Kweropa maitiro sei? Chii mitumbi ine?

Pakati zvikuru hurongwa mumuviri womunhu, kanoda inogarwa kweropa hurongwa. kweropa maitiro sei kusvikira muzana remakore rechi16 kuti masayendisiti yakaramba isingazivikanwi. On kugadzirisa aishanda akakurumbira nevafungi akadai Aristotle, Galen, Harvey nevamwe vazhinji. Zvavakawana dzavo dziri muchidimbu mune coherent hurongwa anatomical uye vasiri pfungwa.

nhoroondo mashoko

A rinokosha pakugadzirwa zvakarurama pfungwa nezvevamwe miviri ndiyo kweropa hurongwa munhu, airidza Spanish musayendisiti Servetus uye Chirungu zvakasikwa Vilyam Garvey. First akabudirira achiratidza kuti ropa kubva kurudyi ventricle anogona kupinda akasiya atrium chete kuburikidza samambure ropa midziyo yose mumapapu. Harvey akazarura vanonzi denderedzwa kukuru (utsinye) kutenderera. Saka zvakanzi akaisa pfungwa iri mubvunzo, kana ropa iri zvachose munhu namahwindo gadziriro, kana kwete uchifamba. Negadziriro vanhu uye mhuka yakavharwa kufamba kweropa.

Unofanira kuyeuka mabasa Italian chiremba Malpighi, uyo akawana rirambe richibvira riparadzirwe. Kuburikidza tsvakurudzo ake, zvakava pachena sezvo ari arterial ropa riri tinoshandurirwa venous ndiEzekieri. Kana mubvunzo anatomi? Human kweropa kwava kuva nhengo dzakadai mwoyo, tsinga uye ebetsero miviri - mumwongo chirwatata uye chiropa.

Heart - huru nhengo kweropa ezvinhu vanhu

Kubvira kare, vose Mutsika mwoyo nezvebasa rinokosha kwete chete somunhu nhengo muviri, asi somunhu dzigare mairi womunhu unhu hwomudzimu. Mashoko okuti "mwoyo mumwe", "kubva mwoyo", "mwoyo kusuwa" vanhu zvakaratidza basa muviri ichi pakugadzirwa manzwiro uye manzwiro.

Asi shure kune anatomi uye physiology mwoyo. Zviri mukaha tsandanyama nhengo kuti rakakamurwa akasiya impermeable Kamudzira (cuboid yakaruma mugari chimiro) uye zvakanaka (dzose chimiro) zvikamu. Ndicho basa Servetus uye Harvey disproved pfungwa Galen kuti cardiac septum vane anokosha mawindo panopinda mvura connective zvinyama inofamba kubva rutivi.

Kutaura zvazviri, pamberi makomba mumoyo parusvingo - kwakakomba zvokurwara kukura, izvo zvinoreva kuti mwoyo kuremara. Zvinonzi chirwere pamazuva oupenyu mucheche vepakutanga, sezvo apo kuteerera stethoscope kuti chipfuva nzvimbo kunonzwika zvakajeka vanonzi ruzha (extraneous ruzha kuti munguva nokusanganisa pamusoro arterial uye venous ropa). Iyi haisi kweropa zvinetso, uye achangobva ane nayo anongokurukurwa mishonga resectable.

The mutinhimira mumoyo

The mwoyo rinowanzoshandiswa zvichienzaniswa pombi. Zvechokwadi, ayo chikuru basa - kupomba ropa. Nokuti tunica muviri ichi raimiririra tsandanyama simba, yainzi myocardium. Mwoyo ine kurudyi nekuruboshwe atria uye vaviri ventricles, uye akasiya uye zvakarurama. Pakati nomumwe atrium uye ventricle muri mavharuvhu.

Kurutivi rworuboshwe chinhu bicuspid kutsemuka vharafu (AIBN), uye kodzero - the tricuspid (tricuspid vharafu). Marwadzo uye kutandara mwoyo vanonzi systole uye diastole. Ropa iri kwakadonhera imwe nhungamiro chete kubva okumusoro zvikamu ventricles, uye kwavari - iri rakakodzera tsinga. Saka, kubva ventricle rworuboshwe kana zvinoderedza ropa mugove pamwe simba vabudiswa mugomba yeropa, kweropa mariri vanenge 105 mm / HG. Art. A kurudziro simba, maererano nemitemo wefizikisi, iri kukurumidza kupararira muchimiro mafungu tsinga mugadziriro. Tinotora mwoyo mutinhimira sezvo kurova kwemwoyo. Its zvakanaka unogona kunzwa radiocarpal kana carotid arteries.

