"Sakhalin-1". Mafuta gasi chirongwa musi Sakhalin Island

The Akaongorora matura Mahydrocarbon munyika akakura zvikuru, asi kwete mose minda mafuta dzinokudziridzwa. Chikonzero chikuru kuti "downtime" - zvemari inexpedient. Vakawanda akaturikidzana inobereka mafuta-vari iiswe mvura yakadzika, kana (uye) mumaruwa kuti kukura. The guru rokutanga panguva Odoptu munda pemvura Sakhalin chitsuwa rakawanikwa pedyo Vanodzidza eSoviet muna 1977, asi chete pashure gumi ne kuchinja musika ezvinhu uye kukura itsva ruzivo pamusoro kugadzirwa Sakhalin goridhe dema wava zvisingabatsiri.

goneko

Senzira "Sakhalin-1" unouya kugadzirwa uye kushanda muminda mafuta uye gasi matatu - ndiye Odoptu, Chayvo uye A-D. Vari chiri kwakadziva kumabvazuva Sakhalin Island iri Gungwa Okhotsk. Ivo vanogona recoverable reserves rakakura (asi kwete chinyorwa) - mabhiriyoni 2,3 emiti yemafuta, mabhiriyoni 485 cubic metres negasi ^3.

Kana isu kufunga zvachose anokwanisa interconnected kushanda "Sakhalin-1" uye "Sakhalin 2" uye riri panguva kutanga pavaipfuura "Sakhalin-3", zvachose matura recoverable gasi nharaunda kwazvo 2.4 tiririyoni mamita ³ mafuta - pamusoro mabhiriyoni 3.2 emiti. Hapana tsaona venhau akadana chitsuwa "wechipiri Kuwait".

Zvisinei, kugadzirwa kubva kuminda izvi rakaoma nokuvapo rongedza echando kusvika mamita matanhatu gobvu mukati mitanhatu kusvika manomwe mwedzi yegore, uyewo simba vavimbezve uye zvizivikanwe nemichina basa rose gore. Kudiwa kukunda zvipingamupinyi chokuita mamiriro zvikuru okunze, uye kugadzwa ichi kumaruwa yose mafuta uye gasi kwezvivako akaratidza yakasiyana hunhu zvinetso basa racho.

History of chirongwa

Long pamberi Implementation chirongwa "Sakhalin-1" kune Vanodzidza, zvaiva pachena kuti yeHydrocarbon pfuma chitsuwa chiri kunze kunyika pasherefu, asi reserves vavo asingazikamwi. Mumakore 70 tsanangudzo bhuku deposits wechaunga wakati vaita "Sakhalinmorneftegaz". Zvadaro ubanguranyika basa SODEKO akabatana rakapiwa yakavakidzana Japan, nhasi zvinzvimbo zvepamusoro pakati vechikamu nechirongwa.

Muna 1977, yokutanga pamusoro Sakhalin pasherefu yakawanikwa gasi munda Odoptu, papera gore - the Chayvo munda, uye pashure pemakore 10 - Arkutun pano. Saka, Sakhalin Island akava vanokwanisa kukwezva kuti pagadzirwe Mahydrocarbon. Zvisinei, kushaya zvakakodzera mubhizimisi uye rwokugadzira chaitadzisa ipapo pamusoro zviitiko.

budiriro

By pakutanga XXI remakore mamiriro ezvinhu akachinja munharaunda. The kukura zvinodiwa upfumi simba kupfuura munyika - Japanese uye Korean, uyewo kuwedzera mutengo simba kuchaita kuti chirongwa "Sakhalin-1" kunobatsira. Vazhinji mubhizimisi, uye Chikurukuru - muzvigadzirwa rubatsiro rakashandurwa dzesangano "Exxon-Mobil" (EM). Kubatanidzwa ane zvikuru nyanzvi chikwata, ine makore 85 ruzivo mafuta gasi kukura mune kweArctic okunze, vakabatsira kugadzirisa zvinetso zvakawanda.

