Liquid, munyu mvura pamusoro Mars: tsananguro, nhoroondo uye mashoko

Sezvo nzvimbo ubanguranyika vanhu vari kuwedzera kufarira pfungwa kuziva miedzo omuchadenga. Nokufambira mberi mune zvemichina mukana kudzidza mapuraneti pedyo. Mumwe wavo aiva Mars - nyika chechina munyika nenyika dzinotenderera pariri yakafanana chaizvo Earth, asi sezvo-refu outmoded hwake uye akatotanga dzaserera. Permafrost kukodzera kuti zvinhu zvipenyu venyama mhepo, simba madutu guruva - izvi zvose zvinoita dzisingambosvikiki kuupenyu. Zvisinei, munguva ichangopfuura akawana mvura pamusoro Mars anopa tariro yokuongorora nyika sezvo musha yechipiri vanhu munguva yemberi iri kure.

Vhuṱanzi

Mars ane zvinenge kaviri nharaunda duku kupfuura Earth (6780? Km paavhareji), uyewo vakawanda duku zvikuru (zvachose 10.7 muzana Earth). nyika inofamba vakapoteredza zuva rinoitwa pamusoro elliptical muchadenga. Nyika yacho majana kumativi ayo akabatana kunoitika kwemaawa 24 uye maminitsi 39, kufanana Panyika. Asi kumativi Sun, Mars ichifamba yakareba - mazuva anopfuura 686.98 nemitemo yepasi. Phobos uye Deimos - kwemwedzi of Red Planet zvidiki, irregularly akaumbwa.

Asati musi Mars, vakawana mvura, masayendisiti akatanga kufunga pamberi upenyu ikoko. Tichingotarisa, aigona kuva upenyu refu kusvikira zvinoratidzika panyika, asi pakanga chinhu akaparadza zvakatipoteredza uye zvipenyu zvose panyika.

kudzidza

Mubasa kudzidza nyika iri USSR, iri US, India uye European nzvimbo munharaunda kubva 1960

Nokuti mashoko uye dzinonakidza zvakawanwa takaitwa kuburikidza kushanda ipapo chitundumusere-musere uye Mars ramakororo "Mars", "Kumufambisi Wechikepe», Kuda kuziva, Mukana, Mweya. Kuti Mars vachiongorora akakundikana kuita mifananidzo itsva kubva pemvura nyika, kuongorora ivhu ivhu kugadzirisa pamberi bvungapfunga, echando uye mvura.

The pachena mufananidzo Mars vakaitwa "Hubble" - simba kupfuura nzvimbo teresikopu.

The pemvura nyika

The inopenya nzvimbo pamusoro Mars zvinonzi makondinendi, uye zvasviba - makungwa.

Ongororo Recent dzakaratidza kuti musi Mars pane seasonality. The kukura polar nguwani yamatanda vari shanduka muzhizha iduku uye kukura muchando. Pemvura puraneti chakafukidzwa mumipata, Kunetsana makuru, yakadzika craters, achipupura kune zvizivikanwe nemichina uye tectonic basa.

Nyika ine Nzvimbo inoshamisa wakatsetseka. Yepamusoro Nzvimbo iri kumaodzanyemba hemisphere kunoratidza kuti ari kure kare, nyika akamborara chinokosha kudhumhana ane asteroid, rinorema kurohwa.

Zvichida ichi anova vanoshandura kuguma nguva apo Mars mvura inoyerera. Furidzira zvakakonzera nokuwedzera remagineti kumaodzanyemba hemisphere nokuda redistribution nevazhinji zvenyukireya Mars.

pasi tsvakurudzo

Takabatwa gororo Kuda kuziva lähikuva yokutsvakurudza zvinangwa vakanga pasi kudziyisa, panguva iyo vaporizing hunyoro wakaona. Pashure paizvozvo, NASA akasvika zvinoshamisa zvakawanikwa, kuwana kuti paavhareji cubic mita ivhu rine pamusoro ity mvura. Kupa, apo mvura pamusoro Mars, hapana akafungidzira kuti anenge kwese.

Vamwe ivhu akaturikidzana kuoma, asi nzvimbo dzakawanda vari yakakanyiwa uye iine kusvika 4% remvura murwiyo. Uyezve, okumusoro akaturikidzana ari kunaya, uye pasi pawo tiri pakaoma fibers. Hazvisi pachena kuti chii chikonzero iri mwando chiri munyika iri pasi ivhu pamusoro Mars rine pamusoro.

Kuongorora zviri kwakadzama ivhu akaturikidzana, zvinoberekwa drilling mumapako nharaunda padzakacherechedza remubatanidzwa carbonates nezvimwe zvicherwa kubva ivhu kugutsikana. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti mvura iri Mars waiva muchimiro pasi.

