Relief Kazakhstan: mumarenje, Semi-mumarenje, steppes. Khan-Tengri. Kazakhstan rwizi

Kazakhstan kuzorodzwa zvikuru siyana. Kuti uone ichi, zvakatikwanira chinenge aitarire mepu yacho chaiko. Asi isu Achazviita zvakawanda kwazvo uye muudzame kukuudza pamusoro pamakomo, mapani, mumarenje, nzizi uye mumwe munzvimbo pakukura Eurasia.

Jogirafi pamusoro Kazakhstan (zvishoma): nzvimbo uye miganhu

Kazakhstan - chikuru yakapoteredzwa nyika munyika (ndinoreva avo States vasina kusukwa World Ocean). nzvimbo yaro ba mamiriyoni 2,72. M. ? km uye Kureba muganhu - vanopfuura zviuru 13 makiromita. Uyezve, ndiyo nyika yechipiri pakukura munyika pakati avo ayo rakamiswa muzvikamu zviviri nyika (via Kazakhstan chinoratidza muganhu pakati Europe uye Asia).

A nzvimbo huru munyika zvikuru kunotema kusiyana nharaunda dzayo uye zviwanikwa zvivako. Geography Kazakhstan Zvinofadza uye siyana zvikuru. Interesting chokwadi: pasinei guru munyika yacho, shanu chete vavakidzani Kazakhstan. Zviri zvakananga riri pamuganhu China, Russia, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan uye Kyrgyzstan.

Muganhu pakati Europe uye Asia rakaitirwa Aktobe mudunhu mukati munyika. Kakawanda voitakura kunze kumabvazuva mezvikomo pamusoro Mugodzhary, ipapo murwizi Emba uye kweGungwa reCaspian.

Kazakhstan zororo kusiyaniswa kumusoro musiyano. Vose mira donhwe munyika dzinopfuura 7000 mamita! Kazakhstan Climate - unozvidzora Continental uye pachinzvimbo chakaoma. Muzhizha pane kazhinji inoremadza kupisa, uye muchando - zvakakomba inotonhorera (kusvika -40 Celsius). Early chitubu muKazakhstan okunze kusiyana zvinonyanya kuoneka kana kuchamhembe richiri ukasha snowstorms zasi ane miti anogona kubudirira.

Next, isu tsanangura zvakawanda pamusoro zvinhu zvinofadza uye kuzorodzwa zvaidiwa Kazakhstan. Ndokupi munyika unogona kuona makomo? Apo mumapani, uye apo - mugwenga?

Common zviri Kazakhstan zvokuyamura

About 15% yendima inogarwa neeSultan anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri gomo, vanenge 30% - ndiyo mumapani nenzvimbo dzakakwirira, 10% - mwoyo, 45% - murenje uye Semi-gwenga. Nzvimbo dzakadaro akasiyana-siyana Kazakhstan akatsanangura zvikuru kunzwisisa Geological maumbirwo yacho. Nyika iri panzvimbo wekuita kugadzikana East-European papuratifomu, chinjwa Alpine bhandi uye akapeta ezvirevo Ural-Mongolian bhandi.

Unique zviri kuedza Kazakhstan vari mune chinokosha ichidonhedzera kukwira mukati hurumende. Saka, yakadereresa pfungwa munyika iri pamhenderekedzo kweGungwa reCaspian (Karagiye, 132 metres pazasi pegungwa). Uye pano ndiyo yakakwirira munzvimbo dzinenge inosvika 7000 meters (yepamusoro Khan Tengri zasi-kumabvazuva nyika).

Makomo soro muKazakhstan iri kusimbiswa pamwe kumabvazuva uye kumaodzanyemba-kumabvazuva kumiganhu ehurumende. It Altai Tarbagatai, Jungar Alatau uye Tiến Shan. Mukuwedzera, rwokumusoro kumaodzanyemba muromo Ural gomo siyana.

Pamapani Kazakhstan iri kuchamhembe, pakati uye kuchamhembe-kumavirira mamiriro. In kumavirira uye kumaodzanyemba iri hunodzorwa nokumapani. Kubva kuchamhembe kusvika kumaodzanyemba kwenyika anocheka refu Turgai muchimwiro umo kuti nzira dzayo mbiri nzizi huru Kazakhstan - Tobol uye Turgay.

