Prokaryotes: marongerwo uye zvimwe zvinhu zvoupenyu

Munyaya ino tichakurukura sechivako prokaryotes uye eukaryotes. Utachiona uhwu vane yakasiyana chaizvo kwevari sangano. A chikonzero ichi - the STRUCTURAL zviri magene mashoko.

Zvakakurukurwa sechivako masero prokaryotic

Prokaryotes akadana zvose zvipenyu vane masero ane nuclei. Vamiririri shanu wepanguva Samuel nemhuka ndezvaMwari kwavari chinhu chimwe chete - Mabhakitiriya. Prokaryotes, sechivako yatiri kukurukura, zvinosanganisirawo vamiririri algae zvitema-manyoro uye archaea.

Pasinei kushaya formalized chinoumba masero, mashoko magene dzine. Izvi zvinobvumira iwe yokuchengetera nekufambisa kuvabereki mashoko, asi ichikutadzisa zvakasiyana siyana nzira kubereka. Kutamba prokaryotes zvose kunoitika kuburikidza kupatsanura navo huviri masero. By mitosis uye meiosis havasi vanokwanisa.

Sechivako prokaryotic uye eukaryotic

Zvakakurukurwa sechivako prokaryotes uye eukaryotes, izvo Munokudzwa, zvikuru chakazvibata. Kuwedzera sechivako majini zvinhu, izvi zvinoshandawo organelles zhinji. Eukaryotes, izvo zvinosanganisira miti, notumwe nemhuka, ane mu cytoplasm mitochondria, Golgi midziyo, endoplasmic reticulum, plastids zhinji. In prokaryotes, vari kurasikirwa. Muchitokisi wall, riri uye ivo, uye vamwe, zvakasiyana makemikari anoumba. In utachiona, izvozvo rinoumbwa makabhohaidhiretsi yakaoma, pectin kana murein, nepo mune miti inobva cellulose, uye hunokuvadza - chitin.

History yakawanikwa

Zvakakurukurwa marongerwo uye kushanda prokaryotes chikazikamwa masayendisiti chete muzana remakore rechi17. Uye ichi pasinei nokuti zvisikwa izvi aivapo panyika kubva pakutanga kwayo. Muna 1676 vakanga pakutanga akaongororwa ane Manyiminya maikorosikopu noMusiki rayo Antoni Van Levenguk. Kufanana ose nemaziso zvinenge, musayendisiti akavati "animalikulami". Shoko rokuti "bacteria" akazviratidza chete pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi19. It akabayira rinozivikanwa zvakasikwa German Christian Ehrenberg. Shoko rokuti "prokaryotes" akanonoka, munguva yokusikwa ane Erekitironi maikorosikopu. Uye pakutanga, masayendisiti vakatsunga kuti kusiyana sechivako majini midziyo masero ezvisikwa siyana. E. Chatton muna 1937 zvinganaka batanidza pahwaro zvipenyu mumapoka maviri: Va- uye eukaryotes. Kupesana uku iripo nhasi. Muhafu yechipiri yezana remakore rechi20 rakanga rakawanikwa musiyano pakati prokaryotes pachavo: archaea uye utachiona.

Zvakakurukurwa mudziyo pamusoro

Pamusoro prokaryotes midziyo rine Kamudzira uye foni rusvingo. Mumwe nemumwe zvikamu izvi ine maitiro ayo. Kamudzira yavo inoumbwa miviri paiva lipids nemapurotini. Prokaryotes, ane chimiro iri nani chinyakare, muri mhando mbiri foni rusvingo mamiriro. Saka, muna giremu-akanaka bacteria nayo rinoumbwa zvikurukuru pamusoro peptidoglycan, ine Ukobvu 80 nm uye inoomerera membrane. A maitiro chinoratidza mamiriro iri pamberi pores imomo iyo chinopinda dzinoverengeka mamorekuru. Sero rusvingo giremu utachiona chitete chaizvo - kuti vaifanira 3 nm. Zviri yakabatana Kamudzira batana. Vamwe vamiririri prokaryotes kuchiri kunze uye mucous Kamudzira. Inochengetedza muviri kubva nokuomesa, zvokuimba kukuvara, anosika yokuwedzera osmotic nokuidzivirira.

