiriro, muchiuto uye placement yevashandi uye nevamwe;
• kusimudzirwa uye kufambisa yevashandi, kutarisira pachishandiswa ukama pakati Mamaneja uye mudonzvo;
• uchimutarira kuongorora wekambani navose basa pariri;
• kurudziro zvichienderana uchishandisa zvabuda.

Saka, mabasa maneja ano zvava yakaoma. Maneja vanofanira ruzivo kubva muminda siyana uye kushandisa nzira akaedzwa uchidzidzira. School akabvumira nhamba management matambudziko kuchikosha inowanzobvunzwa vasangana mu pamwero mukuru maindasitiri kugadzirwa.

School of Social Systems

chikoro Social anoshandisa kuita pachikoro "ukama hwevanhu" uye anofunga kuti mushandi somunhu ane evanhu wezwi uye zvavanoda zvinoratidzwa kwesangano zvakatipoteredza. zvebhizimisi zvakatipoteredza kunokanganisa dzidzo zvinodiwa mushandi.

Pakazosvika chakajeka vamiririri chikoro zvinosanganisira Jane March, Herbert Simon, Amitai Etzioni. Izvi kuitika kudzidza ezvinhu uye nzvimbo yomunhu ari sangano aenda mberi pane zvimwe zvikoro management. Muchidimbu kutaura uchapupu kuti "magariro evanhu" sezvinotevera: zvinodiwa nomumwe uye seboka zvinodiwa rinowanzova kure nakure.

Kuburikidza nebasa munhu anokwanisa kusangana zvavanoda kuburikidza pamwero pashure sandara, zvinofamba yepamusoro vakuru vakuru zvinodiwa. Asi musimboti sangano zvokuti kazhinji chinopesana yezwi chinotevera padanho. Emerging zvipingamupinyi kuti mushandi kufamba akananga zvinangwa zvako ikozvino kukonzera kurwisana. chikoro basa - kuderedza simba ravo tichibatsirwa pakutsvakurudza masangano sezvo kunzwisisa socio-rwokugadzira gadziriro.

Human Resource Management

Nhoroondo kwaita "hwevanhu zvinhu utariri" rinoreva makore 60-fung pamusoro XX remakore. Model nyanzvi R. Milles tsvimbo vaiona seinokonzera reserves. Maererano dzidziso, nani utariri hazvifaniri chikuru chinangwa sezvo waitsigira utariri chikoro nesayenzi. Muchidimbu zvinoreva "utariri munhu" anogona kuitwa sezvinotevera: zvinodiwa zvinofanira kuva mugumisiro pauzima pakuzvipira mushandi mumwe nomumwe.

boka guru nguva dzose kuramba vashandi zvakaisvonaka. Naizvozvo, vanhu chinhu chinokosha inokosha chikonzero kuti sangano. Zvinokosha zvikuru ezvinhu vapone inonetsa musika ezvinhu. The zvebasa iri mhando management rinoshanda kwete chete vakabhadhara, uye kusimudzirwa, budiriro nokudzidziswa mudonzvo rwenyanzvi zvinobudirira dzika zvinangwa zvesangano. Musimboti ichi uzivi ndiko kuti vashandi - ndiro sangano raMwari yesangano, guta guru, haatarisiri kuzvidzora zvikuru uye novimba kukurudzira uye chinokurudzira.