Mumagwenga kugara munzvimbo huru kumadokero (muna reCaspian mudunhu) kumaodzanyemba uye nechepakati-kumabvazuva kwenyika yacho.

Hydrology Kazakhstan

Munyika anomhanya kupfuura zviuru 85 dzinongoitika inoyerera. Nzizi pakukura Kazakhstan - ndiye Ural, Tobol, Ishim them uye Ishe DARYA. Chinonyanya gobvu rwizi Network runozivisa makomo, uye yakadereresa vakachengeta mune nzvimbo mumarenje. Vazhinji nzizi Kazakhstan kuti kutakura mvura yavo Aral uye reCaspian makungwa.

Vakawanda vari Kazakhstan uye madhamu. Zvisinei, hombe mitumbi mvura, ane nzvimbo kwazvo 100 mativi makiromita, chete 21. Pakati pavo - the reCaspian neGungwa Aral, Balkhash, Tengiz, Alakol nevamwe. Vazhinji madhamu munyika iri kusimbiswa ayo kunzvimbo kuchamhembe uye nechepakati.

In Kazakhstan, munewo 13 chakagadzirwa reservoirs. The zvachose Vhoriyamu mvura yakachena mairi vanenge 87 zviuru cubic. ? km.

Kazakh inowanzorimwa

Steppes uye Semi-mumarenje mu zvachose butiro vanenge 70% kubva mundima Central nyika yokuAsia. Vakawanda nzvimbo dzavo vari yaro yepakutanga chimiro kana kunyora nezvavo se dzakachinjwa kubudikidza nemabasa evanhu.

Kazakhstan inowanzorimwa atambanudza yakakura bhandi kusvika 2000 makiromita kubva Ural River mumupata kumadokero kusvika Mountains Altai - kumabvazuva. Maererano nzvimbo ndicho kupfuura siyana chakaoma inowanzorimwa nharaunda munyika. Okunze ndiko Continental uye akaoma kwazvo: avhareji yegore negore kunonaya kazhinji kwazvo 350-400 mm.

Nokuda kwokushayikwa mwando muna Kazakhstan steppes zvinomera zviri zvishoma, pane kushanda pasina miti. Asi akapfuma fauna of uye zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana. Pano zvatinosiita siyana nemamwe mhuka: saiga, day of marmot, inowanzorimwa pika, nemhara nemhembwe uye nevamwe. No zvishoma vapfumi avifauna mudunhu rino. Mune steppes pamusoro Kazakhstan, unogona kuwana gondo, dema lark, pink nekondo, dema neshuramurove, Flamingo, gora, yendarama chapungu, gondo chena-tailed.

Yakanaka kwazvo uye wakajeka Kazakh inowanzorimwa muchirimo, pakutanga uye pakati May. Panguva ino pane vachiita poppies, irises nezvimwe mavara akawanda inopenya, musoro wachena, nzvimbo muguva mavara makapeti ezviuru maruva miriwo yemusango.

Kazakh gwenga

Mumagwenga uye Semi-mumarenje yepasisa anenge hafu munharaunda Kazakhstan. Ivo ruoko dzinenge kuramba kanyika pachiwi yeGungwa Aral kugomo neeSultan kumabvazuva kwenyika yacho. Kazakhstan apandukira guru uye havaratidzi noudyire: ivo Kashoma sandara uye zvikara nharaunda enliven zviduku misha uye anoyevedza kana chengoro phlegmatic ngamera.

Mukati murenje Kazakhstan akasangana-siyana masero marudzi: matombo, jecha, anodzvinyirirwa ibwe, ivhu uye sesaline.

Desert Betpak Dala nharaunda dzinenge 75,000 mativi makiromita, iri mumwoyo munyika. The Tinozorodzwa inopiwa ne sandara mubani avhareji kukwirira 300-400 mamita. Summers zvinopisa kwazvo uye akaoma, kunonaya idukusa 150 mm pagore. The dzegirini zvomusango vakawaridza munyu marshes uye noshamisa mune zvimwewo maonero ayo takyrs.