Panguva iyoyo, mashoko chaiwo opareta chirongwa - "mwanasikana" pakati vesangano "EM", "Exxon Neftegas Limited". Ndicho huru maindasitiri basa. Rakapiwa anowedzera anogadziriswa dzinoverengeka socio-zvoupfumi nezvemaitiro Sakhalin nharaunda uye pedyo Khabarovsk Territory, pakati pavo - kukura yomunharaunda upfumi, dzidzo uye pakurovedza nounyanzvi vashandi Russian, zvirongwa zvemagariro, rudo, uye zvakawanda.

rakapiwa nhengo

mafuta uye gasi ichi chirongwa - muenzaniso kubudirira dzakawanda pamwe mu kunzwisisa geophysical, okunze uye nzvimbo ezvinhu. Vachiedza kushandisa chirongwa vasanganiswa:

• Mega-dzesangano "Exxon Mobil" (USA): 30% of migove (maererano zvirango akaramba kubatanidzwa makambani American mune mubvunzo).
• SODEKO rakapiwa (Japan): 30%.
• RGCs "Rosneft" ne varikutonga sangano "Sakhalinmorneftegas-pasherefu" (11.5%) uye "Rn-Astra" (8.5%).
• STC "ONGC Videsh Ltd." (India): 20%.

Guta guru Sakhalin mafuta yakava guta Okha.

kushanda chirongwa

At kuchava kutanga kwekupwanyiwa "Sakhalin 1" chakaitika kugona OPF deposits vachishandisa gungwa "misoro" kuchera chikuva uye pasi zvivako "Hawk". Mukutanga October 2005, makore gumi pashure pakutanga kukura, namafuta Wokutanga akaberekwa kubva Chayvo kumunda. Somugumisiro okuguma mukupera 2006. The kuvakwa Onshore Production Facility (OPF), bhuku kugadzirwa muna February 2007 yairema 250,000 emiti (matani 34,000) mafuta pazuva. In zvinotevera maitikiro chirongwa vakatanga kuva gasi reserves pana Chayvo kuti ekisipoti.

Zvadaro "Hawk" akakurudzirwa pedyo nekwavaiva munda Odoptu kumwe kuchera uye kugadzirwa Mahydrocarbon. Sezvo gasi, uye mafuta achibva deposits OPF, dzakatsigira mafuta zvifambiswe kuti chinouraya DeKastri kugarwa (yakaoma Krai, pamusoro Tartar Strait) mamwe zvinyorwa pamusoro ekisipoti, uye gasi iri akapa kubva Sakhalin kusvika epamba kumusika.

Akatevera Danho yakatanga kukura mumunda rechitatu (chikuru kubudikidza nharaunda) A-D uye Chayvo gasi kuti ichaita kuti pave Mahydrocarbon kusvikira 2050. Kuti awedzere upfumi kunyatsoshanda uye kuvandudza kushanda kwacho inocherechedzwa nhoroondo rakasiyana maoko-zvakaitika awana panguva yokutanga chokutambudzika kukura.

Rig "Hawk"

Development nemafuta uye gasi munzvimbo iyi akarondedzera magadzirisirwo nematambudziko wakabvunzwa pachisikirwo. Zvakakomba okunze, simba chando muminda pemvura zhinji, kunyanya Geological maumbirwo mafuta akabvunza kuti kushandisa yepamusoro pazviruva.

Kuzvikudza yose chirongwa yaiva kuchera rig "Hawk", kune "hana" icho akawanda nyika zvinyorwa pamwe nokureba uye nokukurumidza matsime akachera. Uyu ndiwo mumwe simba kupfuura pasi anotsanangura zvivako munyika. 70-mita chikwata rakagadzirirwa kushanda mune zvizivikanwe nemichina uye kuchitonhora arctic nharaunda, achibvumira Ultra-refu chibooreso gomba pakutanga vertically uye ipapo yakatambarara pazasi pegungwa ane zvachose Upfu kureba makiromita anopfuura 11.

Panguva Drilling matsime aya vatotanga dzakawanda nyika zvinyorwa pamusoro Upfu pakureba - nenzira iyi ndipo tsime rakanga akachera chinyorwa 12,700 metres Z42 (June 2013). Uchishandisa mukuru-nokukurumidza kuchera michina, iro ndera dzesangano "ExxonMobil" mugomba "Sakhalin-1" vakapfuura chinyorwa nokukurumidza.

Tichibatsirwa ari "hawks" matsime akachera kubva kumahombekombe pasi pasi pa necheparutivi kurutivi panowanikwa pemvura minda, nokudaro achidzikisa mutoro pamusoro yakasiyana vakadzivirira hunhu panzvimbo idzi. Uyezve, imwe hwakanyatsorwisa chiine chairema unotsiva zvivako guru kuti vanofanira kuvaka pamatunhu wamakungwa yakaoma echando mamiriro muchando. Somugumisiro, zvinokosha mari mu anodawo uye guru mari. Ndapedza basa iri Chayvo munda, "Hawk" modernized uye akatamira kuwedzera yakavakidzana Odoptu.

