A Upfu mafuta. Chii Upfu?

A refu chaizvo nguva inodiwa kuti vanhu nokuda kuzviwanira unyanzvi kuti akamubvumira kutakura anonzwisisa uye kukura venyama. Kugona muitiro kuita moto, kugadzirwa zvishandiso zvakasiyana zvinhu, nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa vhiri uye zvireruke, kuti domestication mhuka, kurimwa zvokurima zvirimwa - vari pano okutanga matanho womunhu munzira mberi. Kana yapfuura muitiro nokugadzirwa uye okusuma zvakagadzirwa muupenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva vakatora dzakawanda kana kuti kunyange mazana emakore, nhasi zviri nhau mashoma.

Fire yagara anoshandiswa vanhu muupenyu hwezuva nezuva somunhu decoration maatomu akafanana. Dzinovhima panzira yokuwana zvokudya kwava nzira varaidzo uye adrenaline. Long marefu regai kutya munhu. Cars, zvitima uye ndege kuti muitiro chinakidze uye takasununguka kufamba. Ocean pakadzika uye zvakavanzika pezvakasikwa - zvose zviri pasi murume. Forward uye chete mberi mukati asingazivikanwi mberi nguva! Ndiro huru Mashoko nguva yedu kuti zvinofamba upenyu mberi chete anopenga nokukurumidza.

injini mberi

Kureva zviwanikwa kupiwa aitungamirira basa iri kukura vanhu. All mabasa munyika dzine zvainanga kuunza mabasa avo uye zvisikwa Reserve zvaida mari. Nyika yemazuva ano refu kukanganwa nezvehondo, zvikonzero yatanga vakanga vakadzi, tsika uye pfungwa basa. Kwemakore akawanda, vanhu vari kufa kwete matunhu zvinangwa, uye nokuda simbi uye mamwe zvokunyama.

Pakati hombe uwandu zvinhu kuti vave dzaichengetwa nevanhu, mafuta inoremekedzwa vaitungamirira chinzvimbo. "Black Gold" - ndiro zita kuti rinotsanangura zvinoreva fuma munyika ano wechokwadi. Vezvenhau daily kuudza nyore ugere mashoko uye mitengo panyika mafuta pamusika yoga kusimbisa kukosha chinhu ichocho akadai Upfu mafuta. Kukosha ichi chakavanzika pfungwa kunotsamira pazvinhu zvakawanda: kutsiga upfumi hwenyika, zvakanaka uye bhajeti nomunhu anoti uye, somunhu mugumisiro - njodzi emamiriyoni zvavo vanhu havazivi chii chaizvo chinoita kuti upenyu hwavo dzose. Chii chiri pfungwa? Chii ichi chisinganzwisisike dhiramu? Ngatitaurei pamusoro ichi zvizere.

tsananguro

Upfu - chairema nokuyerwa mafuta. Pfungwa iyi akaberekwa muEngland. From Chirungu Barrel rakashandurwa dhiramu. Hazvishamisi, sezvo mazuva mafuta indasitiri mangwanani nokuda kushaya dzinokosha kwematangi uye kwematangi kuendesa zvibereko munda iyi yebasa iri kugadzirwa vakatakurwa emiti, izvo pakutanga akanga achida kuti chigaro chinotakurwa herring. Munguva yose upfumi dhiramu rinoshandiswa kwose kwose uye ndiye chiero.

Kupiwa izvi zvenhoroondo facts, munhu anogona kuuya pfungwa iri dzinongoitika mubvunzo: "A Upfu mafuta - ndiwo sei?" The kukosha zviyero, kushandiswa Pakusarudza uwandu ichi mhando chicherwa deposits, ndiye marita 42.

The quantitative cho mudhiramu

Pfungwa ye "mudende" uye "VaG" by nyika vasiri arşive (Chirungu) kuyerwa hurongwa, akadai America, Britain, uye zvichingodaro. D. Kuti inogona kuenderera kunzwisisa uwandu mazwi aya zviri nyore kunogona mudzoke kunyika dzose muchimiro kwatiri. Somuenzaniso, US gallon zvinotipa 3,785 litres, uye Chirungu - 4.546 litres. Kwakavakirwa shoma mashoko aya, mari imwe Upfu mafuta zvinogona tsunga nyore.

Kana usina kumbobvira akafuridzira svomhu dzinotsanagura Kuwedzera uye chokuwanziridza nguva akaita chete mwoyo, asi mubvunzo "How marita akawanda mudhiramu mafuta?" Richiri kushanda, ipapo usaora mwoyo. Mhinduro iri nyore. The vhoriyamu imwe Upfu mafuta tichitarisa imwe Kunyatsoziva kwatiri nokuyerwa kwava 158,988 litres.

Mienzaniso iyi inoratidza kuti Upfu chinhu chairema nokuyerwa bhuku uye ane zvose akakodzera maitiro.

Vangani emiti por pub yemafuta wakaipa

In Russia uye Kishi nyika kuyera "ndarama dema" vose kutengesa pezvakaitwa kazhinji vanoshandisa shoko rokuti "tani". Maererano mubvunzo uyu: "A Upfu mafuta - mumatani ndiwo vangani" - vanhu kazhinji zvakakwana vanofarira. Munhu anoda kugamuchira mashoko panyaya iyi inogona kuva kushamisika chaizvo. Mushure zvatinosiita, pakutanga aitarire, mibvunzo yakananga uye nyore havana mhinduro yakajeka. Pfungwa kutendeuka emiti por tani, uye nekwekupedzesera munyika dzakasiyana zvakasiyana. Ndechipi chikonzero kushaya kubatana? Chii zvarinoita kukosha mugumisiro?

