Kuchipfuura: ukama pakati barometer itsva dystopia Ray Bradbury

Vakatendeutswa tembiricha pamwero mazita yefizikisi yokuGermany Gabriel Daniel XVII remakore kuchipfuura (1686-1736). Masayendisiti akasikwa lämpömittari, uhwo aronga hurongwa pamwe nyore kuyera pokutangira. Pfupi kure pakati mudziyo pamapoka anonzi "° C" chokuremekedza muvambi. chikero ichi zvino kushandiswa zvishoma kazhinji nokuda yezwi 70-ies pakati XX remakore kuna International dzakabatana (SI) hurongwa. Zivo nemitemo kuchinjwa mumwe chikwata chimwe zvichatibatsira kunzwisisa zviri nani zvinorehwa nezita yokufungidzira kuti "kuchipfuura 451" vagari Ray Bradbury vaya nyika umo kushandiswa arşive hurongwa chete.

Gabriel Daniel kuchipfuura

mutsvakurudzi German G. kuchipfuura akaberekerwa Danzig, zvakashanda zvose ake upenyu wefizikisi kuedza, yakaitwa zvokushandisa inoshandiswa metrology. Muna 1710, musayendisiti atanga kuva tembiricha chikero uye zano kuti kuyera kudziyisa uye kutonhora muviri. Mumwe pokutangira pfungwa mubasa iri raiva Kuongorora mamiriro musanganiswa echando uye mvura uye kwemvura mvura pasi reflux.

The zvokuridzira kuyera tembiricha kuchipfuura akashandisa tinted doro nemekiyuri. Zvakaipira emura simbi - yaita chando yakaderera tembiricha. Gabriel kuchipfuura nguva tichikwanisa zviridzwa ake, akasarudzwa kuti Royal Society muEngland. Pane imwe nguva zvaifungwa kuti nenzira yefizikisi thermometers German zvachose akarasika. Paiva zviitiko zviviri chete, asi gare gare akawana chetatu mudziyo yepakutanga, yakaitwa nemasayendisiti.

Mudziyo nokuti kuyera tembiricha

Various thermometers pane anenge 500 nemakore, kukudzwa rakasikwa zviridzwa izvi zvakakosha yakakamurwa pakati mukuru masayendisiti kuMiddle Ages. The mimwe vokutanga remuSamoa vakasarudzwa pokutangira kuti pakafunuka, uye achishandisa mapoka akasiyana "mutengo" thermometers vakanga zvakavaomera muupenyu hwezuva nezuva.

Gabriel kuchipfuura kwakaita munorumbidzirweiko iri yokuti iye akazogadzira ano chimiro chinoshandiswa zvakarurama kuyera pakafunuka. The dzendege zvichinzi matangiro yokuchinjira chando mvura, ayo Kubika pfungwa nezvarwo. Modern musha thermometers muna vaitaura Chirungu nyika yakaita shoma yakagadzirwa kuMiddle Ages, zvino kazhinji chiratidzo rinoshandisirwa ari zvinobva 0 kusvika 132 ° F (° C).

tembiricha pakafunuka

The parameters kukosha pakafunuka akasikwa kuchipfuura:

• Point 0 ° F - ndiro tembiricha panguva iyo chando iri;
• 32 ° F - kubvunda chando uye neizvi Kuchinja - mu yakasimba mamiriro;
• 212 ° C - kufashaira mvura.

Kuchipfuura vakatanga runotaurwa ° F pashure nokugadzirwa yacho lämpömittari. Swedish mutsvakurudzi Anders Tselsy neyakarurama pane ayo ishamwari German, makasimbiswa mvura tembiricha yokuchinjira akasiyana uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. inoti. Nedanda rechikero dzataurwa nokuda musayendisiti Swedish, zvakare, zvakanga dimikira 100, asi zvinoenderana utsotso echando. Panguva kubika pfungwa mvura 0 Celsius kushandisa. Anopfuura makore 250 apfuura kubva panguva apo pakafunuka ichi vanyonganisa: Kushandurwa tembiricha chando mvura inotorwa sezvo 0 ° C, uye ayo Kubika pfungwa yakanga yakadana nhamba 100.

Huru tembiricha pamwero munyika arşive ino

Kubvira muna 1960, nyika dzakawanda kuti yezwi arşive hurongwa, umo muchikero maviri anoshandiswa: Celsius uye Kelvin. Rakajairika muupenyu hwezuva nezuva, uye uri Meteorological thermometers, iyo vane Vakagovana Celsius, kufunga unoponesa Inonyanya pano nyaya - mvura. The Kelvin chikero inoshandiswa kwesainzi, kutanga tembiricha iri bhuku mamiriro muviri panguva iyo ine duku revadzidzi simba. The United States uye Britain haana zvakazara kushandisa International dzakabatana (SI) hurongwa. Mune izvi uye dzimwe nyika dzakawanda vaitaura Chirungu vanoshandisa thermometers nedzimwe pachikero.

enzanisa kutonhora

The tembiricha kuchipfuura pane penguva kubva 0 ° kusvika 100 °. Izvi chete bhendi pamusoro Celsius pamwero penguva anoenderana kubva -18 ° kusvika 38 °. The Kelvin chikero inoshandisa pfungwa "mhedziso razero." tembiricha ichi, inova -273,2 ° C kana -459,7 ° F. Anogona kushandurwa uye 451 ° C, iyo mari kusvika 233 ° C.

kutonhora siyana inogona dzikwanise mumwe, nezvinodiwa Masvomhu aya US uye UK, umo Standardization kwacho munzvimbo zhinji kwesainzi uye kugadzirwa akaramba kushandisa kuchipfuura scale, asi harisati zvakajairika pamba. Kana zvakakodzera, vagari vaitaura Chirungu kunyika iri kuchinjwa kuchipfuura kuna Celsius, achiziva kuti tembiricha penguva 1 ° C iri 1.8 ° F.

Rey Bredberi "kuchipfuura 451"

Kutozosvikira muna 1960 kuchipfuura pakafunuka yaiva vaitaura Chirungu nyika, kunyanya kushandiswa mamiriro okunze, mushonga, bhizimisi uye upenyu hwezuva nezuva. nganonyorwa ake Rey Bredberi chikoro muna 1953, uye muna epigraph yakaratidza kuti 451 ° C - pepa nokupenya pfungwa. The chikuru inogadzirwa gamba anogara yemberi iri kure uye anoshanda "moto", asi haarwi moto, uye anopisa mabhuku.

American klassiske Sci-Fi Genre yako itsva dystopia yakatsaurirwa matambudziko tsika vakatsaurwa, Anti-utongi gadziriro, muenzaniso wakakwana kuti XX remakore yaiva Fascism. Pashure kuuya simba muGermany, Adolf Hitler akatanga kuparadzwa mumaraibhurari, kupisa mabhuku. Nenzira iyi, kuti Führer aida vabvise kwose kuparadzana, nokugura vamwe vagari dzidziso Nazi. Vakatendeutswa tembiricha pamwero uye zvinoonekwa kwazvo - ° C - iri zvishoma nezvishoma chinhu chekare, asi pfungwa yakamutswa yokufungidzira vachiri kushanda.