"Orlan" papuratifomu

Kuwedzera pasi chokugadza "Hawk", minda gasi-mafuta "Sakhalin-1" nyanzvi mumwe "anozvikudza shiri" - gungwa "Orlan" mugodhi papuratifomu. Kuchikuva unobereka pfuma zasi-yokumadokero nzvimbo Chayvo munda.

50-mita mukuru marongerwo giravhiti iri pazasi yeGungwa Okhotsk, ayo udzamu panguva ino - 14 mamita. "Orlan" muna 2005 akachera matsime 20. At 21 maminitsi Houses to Rent zvaiyambuka "Hawk" ane pamahombekombe, uwandu yakadaro chinyorwa matsime mafuta uye gasi mumwe munda. Vhoriyamu okuwana mafuta yakawedzera nguva zhinji.

On the "Orlan" 9 months yegore yakapoteredzwa chando, basa rine chokuita chisarudzo wamboonekwa kune nyika kugadzirwa matambudziko. Mukuwedzera zvakaoma zvizivikanwe nemichina uye okunze zvakaoma matambudziko logistical zviri kugadziriswa.

"Berkut" Platform

Ndicho Newest pachikuva, pagungano shipyards South Korea uye zvinobudirira kununurwa muna 2014 kumunda A-D. Zvinoumba "Berkut" kunotokosha chaizvo kupfuura "Eagle". Panguva zvekufambisa (ndiro 2.6 zviuru km) aisava chete chiitiko. The kuvakwa zvakagadzirirwa kukurira chando uye maviri mita 18-mita waves -44 C.

Onshore kugadzirwa gadziriro nehurongwa

Zvikaramba kubva minda OPF uye Odoptu Mahydrocarbon akapa kuna OPF. Pano gasi kuparadzana nemvura mafuta, kudzikamisa nokuda mamwe kutakurirwa ekisipoti kuburikidza ano mafuta ekisipoti inouraya kuti kugarwa DeKastri rokuchenesa gasi nezvezvipfuwo vatengi. Fully zvionera chirimwa yakagadzirirwa kubudiswa anenge 250,000 emiti yemafuta uye anowedzera 22.4 mcm ³ negasi pazuva.

In pakuvaka Chayvo vagadziri vakashandisa nzira huru-modular okuvaka. Plant kufanana constructor vakaungana kubva 45 dzakasiyana yakakwirira modules. All zvinhu zviri zvakananga akagadzirirwa kushanda mune utsinye dzinotaurwa Far. Most mazano - yakagadzirwa nesimbi, angakudzivisai tembiricha yakaderera -40 ° C.

Nokuti chokuendesa inorema modules kuti kuvakwa mhiri Chayvo Bay akavaka yakasiyana 830-mita zambuko. Nokuda kuti kuvakwa uku Sakhalin Island iri mhando nezvenhoroondo - zambuko anonzi unmatched yakasimba, kwazvo kureba vaRafa kuyambuka mukuru nzizi kweSiberia - the Ob uye Irtysh. The kuvakwa zvakare akakodzera nevafudzi - nzira kumusasa taiga akaramba yekudyidzana.

ekisipoti zvinogona

Yose kunzwisisa kuti "Sakhalin-1, 2, 3" yakavakwa ane ziso upfumi kunze kwenyika. Kuva "risina" padivi Japanese upfumi, hapana zvishoma simba muSouth Korea, chivi kwete kushandisa zvakanaka nzvimbo mupfumi yeHydrocarbon deposits. Uyezve, basa racho rinoita chinokosha chikamu yakatsvuka zvinhu (kunyanya gasi) zvifambiswe kuna 'mainland' (Continental Russia). The chikuru importers pamusoro Okhotsk mafuta vari Japan uye South Korea.

aina zvemichina riri sezvinotevera:

1. Gas uye mafuta kubva mumatsime zvokudya kusvikira muti wacho BCP.
2. Zvadaro, kubva onshore kuti kufamba wechiTatar rakamanikana mutsetse zvokudya chakasara kugarwa DeKastri pamusoro zvikuru akashongedzerwa Newest ekisipoti inouraya.
3. Gas vakawanda inoenda vatengi Russian, uye mafuta anochengeterwa Matangi guru, apo vatumirwa Via ngarava kure dhoku.