The mvura zvinyama mumuviri womunhu

Basa senga reokisijeni uye zvinovaka muviri, kubviswa tsvina, uyewo kugadzirwa antibodies anoita kweropa hurongwa. Blood mamiriro anogona achimiririrwa musanganiswa masero (leucocytes, erythrocytes uye maplatelet) uye plasma (mvura chikamu), kunopa zvinetso-dzataurwa pamusoro apa.

Muvanhu, pane ropa-dzichiumbwa rinenge rimwe iro - myeloid. Zvinonzi kutungamirira mune mumwongo riri muna diaphysis uye unotora Rutsanga (hematopoietic masero) vari Precursors pamusoro erythrocytes, leukocytes uye maplatelet.

Zvakakurukurwa nemamiriro ropa

Red ropa nokuda pamberi Chizenga ruvara. Hazvina basa chokufambisa ose magasi ichiputswa muropa, - okisijeni uye carbon monoxide. Zvinogona kutora kaviri: oxyhemoglobin uye carboxyhemoglobin. Plasma iri 90% yemvura.

The zvimwe zvinhu - ndivo mapuroteni (sealbumin, fibrinogen, wegamma-globulin,) uye chicherwa munyu, mukuru pakati inova yavaibvisa chloride. masero eropa kuita zvinotevera mabasa:

• erythrocytes - takura okisijeni;
• (. Neutrophils, eosinophils, T lymphocytes, etc.) leukocytes, kana ropa masero machena, - mubasa paumbwe kutapata;
• maplatelet - inobatsira kurega ropa panguva kukanganisa mudziyo rusvingo kuperera (anokonzera kweropa).

dzevanhu kweropa hurongwa, nemhaka-siyana mashandiro ropa kunokosha Pakuchengeta homeostasis yacho muviri.

muviri neropa midziyo: arteries, mutsinga, capillaries

Kuti uone mamwe mitumbi ndiyo kweropa hurongwa munhu, zvinokosha kuti aipe ive richikurukura sepombi vane zvakasiyana diameters uye rusvingo thicknesses. Arteries vane simba tsandanyama rusvingo, sezvo ropa kunoita pariri dzakakwirira nokukurumidza uye yakakwirira kuvafurira. Saka ngozi chaizvo arterial ropa somugumisiro iyo munhu anorasikirwa munguva pfupi yakawanda ropa. Izvi zvinogona kuva kuurayisa nemigumisiro.

Mutsinga vane nyoro masvingo, zvikuru akashongedzerwa semilunar mavharuvhu. Vanopa ropa riyerere mumidziyo chete muna rimwe divi - huru tsandanyama muviri kweropa hurongwa. Sezvo venous ropa anomanikidzwa kukunda simba regiravhiti kukwira kusvika pamwoyo, uye kumanikidza ari mutsinga yakaderera, mavharuvhu izvi usarega ropa kufamba shure, kuti zvinobva pamwoyo.

mumwe richikurukura capillaries ane dhayamita pamusoro nemaziso rusvingo anoita chikuru kushanda negasi exchange. Mavari, carbon dioxide ari kusvitsa (carbon dioxide inobvisa) uye zvinokachidza kubva munyama mumasero uye rirambe richibvira ropa, uyewo, anopa masero yakachena zvaidiwa basa ravo. Whole nemuviri 150 Bln. Rirambe richibvira, zvachose wakareba vari mukuru anenge zviuru 100 makiromita.

A kunyanya dzichipfekeka kwadzakabva womunhu muviri, chinopa dzose dziripo nhengo uye nyama anodiwa zvinhu rubatso kuparadzirwa, izvo zvinogona kuonekwa zvose kwomuzvarirwo vasiri ezvinhu uye pasi akaoma kushanda hurongwa zvinetso (semuenzaniso, thrombus occlusion ari mudziyo).

systemic kutenderera

Tichidzokera kumubvunzo paruzhinji miviri ndiyo kweropa ezvinhu ari munhu. Yeuka kuti munhu namahwindo makopi, wakashama Harvey, anobvawo munyika ventricle kuruboshwe uye inoguma zvakarurama atrium.

Yeropa Nde tsinga yemuviri kutanga systemic riparadzirwe, anoita ropa, oxygenated, kubva ventricle kuruboshwe. Achishandisa vascular hurongwa amutambanudzira kubva yeropa uye branching yose muviri, ropa anoenda kunzvimbo dzose muviri uye zvomukati, rokunyorovesa navo okisijeni akatakura inotonhorera muviri uye zvifambiso mabasa.

Kubva yokumusoro chikamu muviri (musoro, mapendekete, muchipfuva, okumusoro nemakumbo) venous ropa, akapfuma carbon dioxide, zviri inounganidzwa mu pevane vena cava, uye kubva pasi hafu muviri - rezasi vena cava. Both mukaha mutsinga chinhu muruoko rworudyi atrium, nokuvhara riparadzirwe.