organelles prokaryotes

Sero maumbirwo prokaryotes uye eukaryotes ane Misiyano, izvo kazhinji umbwa pamberi zvimwe organelles. Izvi zvachose hurongwa kuona pachiyero zvipenyu rose. In prokaryotes, vakawanda vavo vari kurasikirwa. Protein usage mumasero izvi zvinoitika ribosomes. In hwemvura prokaryotes ane aerosomy. Izvi gasi in zvinopa buoyancy uye kugadziridza ukuru kunyudza zvipenyu. Chete mumasero prokaryotic ane mesosoma. Nhindi izvi cytoplasmic Kamudzira kuitika chete panguva kushandiswa kwemakemikari Kuda kutamba nzira panguva kugadzirira masero prokaryotic nokuda microscopy. Organelle kufamba utachiona uye archaea vari cilia kana flagella. Zvino aida substrate itakurwe yokunwa. zvivako izvi inoumbwa mapuroteni-humburumbira injini, anonziwo villi uye fimbriae.

Chii nucleoid

Asi chinonyanya kukosha musiyano ndiyo maumbirwo prokaryotic uye eukaryotic Gene. Genetic ruzivo namadhimoni zvinenge izvi zvose. In eukaryotes, zvinonzi yakashongedzwa mukati musimboti. Izvi dvumembrannaya organelle ine chizvaro yayo, unonzi nucleoplasm, chromatin uye ganda. Pane rinoitwa kwete chete kuchengetera kuvabereki mashoko, asiwo kwetunhu RNA mamorekuru. The nucleoli vari dzakwidzwa vakaumba subunits ose ribosomes - the organelles anokonzera mapuroteni usage.

Sechivako prokaryotic majini nyore. zvinhu zvavo majini rinotaurwa nucleoid kana renyukireya munda. DNA mu prokaryotes zvisina mumapepa kupinda okutodza uye vane namahwindo annular marongerwo. The sezvamunoita rinewo mamorekuru nucleoid RNA uye mapuroteni. Recent Feature patakafanana eukaryotic histones. Ivo pa- doubling DNA, RNA usage, zvemakemikari mamiriro uye discontinuities kudzorerwa nucleic acids.

Features zvoupenyu

Prokaryotes, ane chimiro zvakasiyana kunzwisisa, kuita pezvakaitwa zvakarurama kunzwisisa upenyu. chikafu ichi, kufema, kubereka dzavo mhando, kufamba, muviri ... Uye ichi zvose anokwanisa muchitokisi roga mumwe chete ane kukura siyana 250 mm! Saka chii pamusoro primitiveness kunogona chete kuva hama.

Zvakakurukurwa sechivako prokaryotes kukonzera uye zvigadziriswe pakati physiology yavo. Somuenzaniso, vanokwanisa kubereka simba munzira nhatu. Chokutanga chinovira. Zvinonzi kuitwa zvimwe utachiona. Hwaro mugadziriro iyi redox maitiro umo ATP iri synthesized Morekuru. Izvi makemikari remubatanidzwa umo kukamurwa kupinda akawanda muzvikamu simba asunungurwa. Saka, unowanzonzi "masero bhatiri". Chimwe nzira ari kufema. Musimboti izvi iri oxidation kuti makemikari zvinhu. Vamwe prokaryotes vanokwanisa photosynthesis. Mienzaniso ayo yebhuruu-nyoro algae nezvishava utachiona kuti ane plastids mumasero. Asi Archaea vanokwanisa vasiri chlorophyll photosynthesis. Panguva iyi, hapana Kuda kutamba kuti carbon dioxide, uye ATP Morekuru pacharo vari aumba. Saka, chokwadi, pari phosphorylation.

mhando zvokudya

Utachiona uye archaea - munhu prokaryote, chivakwa runovabvumira kushandisa simba uye dzakasiyana-siyana. Vamwe vavo autotrophs. Utachiona uhwu pachavo synthesize Organic yeimwe panguva photosynthesis. Mumasero prokaryotic zvakadaro chlorophyll. Vamwe Mabhakitiriya kuwana simba kuburikidza anotsemura zvimwe yeimwe Organic. Avo rudzi zvokudya rinonzi chemotrophic. Vamiririri boka iri simbi - nesarufa utachiona. Vamwe Sechipanji chete Finished akakura. Ndivo vakadanwa heterotrophs. Vazhinji vavo kurarama parasitic upenyu uye kurarama chete mukati masero zvisikwa. A kusiyana neboka iri zvakare saprotrophs. Vakaguta tsvina kana makemikari nyaya kuora. Sezvaunogona kuona, prokaryotes simba dzinoshandiswa zvikuru siyana. Izvi zvakaita kuti avo kwazvo kuparadzira mune nzvimbo dzose.