DeKastri

Development namafuta deposits ari ezvinhu kuFar East aida kugadzirisa dambudziko dzisina kudzivirirwa nekugara kutakurwa mbishi zvinhu. Wedzera kuti chinouraya, kwakasarudzwa kwete Sakhalin uye yakaoma - iri chengarava De-Kastri. Black goridhe pano anouya kuburikidza zvikwepa, uye ipapo - kwematangi mafuta. The chinouraya yakavakwa "kubva muvare", ne matsva ruzivo.

Nemhaka runoenderana vomunzvimbo mamwe mabasa anobhadhara, paiva maodha kwematunhu chokufambisa uye basa makambani, nani socio-munzanga, zvaiita ugari kwezvivako.

Nokuti gore rose zvokufambisa kwaida pamasikiro uye kuvaka nemamwe kwematangi utsinye chando mamiriro dzekirasi "Afromaks", uye rinotevera dzinopwanya aizi. Nokuti 5 makore nokushanda chirwere pasina kamwe chete nengarava 460 kwematangi. Total vakayambuka chinouraya matani mamiriyoni 45 pamusoro.

Musingavayemedzi uye njodzi oparesheni

Vashandi uye Contractors "Sakhalin-1" chirongwa aishanda maawa mamiriyoni 68 yakanaka kuchengeteka uye kukuvara, izvo nokure kuti bhizimisi avhareji. Zvaidiwa pamutemo zvinodiwa kunosimbiswa nemashoko zvachose murau kudzora kugadzirwa mabasa.

Environmental matanho vari chinokosha kuvakwa uye kushanda basa uye zvinosanganisira zvinoverengeka panorongwa kuchengetedza mhuka, kusanganisira kudzivirira kumadokero pfumbu hove huru, Steller kuti gungwa zvapungu nezvimwe vagari.

Active zano runodiwa kuti Sakhalin ENL akabatsira kuziva matambudziko vemo kudiwa. Kunyanya, mafuta inobvumirwa nevafudzi vemo vanoshandisa akavaka zambuko yayo mhiri Chayvo Bay nokuda wepagore dzavakanga vabata poro nemombe.

Kukwezva nokudzidziswa Russian mudonzvo

Panguva kutanga kwekupwanyiwa kukura nokuda zvizvarwa Russian 13 000 mabasa zvakasikwa. Chokuita mudonzvo yomunzvimbo anosika mikana mitsva uye inoita kuti vakawanda uye emunharaunda zvoupfumi. Panguva iyoyowo, ENL rinoshanda zvikuru ano anodawo mitemo uye dzemunharaunda yokuchengeteka, uyewo kuvakwa michina, kuchera, kugadzirwa uye nokuisa pamusoro mapaipi.

Kushanda ari kugadzirwa nzvimbo akakwezva anopfuura zana mainjiniya Russian uye wevanamakanika. Nechimwe wemaricho wevanamakanika zvakaitika kwenguva refu Kurovedza kosi. Vamwe vakatumirwa kudzidziswa kuti vanovengwa kambani "Exxon Mobil" muUnited States uye Canada.

Help chitsuwa

The hwokugadzira kudzidzisa zvirongwa bhizimisi uye Contractors zvaisanganisira dzakawanda vagari Sakhalin. Kushanda pavanoparidza Agency for International Development (USA), kuti mushandirwi kunoita kuti zvinodiwa kuti welders kuburikidza sangano kosi makosi uye zvinopa micro zvikwereti nokuda kwemutemo dzebhizimisi kurovedza uye kusimudzira Sakhalin duku uye svikiro kadikidiki bhizimisi. The rakapiwa kwakaita zvinopfuura miriyoni madhora chikwereti Fund iyo mabasa mazana mashanu zvakasikwa uye akatsigira anopfuura 180 mumabhizimisi.

Kuramba kuwedzera mugove makambani Russian sezvo bhizimisi uye Contractors. Mari zvibvumirano vane mudzimba yemakambani vakapfuura $ 4 billion, kana vanenge zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu ari zvachose Mari yaidiwa kuvaka zvibvumirano.

Kuwedzera pakupa hurumende zveminda nenzira royalties, chirongwa kunoita kuti pave vomunharaunda kwezvivako - migwagwa ichivakwa, mabhiriji, kuvaka zviteshi uye dzendege, uye matunhu neminisiparati zvokurapa masangano. Other rutsigiro zvirongwa zvinosanganisira anoyamura mari dzidzo, utano uye kuvandudza vemo zvesayenzi uye kugadzira zvinhu, chinzvimbo.