Craft - a ... Types rwokugadzira. zvavo Crafts

The kwaita raanoziva chikawira pakutanga maindasitiri mabasa murume. Kubvira kare, anozivikanwa pedzidziso dzekutanga ndege mabasa.

Pfungwa rwokugadzira

Craft - iri maindasitiri basa, kwakavakirwa zvaAtemisi maindasitiri zvinhu vachishandisa duku remaoko, hwakapararira asati kukura muchina kugadzirwa uye chengeta pariri.

Munhu anenge ari nyanzvi mugadziri zvinhu yainzi mhizha.

Chii Folk Crafts

Folk Crafts dzinonzi zvinhu, ayo chinoitirwa kwakajairika chinyorwa zvinhu uye nyore mazano. Folk Crafts dzaisiyana ake rokusika basa, zvigadzirwa nemaoko avo, uye kazhinji kubva dzinongoitika zvinhu kana pedyo navo (huni, jira, simbi, etc.). Basa iri rakanga yakawanikwa kubva mudzimba rwokugadzira dzakaitwa apo zvakakodzera zvemumba. Kungofanana unyanzvi, rwokugadzira kunge wakashanduka-shanduka zvichienderana netsika, chitendero, uye dzimwe nguva - enyika maonero.

ndege kare

Craft ine nhoroondo refu chiitiko. Chinyakare munharaunda kazhinji aidaro mumhuri zvokutengeserana, kugadzira namabwe zvinhu, mapfupa, ivhu, huni, etc. Homemade webasa - ndizvo kugadzirwa zvinhu zvinodiwa kuti kurima. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, kunyange nhasi basa iri rinokosha.

Pave paya, vanhu vakatanga kurarama aivapo nzira youpenyu, pakanga mhizha. mhizha Vazhinji vaishanda pane zvoupfumi chikonzero amadzimambo, temberi, dzemamongi uye slaveholders (Ancient Egypt, Ancient Rome, Ancient Greece uye kunyika Mesopotamia). Pakutanga emhizha achishanda oga, asi sezvo akapa mari duku, tenzi akatanga kubatana muboka. Mapoka aya vainzi artels uye akatora akarairwa kubva kuruzhinji. Vamwe vemifananidzo achipfuura nemisha, nepo vamwe vakararama uye aishanda panzvimbo imwe. Arts uye Crafts pamusoro kuitira ndakapa richisimuka kuti chidzoke uye kukura maguta sezvo nzvimbo handicraft mabasa uye kutengeserana. Nanhasi munzvimbo dzakawanda akachengetedzwa mazita yomumusha, achinongedza kunzvimbo basa tenzi. Somuenzaniso, Potter - yakanga yarongwa kugadzirwa zvinhu nevhu, Leather - matehwe kubudiswa, kugadzirwa wamatehwe zvigadzirwa, Repair kuti shangu, zvidhinha - akatakura zvidhina.

Munguva yeMiddle Ages paiva mufananidzo nyanzvi yokuveza. Mumaguta, mutsva munzanga - ichi dzomumaguta nyanzvi dzokugadzira. The chikuru matavi guta raanoziva vaiva :. The gadzira zvinhu zvakagadzirwa nesimbi, suknodelie, kugadzirwa girazi zvigadzirwa, etc. Urban muuki akagarwa neropafadzo yakadai guta zvakarurama, raanoziva chitoro, pachake rusununguko.

With veMubatanidzwa zveupfumi , mhando rwokugadzira zhinji varasikirwa hutungamiri yawo mukugadzira, kuti mafekitari vakatanga kushandisa muchina. Nhasi, nyanzvi dzokugadzira akachengetedzwa mumaindasitiri kuti tigutse zvido oga zvinodiwa vatengi, uye anogadzira zvinhu zvinodhura unyanzvi zvigadzirwa (vanogadzira shangu, tailors, jewelers, vanodhirowa mifananidzo, uye vamwe.).

Nhoroondo rwokugadzira budiriro muRussia

Vagari vemaguta Russian zvikuru yaiva nyanzvi dzokugadzira. Vazhinji vavo vari kuita nokuchengetedza kugadzirwa. Gare gare, kubvira blacksmithing kuumbwa pombi. zvigadzirwa aro vari kudiwa kukuru muEurope. Kugadzirwa kwezvombo dzinounzwa vatenzi kuti pagadzirwe uta, nepfuti, magoba, etc. Nadzo nyanzvi dzokugadzira Russian vaionekwa akarayira kuti unokosha kupfuura Turkish, muSiriya uye wokuItaly.

Maererano mashoko kubva yaMakoronike, muna ra1382 muRussia maiva pfuti. Muzana remakore rechi14 payo makaumba foundry (vachikanda mabhero). Tiine Mongol nechisimba kugadzirwa vakapinda kuderera.