siyana kubereka

Prokaryotes, sechivako anomirirwa imwe muchitokisi, vakawanza neDare weboka muzvikamu zviviri kana yotunga. Nyaya iyi imhaka yavo masero uye midziyo. Binary fission muitiro iri pashure ari doubling, kana DNA kuberekana. Panyaya iyi nucleic iine acid morekuru wokutanga unwound, uye panguva iyoyo mumwe beach iri kudzokororwa pamusoro nheyo complementarity. The zvichiguma okutodza diverge akananga matanda. Masero kuwedzera kukura, yakaumbwa pakati constriction uye mberi kwavo chokupedzisira kuparadzana kunoitika. Vamwe Mabhakitiriya vari kugonawo nokuumba masero asexual kubereka - spores.

Utachiona uye Archaea: mamiriro

Kwenguva refu, pamwe archaea bacteria vaimiririra Umambo Monera. Zvechokwadi, vane zvakawanda STRUCTURAL zvinhu zvakafanana. Izvi chikuru ukuru uye chimiro masero dzavo. Zvisinei, ongororo nokukanganisika dzakaratidza kuti vane nhamba zvakafanana zviri pamwe eukaryotes. hunhu uyu makemikari pasi chiito izvo gadziriro kwetunhu RNA uye mapuroteni mamorekuru.

By nzira zvokudya ruzhinji pavo chemotroph. Uyezve, zvinhu izvo wakanamatira mubishi yokuwana simba archaea zvakawanda siyana. Izvi makabhohaidhiretsi kunzwisisa uye amoniya, uye simbi yeimwe. Kune pakati archaea uye autotrophs. Kakawanda ivo vanopinda symbiotic ukama. Tupukanana pakati archaea kwete. Most aiwanzowanika zvakasikwa uye commensals Mutualists. Muchiitiko chokutanga, archaea vanopiwa ne hondo zvinhu, asi regai mumutore zvakaipa. Kusiyana uku kwakadai symbiotic ukama mutualistic kubatsira vakawana vose zvinenge. Vamwe vavo vane metagenami. archaea kwakadaro vagere zvomudumbu maitiro evanhu uye ruminant mhuka, zvichikonzera kunyanya gasi inotungamirwa ari ura. Utachiona uhwu muwande binary fission, yotunga kana kusabatana.

Archaea kugona zvinenge zvose nzvimbo. Ndivo kunyanya dzakasiyana mune plankton. Pakutanga, archaea zvose ndezvaJehovha boka extremophiles nekuti vava kukwanisa kugara zvitubu zvemvura inopisa, uye mune reservoirs dzakakwirira salinity, uye kudzika pamwe yakawanda kuvafurira.

The kukosha prokaryotic zvakasikwa uye upenyu hwevanhu

Basa prokaryotes zvakasikwa zvinokosha. Kutanga, ndivo vokutanga zvipenyu dzakatangira panyika. Masayendisiti akawana kuti utachiona uye archaea akazviratidza anenge mabhiriyoni 3,5 akapfuura. Symbiogenesis inoti vakabva kwavari uye dzimwe organelles masero eukaryotic. Zvikurukuru, tiri kutaura pamusoro plastids uye mitochondria.

prokaryotes zhinji zvinoshandiswa hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu kugadzira mishonga, nemishonga, makemikari, hormone, fetiraiza uye sora. Man yagara kushandisa kubatsira ehupfumi ose lactic asidhi utachiona kuti kugadzirwa chizi, yogati, yogati, yakaviriswa zvigadzirwa. With zvinenge izvi kuburikidza yokuchenesa madziva uye ivhu kupfeka chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi dzakasiyana-siyana. Utachiona vanoumba intestinal microflora vanhu nemhuka zhinji. Pamwe archaea muchibayiro kutenderera zvinhu zvakawanda: senitrogen, simbi, sarufa, uye rehydrogen.

Ukuwo, mabhakitiriya akawanda ndivo causative vaishandira zvirwere ngozi nokuda yokudzora nhamba kwemarudzi mazhinji ezvinhu zvinomera uye mhuka. Vane denda, njovhera, korera, hwechigwadara, diphtheria.

Saka akadana prokaryotes zvinenge vane masero havana nuclei wakabudiswa. zvinhu zvavo majini rine nucleoid ina raundi morekuru reDNA. Kubva ano zvinenge kuti prokaryotes zvinosanganisira utachiona uye archaea.