Provincial uye dunhu zemstvo nemagungano uye yevakuru. Sikai dzematunhu uye eruwa zemstvo gungano. Sezvo inonzi ungano nhengo Zemsky?

At pakutanga XIX remakore yomunharaunda utariri akanga akatakurwa ari gadziriro iri feudal zvoupfumi. Somunhu anokosha achitaura muridzi. In ake akanga akaisa administrative nezvakatongwa, zveupfumi uye enyika simba pamusoro kuzvimiririra.

murimi mudiki nadzurudzo

Implementation Its waitoda kukurumidza kugadzirisa zvivako zvehurumende zvomunharaunda. Mukuita anochinja, hurumende vaifunga rokusika zvinhu kwaizovimbisa pakuchengetedza simba landlords, kwamachinda. The kuchinja Chikamu kirasi vakasimbirira pakusika kuchikosha paruzhinji uye ropafadzo. Liberal Mapoka nezvezvakanaka capitalist nzira, pfungwa kuumbika vsesoslovnye sangano. The yokupedzisira nekubatwa mirayiro pamusoro Zemstvo uye dikidiki nemitemo basa ravo dzakagadzirira kusvikira pakupera 1863

Kuumbwa itsva masangano

Muna 1864, January 1, akanga wakasainwa musi Urongwa otaura County uye masimba kumaruwa. Yaifanira kuwedzera gwaro iri 33 maruwa. Zvadaro, Hurumende akaronga kusuma zvokudya ichishanda munharaunda Astrakhan, Archangelsk uye vokumadokero 9 mumatunhu Bessarabia, kuBaltic kumatunhu, Umambo kwePoland. masangano All, izvo kusvikira 1864 akamhanya nyaya veruzhinji kuzvidza Zemsky mabasa, National zvokudya, vakanga akabvisa.

The nemamiriro sangano idzva

Masangano zvinosanganisira:

1. Nesarudzo mumakoreji.
2. Zemsky gungano uye kanzuru.

kumiririrwa mamiriro inobva papfungwa vsesoslovnye. The sarudzo yaiitwa musi 3 congresses - kubva zvitatu curiae:

1. District Varidzi. Chaiva ainyanya pamusoro yagara kwamachinda. Congress aigona kuvhota varidzi venyika kana pfuma zvinodiwa kana rimwe guta turnover pagore. Last zvinoiswa pa 6 Th. Land chinodiwa vakatsunga nerimwe dunhu nomumwe, tinotevedzera mamiriro yagara muridzi. Somuenzaniso, muna Vladimir, akanga chegumi 250, muMoscow - 200, muna Vologda - 250-800. Qualification chaiyo wenhaka iri pa 15 zviuru. Varidzi Vaya vasina mari yakakwana, muchirongwa kuvhota kubudikidza Marshal.
2. Urban curia. Chaiva vanhu vaiva mushambadzi zvitupa, varidzi ezvokutengeserana uye maindasitiri establishments, iro turnover izvo haana asingasviki zviuru 6. P. / Yr., Uye akanga ane zvimwe yakawanda pfuma.
3. Rural curia. Zvinorevavo ane pfuma zvinodiwa. Zvisinei,-chikuva matatu sarudzo dzakanga akatanga muna Curia. Vanhuwo zvavo vakanga vachienda yeko mazambiringa, dzinosarudzwa vamiririri uye akavatuma kumusangano. Yatova vakasarudzwa kuvhota weruwa.

Zvinofanira akati, senhengo vekereke dzoruwa vakadanwa. Ndivo vakadanwa mavhawero.

Zvakakurukurwa mumiriri hurongwa

Zvose murimi mudiki congresses chete ane oga vanhu vakaderera hunhu. Izvi dziripowo kutora chikamu vanhu vasiri chikamu kumaruwa muvanhu. Pakutanga, takanga vasingabvumirwi vamiririri intelligentsia. Pazuva landowning uye madhorobha guruundano vechikamu aigona vasanangurwa chete mavhawero pamusoro curia ake. Panguva kumaruwa vaibvumirwa kuvhota muchifarira Varidzi kunze Curia, uyewo vafundisi vemo. Suffrage kunyimwa vanhu pasi pemakore 25, pasi mudare kana tsotsi kutsvakurudza, ruzhinji stigmatization yacho mutongo kana kutongwa. Hatina kubatanidzwa sarudzo, uye vatorwa havasi apika mambo.