To rwezasi Bet-Pak-Dala iri Moyynkum Sands. Maererano ichi nzvimbo mugwenga rinenge hafu. Kumaodzanyemba rinenge rakatenderedzwa refu nomumichinjiziri yemakomo pamusoro Karatau uye Kyrgyz Alatau. Saizvozvowo, avhareji kukwira iri yakakwirira - 700-800 mamita. Climate ikasawira 300 mm pagore chinguva manyoro, mumhepo kunayisa. nzvimbo zhinji murenje dzinoshandiswa veko sezvo mafuro emombe.

The zvivako zviri Ural bhandi gomo

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, mukati kuKazakhstan ndiye kumaodzanyemba muromo Ural nyika gomo. Pano ngachipiwe Preduralsky uye Zauralskaya rwenze Mugodzhary makomo, uyewo wandei anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri zviduku anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri (Shirkala, Shoshkakol nevamwe).

Preduralsky rwenze akatambanudza pakati reCaspian mumupata ari kumadokero uye kumabvazuva Mugodzhary. Zvishoma nezvishoma zvinoderedza kumavirira nokumaodzanyemba-kumavirazuva, chokuchinja mu slaboholmistuyu mubani. Avhareji kureba rwenze - 150-300 metres pamusoro pegungwa.

Mugodzhary - zvakanyanyisa wokumaodzanyemba chaitika ari Ural makomo altitudes anosvika 657 meters (yepamusoro Mount Boktybay). makomo aya, Chokwadi, vanomiririra cheni yakaderera uye kudzika zvikomo akafukidza sparse zvinomera. Places relict Birch dzotswa. Mugodzhary - chinokosha tsime mbishi zvinhu mu Kazakhstan. Pano mined mavhu nezvimwe chivakwa ibwe.

Mountains okumabvazuva uye kumaodzanyemba-kumabvazuva Kazakhstan

The kupfuura makomo chikamu Kazakhstan - kumabvazuva uye kumaodzanyemba-kumabvazuva kunyika. Pano akareba neeSultan of Altai uye Tarbagatai vakaparadzana bheseni pakati Lake Zaisan. Pamwe miganhu China uye Kyrgyzstan ruoko kuti Tiến-Shan. Nenzira, pano ndicho yakakwirira munyika. In rwezasi-nechokumabvazuva Kazakhstan muri zvinoverengeka refu neeSultan: Karatau, Junggar uye Ile Alatau, Toksanbay nevamwe.

Mukati kuKaraganda nharaunda dziri Mountains Karkaralinsky. Gadzirai ichi rinoumbwa zvikurukuru girenayiti, quartzite uye porphyrites anozivikanwa vapfumi deposits uye polymetallic ores.

In rwezasi kunounza uye yevedza kwazvo muhomba Karatau (the Tiến Shan). Pane zvakawanda nzvimbo munhu yekare yakawanikwa. Kuburikidza chiitiko ichi, kuti muhomba ari mumiriri kuti unyorwe chitaviridzo UNESCO. An siyana kunzwisisa Karatau akasiyana pamatombo: sandstones, shales, limestones, uye vamwe. miganhu yayo zvakapararira karst pezvakaitwa uye zvakavapo. Dzinoburukira mujinga ari Karatau uranium exchange yangu yakatanga, simbi, ores, uyewo phosphate.

rwenze Mangyshlak

Mangyshlak rwenze (Mangystau kana) iri chete kweItari kumadokero kwenyika yacho. Its avhareji kukwirira - 200-300 metres pamusoro pegungwa. Kubva kuchamhembe rwenze bordered nemakomo vane kwakadzikira kubva Mangistau kusvika 556 metres. Kumabvazuva, chobudira pakunwa kupinda pedyo rwenze Ustyurt.

Pane shanduro dzinenge mbiri kwakabva zita rwenze. Somuenzaniso, shoko rokuti "Mangistau" rinoshandurwa kubva mutauro Kazakh se "chiuru chando." Asi Turkmen mutsvakurudzi K. Annaniyazov shoko "mangylshak" rinoshandurwa se "guru musha." Munguva Soviet, nokuti kupfeka ichi vakaramba zita Mangyshlak, asi muKazakhstan ano zita rake kare zvakasiyana - Mangystau.