Jewellery Making vakashumira zvinodiwa vakakwirira. Vakapona zvigadzirwa (mifananidzo, mabhandi goridhe, crockery, bhuku zvisungo) kupupurira mukuru professionalism zvishongo nemhizha mumunda achiita zvokutemera, uri Kudzingwa, nokuchengetedza, tsika uye pafoni. Muzana remakore rechi14 vakatanga dzava kugadzira mari akawanda zvemisoro Russian kuti akaumba mari kutengeserana. On kumusika uye zvakasiyana-siyana vatengi akanga dzaona matehwe, shoemaking uye yevhu. Clay vanoita zvakasiyana-siyana nezvirongo, matoyi uye zvokuvakisa. Mukuwedzera, muMoscow uye mamwe maguta dzakavakwa machechi ibwe (kunyanya namabwe chena) uye anogadza wachi shongwe pamwe pakurwa.

Works nenyanzvi chakakonzera kuti panyatwa apore mushure wechiTatar-Mongol yaingopambwa. Crafts Russian dzakachinja kugadzirira mamiriro ezvoupfumi ari kusikwa Russian centralized mamiriro.

Kubvira 1917, nhamba nyanzvi dzokugadzira muRussia akadonha hasha, vakanga vakabatana mu vaburitsi 'cooperatives. Asi ikozvino Crafts Russian dzinosanganisira pose mukurumbira zvavo unyanzvi uye ounyanzvi.

Mhando dzakasiyana uye nemhando rwokugadzira

Mhando rwokugadzira aumba kubva mashoko kubva iyo chinhu chinogadzirwa. Kwenguva yakareba vanhu vazive raanoziva akadai:

• Blacksmithing.
• Kuveza.
• Weaving.
• Zviumbwa.
• Joinery.
• Kukosa.
• Jewelry.
• Baking.
• Tanning.

Blacksmithing

Blacksmithing - mumwe zvidzidzo zvokutanga izvo akabuda mu Russia. Vanhu vagara akashamisika, takatarisa basa remhizha. Havana kugona kunzwisisa sei vachena muuki akaita zvakadai zvinoshamisa zvesimbi. Marudzi mazhinji mhizha vaionekwa anenge masvikiro.

Pakuvamba smithing zvaida zivo inokosha uye zvikurukuru akashongedzerwa musangano pamwe yakawanda zvokushandisa. Metal vainyungudutsa kubva deveteve mhangura, riri mined muchirimo uye kuwa. Old navapfuri Russian yakabereka kuvarimi majeko, mapadza, dzine, uye nokuda varwi - mapfumo, minondo, namasanhu nemiseve. Uyezve, nguva dzose unofanira kuva mashizha ari purazi hove nezvikokovonho, makiyi namazariro, tsono, etc.

Nhasi, kwezvinhu kufambira mberi zvishoma achinja uye vakwana smithing, asi zviri achiri kudiwa. Artistic nokuchengetedza shongedza mahofisi, Apartments, nyika dzimba, mumapaki, paruzhinji mapindu, zviri kunyanya kudiwa iri nzvimbo kugadzirwa.

Jewelry ndege

Mutengesi wacho raanoziva - mumwe mukuru munhoroondo yevanhu. Nendarama, nesirivha, nematombo anokosha kwenguva refu zvakurukurwa chiratidzo simba uye upfumi revatongi kirasi. Kare 10 - 11 emakore jewelers vaiva nomukurumbira pamusana tarenda ravo muEurope. Vanhu kubva kare chinhu farira kukuchidzira zvishongo. Beads zvakaitwa kubva nesimbi inokosha kana mavara regirazi, siyana kuturika mazano (kazhinji mhuka), sirivha zvindori temberi kuti yakaturikwa kubva headgear, kana yakarukwa mukati kugadzirwa musoro, nezvindori, etc. kolts

Muzana remakore rechi18 rakanga ichatonga zvine mbiri Russian zvishongo unyanzvi. Just panguva ino, kupupura "goridhe uye wesirivha," ainzi "mutengesi". Muzana remakore rechi19 vatenzi Russian akaonekwa yavo werudzii, zvokuti nhasi Russian zvishongo nevamwe. Zvakatanga basa rayo akava nomukurumbira kambani Grachev hama, Ovchinnikov uye Faberge.

Nhasi, vanhu chokuita kukura kubudirira vakawanda vanoda zvikuru zvishongo.

zviumbwa

Zvinozivikanwa kuti kubvira muzana remakore rechi10 kuRussia yakabereka zviumbwa. Izvi zvakaitwa noruoko, uye ruzhinji namaoko munhukadzi. Kuwedzera simba uye mukurumari zvibereko ivhu hwakakanyiwa kupinda anoshongwa zvidiki, jecha, Goldstone, girenayiti, uye dzimwe nguva zvinomera uye zviumbwa shards.

Papera chinguva kwakanga vhiri womuumbi, izvo akwanise basa wehari. Circle kwakaguma kufamba rwenyu, uye ipapo tsoka dzake. Panguva imwe cheteyo, kuumba vakava vavimbisana varume.

Industrial-pamwero zvehari yakasvika muzana remakore rechi18. In St. Petersburg uye gare gare muMoscow, imwe fekitari zvedongo.

Zvinhu zvinoitwa vaumbi ano vachiri yemura. Nhasi zvehari - yakakurumbira basa munzvimbo dzakawanda Russia, uye kudiwa zvedongo dzakaitwa nemaoko zvigadzirwa anogara kuwedzera.