Sikai dzematunhu uye weruwa zemstvo gungano

The chezvinonhuwira wegadziriro rechipiri rakaumbwa pamusoro nesarudzo congresses. The sarudzo yaiitwa pamakore matatu. Zemsky misangano yaiitwa kamwe pagore. In ezvinhu kunoshamisa, vakanga kuunganidzwa uye zvakawanda. Sezvo sachigaro, somunhu mutemo, akataura mutungamiriri kwamachinda. Provincial uye dunhu zemskie gungano vakaumba chivakashure hierarchical marongerwo.

mabasa

District uye dzematunhu zemstvo nemagungano rinoumbwa nhengo vakasarudzwa kubva curiae matatu congresses. The okutanga akaisa kune wechipiri, asi havana kugona kuzvisarudzira mibvunzo inoverengeka. Kunyanya, zemstvo magungano:

1. Akabvumirawo Panovhurwa misika uye wokutengesera.
2. Kuparadzirwa mukati County uye ruwa hurumende mari. Nyaya iyi iri anonzi pakagadzwa kurongeka uye mutemo.
3. Masangano Provincial zvinopa mashoko uye pfungwa panyaya youpfumi.
4. We rwakapedza dambudziko zviri shorelines.
5. Kupfuura nyika migwagwa uye mugwagwa mumunda dzoruwa chikamu kana ndiEzekieri, yochinja kutungamirira kwavo.
6. Nyaya mirairo uye zvidzidzo zvokuongorora pamusoro mirayiridzo parangano Railways mudziyo, inishuwarenzi namazano, akagovera mberi mushumo.

Higher Zemsky Assembly zvichakutorerai:

1. Kuparadzana zvivako, kukurukurirana, kuvakwa, mitoro, masangano erudo muboka. Kupatsanura pakati nokukosha 2 mapoka: mumwe muri County, mumwe - kudunhu.
2. Kuitisa bhizimisi pamusoro sangano idzva dzaishandiswa nhumbi, kuchinja / kunonosa kushanda.
3. Direction kuburikidza vakuru zvikumbiro kuchinjwa pomugwagwa zvakagadzirwa muboka hurumende nezvikonzero zvakanaka.
4. Kuitisa bhizimisi pamusoro sangano marinas itsva pamusoro penzizi uye kuchinjwa aivapo zvengarava.
5. Marongerwo pakati mumaruwa ose Revenue.
6. Business kurapa yakawiriranwa inishuwarenzi pfuma kubva mumoto.
7. Nehanya uye kwemupfungwa penhau uye zvinetso zvingavapo kana achibvumirana Layouts uye mutengo nokufungidzira kuti kupomerwa.
8. Analysis kunyunyuta pamusoro yevakuru.

The mazita sika

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti zvokudya 1864 muna Art. 2 akapiwa mazita zvinhu zvaigona kutakurwa zemstvo magungano, asi havana zvaisashanda pamusoro pavo. Izvi zvinosanganisira, kunyanya:

1. Mamaneja chepfuma, mari uye guta kurapa masangano.
2. Kutarisira kukura munhu National chikafu hurongwa, bhizimisi uye kutengeserana.
3. Management pamusoro yakawiriranwa inishuwarenzi pfuma.
4. Marongerwo pamusoro Revenue.
5. Kubuda kukura nokutsigira paruzhinji utano uye dzidzo upfumi.
6. Achitora uye mari kuti mari.

zemstvo

Vaiita Executive nhengo. sezvamunoita yavo aumbwa Zemsky Assembly pachirongwa idzva ungano yokutanga. Kwete chikamu nevarikutonga muzvikoro vakuru kubva Treasury, Exchequer, pakunamata munhu. Amachinda kanzuru akanga 6 nhengo uye sachigaro. Kusarudzwa miviri pa 3 years. The dunhu Hurumende aivapo 2 nhengo uye sachigaro, vaizviti zvepamusoro vemo mukuru.