Long branching grooves panyika pevhu, mifananidzo kubva satellites, anogona rwaoma pamubhedha nzizi zvakadzika. Permafrost ukashandukira zvose mvura kupinda chando, pasi iyo zvino anofungidzirwa zvakavanzika dzemvura. A gobvu rukoko echando kunotadzisa kubva kuoma nechando, vachibvumira kuerera kuramba tichiwedzera rwizi mubhedha.

Muchadenga uye nemwaranzi panyika

Okisijeni-vapfumi ezvinhu haagoni vanozvirova inonzi Mars. Water muchimiro peya vashomashoma chikamu mairi. Zvomumhepo pane sparse, saka nemwaranzi pamwero pano chaizvo.

Carbon dioxide huri anoumba chadenga kupfuura - 95%, zvose rakasanganiswa shoma senitrogen uye argon.

Avhareji tembiricha yepasi ndiyo -50 ° C, asi kunogona kuva pasi -140 ° C. Zvokufungidzira, makore akawanda akapfuura okunze musi Mars aiva kunaya uye inodziya, nyaya mvura.

Hypotheses vavo chisimbiso

Mukana emura musi Mars kare manyawi vanhu. Kunyange pasina chinokosha zvokushandisa, materesikopu, masayendisiti akatanga kuisa mberi pfungwa ariko mvura panyika refu kutangira Satellite akatuma muchadenga.

Kunyange XIX remakore Giovanni Schiaparelli aibvuma nharo kuti Mars ane mvura. Uyezve, zvinofungidzirwa vakati nyika pane migero zhinji, chakagadzirwa chavatumwa. Aidavira kuti kana mvura inoyerera pamusoro Mars, zvinonzi akazara migero murume-akaita akasikwa sezvo kudiridzwa gadziriro kuti vachengetedze mvura mari.

A nokusimbisa guesswork masayendisiti yakanga yawanikwa nyika mvura. Ndiwo mamiriro ezvinhu kuti kuvapo upenyu chokutanga. Danho rokutanga kune imwe kutama iri nyika kuti vanhu munguva yemberi iri kure.

Kuwanikwa mvura Mars aiva budiriro iri kudzidza nyika. Chimwe chinokosha kuwanikwa vave chaivo zvipenyu.

Salt mvura pamusoro Mars

Kokutanga pamusoro kuchinja kwemwaka musi Mars akataura pashure yawanikwa nguwani chena matanda, iyo ipfupi bhuku, inowedzerwa.

Muna 2011, NASA akaita shamisa okuti: mvura Rwako zvakawanikwa - perchlorates, iyo ikatanga pasi mawere ari Southern Hemisphere pamusoro pamasvingo mwena. Spectral mifananidzo Mars Rreconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) vakasasiya mubvunzo kuti mvura unotii.

Mvura inoyerera muchirimo, pova mvura navamazana, uye anenge mashanu metres pahupamhi, uye haarambi muchando.

Ukuwo, vanhuwo zvavo mvura pakarepo aite chando pasi zvinoitwa pasi tembiricha pamusoro pemvura Mars. Pane dzidziso kuti mvura munyu, imwe mhando pickle pahwaro nokuda perchloric acid, riri kukonzerwa ayo sezvamunoita hazvirevi -oma. Saka kure, masayendisiti havazivi kuti chokwadi kworudzii mvura. Asi kana uchinyatsoda wakawanda mvura pamusoro Mars, saka anogona kurarama tusingaoneki iyo, kufanana munyu, Sapasi.

Bvungapfunga pamusoro Red Planet

Madekwana, in the fog zvishoma nezvishoma rinowanika vakapoteredza nyika pevhu. Uyu mumwezve kusimbisa chokwadi kuti mvura aripo Mars. Mhute rinokwira pamusoro Cold pasi. Rine chando yakagwamba nechando inoramba kuti pasi kubva mhute pasi ake uremu. Vakakwanisa kutora mufananidzo "Phoenix", achinongedzera kukwira Laser. Vamwe chando nezvimedu kunyura muvhu, saka kuona kugara kuchinjana pakati zvomumhepo uye pemvura.

Night bvungapfunga anova zvakadzika avete pamusoro pacho chinowa hombe svinga echando inoramba. Kunyatsoita nekukwirira kwayo inobvawo pane nguva yegore.

Madutu uye madutu panyika

Kunyange asati mvura inowanikwa pana Mars, masayendisiti vaifungidzira ipapo chinowanikwazve guruva madutu uye madutu. Okunze musi Mars aigara chando uye yakaoma maererano chokwadi uye nedzidziso kare mvumo.

Akavaka muenzaniso unoratidza Martian ezvinhu anenge mabhiriyoni 3,5 akapfuura, akazivisa kuvapo kare hofori inodziya mudhamu. The chiutsi richisimuka kubva ayo nechepamusoro, akaumba gore, umo ipapo kwakanaya flakes. Izvi zvinotungamirira pakugumisa kuti nyika inogona kuchengeta uye madutu chando.