The kutsamira uwandu mafuta ayo arambe achirema

Kugadzirisa chakavanzika ichi, unofanira kurangarira dzinokosha tsika yo chero fuma uye kukanganisa ayo ezvinhu. Density - mumuviri uwandu, akaenzana nhamba uremu muviri kuti bhuku akayera mu g / masendimita uye makirogiramu / m ^3. Tsanangudzo iyi inozivikanwa vose kubva kuchikoro, uye ichi izwi kwakabatana mitemo yakawanda wefizikisi.

Kugona kuchengeta zvinhu pamusoro mvura pamusoro, tsanangudzo emura kusawirirana nezvimwe pfungwa dzakawanda, uye kungovimba vakatsunga arambe achirema ukoshi. Oiri - imwe fuma kuti chakaipa wehurumende iyo unoenderana rokuti "mvura" - hapana Kusara kune Kazhinji. Hazvina kusiyana densities mafuta, kwakakonzerwa Geological uye nhoroondo zvikonzero, uye kukanganisa vamwe digitaalinen kupararira yakavakirwa ODP.

Nokuti chokuti arambe achirema kuti "ndarama dema" hakusi chete kukosha, uye dzinosiyana-siyana zvichienderana nenzvimbo yacho kukura, pane kusiyana rokushandura. Uye sezvo arambe achirema mafuta kunoenderana tembiricha wayo, zviri kufungwa nezvayo muna nedanho kutendeuka.

Ngatitaurei verenga

Somuenzaniso, apo mafuta arambe achirema 750 makirogiramu / m ³ Kuwanda emiti por pub pamusoro:

• panguva tembiricha kuti 15,60 ^{° C} - 8.34.

Kana mafuta arambe achirema 800 makirogiramu / m ³ Kuwanda emiti por pub achava kare kuva akaenzana:

• panguva tembiricha kuti 200 ^{° C} - 8.39;
• panguva tembiricha kuti 200 ^{° C} - 7,86;
• panguva tembiricha kuti 15,60 ^{° C} - 7,83.

Mienzaniso iyi zvakajeka kuronda kuti nedoro mukuwanda emiti por pub kuti arambe achirema netembiricha mamwe mafuta pachayo. Uye paunofunga kuti arambe achirema kuti "ndarama dema" zvichisiyana mu mitemo yakasiyana, tsika yacho musiyano uri zvinokosha chaizvo, ukuwo unoreva zvakawanda pamusoro nyaya kunova pachena.

Vangani matani por Upfu mafuta

Kuti tiwane chaiyo nhamba zvakakwana navo zvikuru muzvikamu chiuru tani. Ichi svomhu oparesheni, izvo pasi simba nomumwe, achapa chaiwo mhinduro yomubvunzo uyu.

Somuenzaniso, kana ari mafuta arambe achirema 750 makirogiramu / m ³ uye ayo netembiricha ^anenge 200 C, iyo emiti (sematsananguriro pamusoro) ndiyo 8.39. Naizvozvo, mumamiriro ezvinhu akadai nhamba pasi vari dhiramu chichava ukoshi 0,00839 m.

Chii chinogona kuwanikwa kubva Upfu mafuta?

Kuti zvakanyatsojeka kunzwisisa nezvaanogona imwe Upfu mafuta, zvakakodzera kufunga nhamba mishonga vakawana panguva kugadzira. Saka achaita:

• Peturu - 102 L;
• diz. Chinotsva - 30 L;
• avhiyesheni chinotsva - 25 L;
• Refinery gasi - 11 L;
• peturu chemubhotoro, iro rinoshandiswa kuti pagadzirwe electrodes uye ngura kuti midziyo - 10 L;
• mafuta - 7 L;
• liquefied gasi - 5.5 L;
• Zimbe - 1.5 makirogiramu;
• propane - 12 sepombi;
• mafuta injini - 1 L;
• Wakisi makenduru nokuti keke - 120 bv.

Uyezve, peturu zvigadzirwa vane hombe zvakawanda mafomu siyana minda siyana. Pharmaceuticals, mapurasitiki, zvizoro, chikafu - ichi zvose zviri chete chikamu chiduku zviri kuti vanokwanisa munhu Upfu mafuta.

Inotungamirwa mitengo mafuta

How kuzhinji Upfu mafuta? Mubvunzo pamusoro zvakawanda zvinobva nhasi. Mari ine Upfu mafuta nhasi ndezvipi zvinhu zvizhinji, rimwe riri chete yevanhu. Sezvo bhajeti vanoverengeka rinoti kunoenderana mutengo yamafuta zvevakomana, bhuku rayo kugadzirwa uye zvokushandisa zviri zvachose kudzorwa. Oversupply mafuta pamusoro pamusika nyika nokuda low vade kuchaita kuti rutapudzo wayo mutengo uye, pamusoro Zvakatosimbisa achaita shoma yepamusoro kudiwa uye, naizvozvo, kukanganisa kukura mitengo iri mari "ndarama dema".

Pari, mari imwe Upfu Avharenji mafuta pa 110. e. Nokuda ndechokuti upfumi enyika dzakawanda chakada akasungirirwa mafuta nyika matura dzisiri magumo, mari "ndarama dema" acharamba kukura. Nechekare zvino zvinobvira kupupurira rechiuto kupesana, mhaka unova chido chokuva deposits pamusoro chicherwa ichi.

Tinovimba kuti une zvakakwana mhinduro dzinogutsa kumibvunzo yavo.