Pulmonary kutenderera

kweropa hurongwa nhengo - moyo, kweropa maitiro - mune dzinonzi duku (pulmonary) kutenderera. It akazarura wayo Miguel Servet pakati ramakore rechi16. kumativi uyu kunotanga kubva kurudyi ventricle uye inoguma mu atrium kuruboshwe.

Venous ropa kuburikidza rworudyi atrioventricular pakuvhurwa rworudyi auricle anopinda zvakanaka ventricle. Of pamusoro pulmonary hunde, uye ipapo vaviri pulmonary arteries - kurudyi - inopinda mumapapu. Uye pasinei nokuti midziyo iyi inonzi arteries, ropa pamusoro pavo zvibudire venous. It muwisira kurudyi nekuruboshwe nemapapu, vari capillaries, Entangling Formação de (pulmonary vesicles rinoumbwa zvemapapu parenchyma). Pakati okisijeni Formação de uye connective zvinyama kuburikidza thinnest rusvingo rirambe richibvira gasi Exchange kunoitika. Zviri muchikamu ichi muviri inova deoxygenated ropa mukati arterial. Zvadaro inoyerera ichipinda postcapillary venules, izvo kukura kusvika 4 pulmonary mutsinga. Maererano naye arterial ropa anopinda kuruboshwe atrium, apo inoguma chiduku kutenderera.

Kufamba kweropa iri nhumbi dzose kunoitika panguva imwe chete, pasina kumbomira kana kumbomira kuti wechipiri.

coronary kutenderera

Chii chinonzi zvionera kweropa hurongwa vehurumende uye ndizvo zvinotaurwa peculiarities waro inoshanda yakanga nemasayendisiti akadai Shymlanskaya, Bowman, GIS. Vakawana kuti kufadza ukoshi munyika ino ine in coronal kana coronary krovooborot, uko kwakaitwa ropa mudziyo unokosha, twining mwoyo uye vachiwedzera kubva yeropa. Izvi midziyo yakadai kuruboshwe huru coronary tsinga matavi, zvinoti: kuruboshwe Anterior achiburukira circumflex bazi atrial bazi. Uye zvakarurama coronary tsinga matavi akadaro: rworudyi coronary uye posterior interventricular.

Blood pasina okisijeni kunyika tsandanyama muviri munzira nhatu: kuburikidza coronary sinus, mutsinga dziri mhango pakati atrium, uye duku vascular mapazi kuti dzinoyerera kupinda kurutivi rworudyi mwoyo, kunyange pasina kuratidza epicardium ake.

Denderedzwa portal tsinga

Sezvo mukuita womukati kwemashoko svikiro kunokosha chaizvo kweropa hurongwa, chero mitumbi ine denderedzwa portal tsinga, masayendisiti dzinongoitika ndakadzidza mu pokukurukura systemic riparadzirwe. It Vakawana kuti ari zvomudumbu turakiti, rwatata uye chirwatata ropa rinoungana pakudzika uye pevane mesenteric tsinga, vakazochinja zvinobatana kuti vaumbe portal (portal tsinga).

Portal Vienna pamwe hepatic tsinga iri chiropa anopinda gedhi. Arterial uye venous ropa hepatocytes (chiropa masero) ari pasi wandei uye yafamba muduku vena cava anopinda zvakanaka atrium. Saka, ropa ekunatswa kunoitika nokuda chipingamupinyi kushanda chiropa, iyo inopa uye kweropa hurongwa.

Ndezvipi zviremera ndiyo ebetsero hurongwa

The nemamiriro chikamu mitumbi zvinosanganisira tsvuku mumwongo chirwatata uye chiropa vane apa. Sezvo masero ropa pfupi, anenge 60-90 mazuva, pane kudiwa dongo marara masero ekare ropa uye kwetunhu vechiduku. azvaiitwa anopa chikamu zvomukati ari kweropa hurongwa.

In mumwongo ine myeloid zvinyama synthesized aizotangira vakaumba zvinhu.

The chirwatata, kuwedzera dhipoziti kushanda ropa harishandiswi riparadzirwe, anoparadza masero mutana matsvuku uye zvishoma anozadza nokurasikirwa kwavo.

Chiropa uyewo kunoitika kurasa akafa leucocytes, erythrocytes uye maplatelet, uye ropa kuchengetwa, hausi muzvirongwa kweropa ino.

Munyaya kweropa hurongwa kwave yakakurukurwa zvakadzama, inoitwa vehurumende uye chii mashandiro ari mumuviri womunhu.