Muna 2015, gororo Mukana akatora Panoramic mifananidzo guru guruva dhiabhori. kakawanda Mweya mukoma wake akaita zvakafanana mifananidzo pamberi. Asi nguva ino dutu rakanga chaizvoizvo kusimba guru saizi, akavanza pasi pevhu.

Wind gusts pamadutu takura jecha, guruva, uye kusvika aimhanya anosvika zana metres por wechipiri.

Martian Ocean

Made in 70 kwakaitwa mifananidzo inoratidza kuti Mars kare akaita gungwa kuti akafukidza yakawanda Northern Hemisphere. Kuvapo grooves ari pose inoratidza Kuvapo huru ine makungwa nenzizi.

Studies kushandisa Radar simba akaratidza kuti pakadzika pasi akaturikidzana ivhu zvakavigwa mazizaya makuru. MRO dzakaratidzei akatambanudza kwemazana makiromita kubva North Pole kusvika neequator mazitombo echando. Mvura pamusoro Mars muchimiro chando iri pakadzika pasi regomo idzodzo, mukati craters pakati anoputika.

Kuti yakadzika Canal hurongwa aigona hunonzi aumbwa ari kure kare munyanza. Migero pachavo vanogona kunge akazviratidza somugumisiro dhaka Rwako, jecha, matombo uye chando Kuparara. Volcanic basa kwaita kuti pave hombe Vhoriyamu gasi, waiva chikonzero zvikuru mumapako.

Kunwa mvura pamusoro Mars

Masayendisiti American kunge hypothesized kuti kare Mars aiva yakawanda fluid izvo zvishoma nezvishoma akanyatsonzwisisa mubako hurongwa. Pashure pezvose, nebako vakava rwokuzvarwa sezvingatarisirwa-kuumbwa kuchengetwa, zvichida kunyange mvura, izvo zvichida kuti kuchine kunwa.

In ivhu mienzaniso kubva Mars pazvakawanikwa zvicherwa, kusanganisira kabhoni, zvakakodzera kuti vararame. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti nyika yakanga mvura yokunwa kare. Kuwanikwa potable mvura kunoratidza kuti Mars aiva mamiriro ezvinhu kukura upenyu-kufanana pasi.

Ukuwo, makemikari zvisaririra zvinhu vaigona kusvika nyika kubva muchadenga, asteroids, vari kazhinji atarisana ayo nechepamusoro, sezvinoratidzwa zhinji craters. Naizvozvo kutaura nechivimbo kuti Mars akawana mvura yakakodzera yokunwa, apo hazvibviri.

The chirahwe kuti pevhu mumapako asi kuti kugadziriswa, wake nokuputsanya mundangariro dzavo dzakanakisisa masayendisiti munyika. Asi kuonekwa yezvikanganiso vari photo, makomba pamusoro pemvura Mars, uye kuti aigona kusiya kamwe mvura inoratidza kuvapo kwayo zvakadzama nomumapako.

Kana Colonisation pamusoro Mars iripo?

Studies of Red Planet mberi. Zvirokwazvo pane nzvimbo pamusoro Mars, mvura zhinji, uye upenyu zvichida zvoutachiona muchimiro kwemabhakitiriya ikoko. Kuti vatsvake hubudirire, zvingava zvakanaka kutumira pakundopambara kuna pakutsvakurudza nyika, asi kuti ikozvino pfungwa iyi iri kuronga rwakazara.

Kubhururuka Mars, zvichava kutora isingasviki gore. The muchadenga kunoongorora achatorerwa zvivako havabvumirwi kufamba, haagoni kusukwa, uye vachafanira kudya zvimwe zvomumagaba zvokudya. Munhu haagoni kuva nguva ari mutirongo nzvimbo. It anotyisidzira kushaya hope, mwoyo kwenguva refu uye dzimwe chetsinga zvirwere.

Saka kure, refu saka munhu nzvimbo haana pangozi nokurasikirwa tsandanyama uye mapfupa rinenge pasi pokudzora kubata regiravhiti asi. The kunonyanyisa nguva yokuwana spaceman muchikepe ISS akaenzana hafu yegore.

The dzakadzidzvinyirira wokutanga haagoni kuva nevana, nezvaizoitwa nemwaranzi tigume pamusoro Zvinoumba urume. Uyewo, kuti mwaranzi haabvumirwi kuva pamusoro pemvura asina spacesuit, anogona kuva chaikonzera Nyika Science zvinowanikwa zvinosanganisira zvirwere.

Kunyange hunonzi ari Colonisation yepasi zvinobvira, asi kuti aite wokutanga matanho kurutivi kuwana chinangwa, tinoda zvidzidzo zviri nyika, kukura azvino zvokushandisa abudirire rwendo kwaari uye inobudirira nzira yokunzvenga kuparadza simba Mars ari munhu-refu.