"Desert. Zvakakwana pasina uswa - ehe jecha ibwe "- saka akatsanangura nzvimbo idzi akakurumbira Ukrainian nyanduri Taras Grigorevich Dzhafarova. Zvechokwadi, okunze ari zvikuru Continental uye zvikuru akaoma, nzizi pamwe perennial norwizi rakapotsa hapana. Nharaunda yavanopinda akapfuma nyika shiri, izvo pane zvinopfuura pane mazana akasiyana siyana.

Mangyshlak Plateau akapfuma chicherwa kupfuma. Kune deposits mafuta, mhangura, manganese mhangura, dombo rekristaro uye dombo phosphate. Mangyshlak mugove anopa anoporesa chicherwa zhinji: chloride, bromide uye yavaibvisa.

The kunakidza nebani Mangyshlak? Tisingatauri chokuti iri kwayo pamuganhu wamabvazuva vakaumba yakasiyana Karagiye - zvakadzamisisa muKazakhstan uye rimwe zvakadzamisisa munyika. It riri 132 metres pazasi pegungwa.

reCaspian Depression

Mugomo neeSultan, mapani, steppes uye mumarenje pamusoro Kazakhstan, hatina dudza. Asi rondedzero zororo venyika ino zvaisazova kwakakwana pasina kutaurwa guru reko pamapani.

ReCaspian Depression - chihombe nzvimbo munzvimbo 200 zviuru mativi makiromita (nehasha chete nzvimbo inoremekedzwa Republic of Belarus). Zvinonzi bordered nokuda kuchamhembe chikamu kweGungwa reCaspian. Panyaya iyi, kuchamhembe muganhu nokumapani zvikomo Common Syrt, uye kubva kumavirazuva - the Ural uye Ustyurt rwenze. Nebani ane chimiro substantially pamusoro kumeso, zvishoma tichingoda kweGungwa reCaspian. The Mhedziso kukwirira kwayo zvinobva -30 150 metres pamusoro pegungwa.

ReCaspian neShefera akayambuka mupata nzizi shanu: asi Volga, Ural, Emba, Terek uye Kuma. Mukati dzakaderera - yakawanda kudzika makungwa, umo munyu mined kushingaira.

Okunze ndiko zvikuru Continental uye akaoma, inopisa mhepo vari kakawanda. Kuchamhembe chikamu pamapani vachikura gavakava-uswa inowanzorimwa, uye kumaodzanyemba iri hunodzorwa murenje uye Semi-gwenga nharaunda. Kazhinji pane munyu inonanzva uye munyu marshes. Veko vanoshandisa reCaspian pamapani ari pamafuro makuru. Zvinoitawo anovandudza Vegetables uye manwiwa.

The soro rinozotora Kazakhstan

Khan Tengri - rwakavakwa pyramidal yepamusoro of Tiến Shani, chikuru muupenyu Kazakhstan. The Mhedziso Kukwirira kumakomo - 6995 metres, aine maonero echando goko - 7010 mamita.

Pamutemo Mount Khan-Tengri riri pamharadzano dzenzira kunyika nhatu: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan uye China - saka chinofananidzira rugare uye ushamwari pakati penyika nhatu. Wokutanga munhoroondo gomo iri makomo akakunda Soviet Mikhail Pogrebetskiy Boris Tyurin uye Franz Zauberer. Izvi zvakaitika muna 1931. The boka nepfuti zvakanaka kana kurwiswa Basmachi - partisans uyo akarwa vokuSoviet Central Asia.

6 dzinonakidza zvinhu pamusoro pegomo Khan Tengri:

• panguva yepamusoro pane zita rechipiri - Blood Mountain (nokuda vakawanda makomo vakafa apo kukwira pamusoro payo);
• nhasi kune 25 akasiyana migwagwa, izvo unogona achikwira pamusoro;
• pamusoro takaviga Kamudzira chaiyo umo makomo ose kusiya mazano avo anotevera vakundi dzayo;
• anozivikanwa mukwiri Anatoly Bukreyev ainzi yepamusorosoro ichi yakaisvonaka panyika;
• muna 2002 Kyrgyzstan akabudisa mari 100 soms pamwe mufananidzo yepamusoro;
• rekodhi rworwendo dzakawanda Khan Tengri ari mukwiri Gleb Sokolov kubva Novosibirsk, uyo akamuka kumusoro 34 nguva!